Cement Admixed Clay Columns as a Solution for River Wall Stability Problems: A Case Study of Pasak River

Watthana Makararotrit1, Sompote Youwai1
1Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand

Tóm tắt

This paper presents a case study of river wall reinforcement by soil–cement columns using deep cement mixing method. The study includes the selection of the best method among alternatives using alternative hierarchy process, the description of the construction technique, the evaluation of the engineering properties of soil–cement, and the finite element simulation of soil–cement and wall performance. The results show that ground improvement by cement admixed clay with sheet pile facing was the most suitable method for this case. The stress–strain behavior of soil–cement was obtained from triaxial compression tests with loading and unloading cycles on laboratory remixed samples. The parameter optimization indicated that the Mohr–Coulomb Model was better than the UBC Sand Model and the Hardening Soil Model for simulating soil–cement behavior. The 3D finite element analysis using the optimized parameters accurately predicted the river wall response under different stress path.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Kitazume M, Terashi M (2013) The deep mixing method. 1st edition, USA, CRC press. https://www.routledge.com/The-Deep-Mixing-Method/Kitazume-Terashi/p/book/9781138075795. Accessed 10 Apr 2023 Porbaha A (1998) State of the art in deep mixing technology: part I Basic concepts and overview. Proc Inst Civil Eng Ground Improv 2(2):81–92. https://doi.org/10.1680/gi.1998.020204 Bruce DA (2001) Practitioner’s guide to the deep mixing method. Proc Inst Civ Eng Ground Improv 5(3):95–100. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2001.5.3.95 Hino T, Jia R, Sueyoshi S, Harianto T (2012) Effect of environment change on the strength of cement/ lime treated clays. Front Struct Civ Eng 6(2):153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-012-0153-y Bergado DT, Ruenkrairergsa T, Taesiri Y, Balasubramaniam AS (1999) Deep soil mixing used to reduce embankment settlement. Proc ICE Ground Improv 3(4):145–162. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.1999.3.4.145 Makararotrit W, Youwai S (2022) The application of deep mixing method for a river wall and finite element simulation. In: Proceeding of the 7th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering ICGRE 183. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre22.183 Wang JH, Xu ZH, Wang WD (2010) Wall and ground movements due to deep excavations in shanghai soft soils. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 136(7):985–994. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000299 Mun B, Kim T, Moon T, Oh J (2012) SCM wall in sand: Numerical simulation and design implications. Eng Geol 151:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.09.003 Chen JJ, Zhang L, Zhang JF, Zhu YF, Wang JH (2013) Field tests, modification, and application of deep soil mixing method in soft clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(1):24–34. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000746 Voottipruex P, Jamsawang P, Sukontasukkul P, Jongpradist P, Horpibulsuk S, Chindaprasirt P (2019) Performances of SDCM and DCM walls under deep excavation in soft clay: field tests and 3D simulations. Soils Found 59(6):1728–1739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.07.012 Jamsawang P, Voottipruex P, Tanseng P, Jongpradist P, Bergado DT (2019) Effectiveness of deep cement mixing walls with top-down construction for deep excavations in soft clay: case study and 3D simulation. Acta Geotech 14(1):225–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0660-7 Jamsawang P, Voottipruex P, Jongpradist P, Likitlersuang S (2021) Field and three-dimensional finite element investigations of the failure cause and rehabilitation of a composite soil-cement retaining wall. Eng Fail Anal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105532 Waichita S, Jongpradist P, Schweiger HF (2020) Numerical and experimental investigation of failure of a DCM-wall considering softening behaviour. Comput Geotech 119:103380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103380 ¨Oser C, Sayin B, (2021) Geotechnical assessment and rehabilitation of retaining structures collapsed partially due to environmental effects. Eng Fail Anal 119:104998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104998 Voottipruex P, Suksawat T, Bergado DT, Jamsawang P (2011) Numerical simulations and parametric study of SDCM and DCM piles under full scale axial and lateral loads. Comput Geotech 38(3):318–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.11.006 Yapage NNS, Liyanapathirana DS, Kelly RB, Poulos HG, Leo CJ (2014) Numerical modeling of an embankment over soft ground improved with deep cement mixed columns: case history. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 140(11):04014062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001165 Jamsawang P, Voottipruex P, Boathong P, Mairaing W, Horpibulsuk S (2015) Three-dimensional numerical investigation on lateral movement and factor of safety of slopes stabilized with deep cement mixing column rows. Eng Geol 188:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.017 Jamsawang P, Voottipruex P, Jongpradist P, Bergado DT (2015) Parameters affecting the lateral movements of compound deep cement mixing walls by numerical simulations and parametric analyses. Acta Geotech 10:797–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0417-5 Ishizaka A, Labib A (2011) Review of the main developments in the analytic hierarchy process. Expert Syst Appl 38(11):14336–14345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.143 Farshad A, Zinck JA (2018) Keeping up with Soil Survey; Case studies of the PaSak valley in Thailand, Marvdasht and the Hamadan areas in Iran. ResearchGate.net, pp 1–24 Makararotrit W (2003) Soil improvement by soil cement column for clays and clayey sand. M Eng Thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai, Thailand (in Thai) Makararotrit W, Youwai S, Rodpol P (2019) Deformation characteristics of cement treated Pasak clay and Bangkok clay with different stress path. In: Proceeding of the 4th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering ICGRE 192. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre19.192 Nakin S (2006) Strength and deformation characteristic of cement admixed clay at high water content. M. Eng. Thesis, King Mongkut′s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand (in Thai) Horpibulsuk S (2001) Analysis and assessment of engineering behavior of cement stabilized clays. Ph.D. thesis, Saga University, Saga, Japan Horpibulsuk S, Suddeepong A, Suksiripattanapong C, Chinkulkijniwat A, Arulrajah A, Disfani MM (2014) Water-void to cement ratio identity of lightweight cellular-cemented material. J Mater Civ Eng 26(10):06014021. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001110 Tatlioglu E, Ulker MBC, Lav MA (2018) Effect of Mean stress dependency of elastic soil moduli on the constitutive behavior of sand through UBCSAND. In: The 26th European Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference 1028:225–234. https://www.issmge.org/publications/publication/effect-of-mean-stress-dependency-of-elastic-soil-moduli-on-the-constitutive-behavior-of-sand-through-ubcsand. Accessed 10 Apr 2023 Pal S, Wathugala GW, Kundu S (1996) Calibration of a constitutive model using genetic algorithms. Comput Geotech 19(4):325–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(96)00006-7 Knabe T, Datcheva M, Lahmer T, Cotecchia F, Schanz T (2013) Identification of constitutive parameters of soil using an optimization strategy and statistical analysis. Comput Geotech 49:143–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.10.002 Knabe T, Schweiger HF, Schanz T (2012) Calibration of constitutive parameters by inverse analysis for a geotechnical boundary problem. Can Geotech J 49(2):170–183. https://doi.org/10.1139/t11-091 Gras JP, Sivasithamparam N, Karstunen M, Dijkstra J (2017) Strategy for consistent model parameter calibration for soft soils using multi-objective optimisation. Comput Geotech 90:164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.06.006 Kennedy J, Eberhart R (1995) Particle swarm optimization. In: Proceeding of IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks 4:1942−1948. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICNN.1995.488968 Sadoghi Yazdi J, Kalantary F, Sadoghi Yazdi H (2012) Calibration of soil model parameters using particle swarm optimization. Int J Geomech 12(3):229–238. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000142 Zhu B, Chen Z (2022) Calibrating and validating a soil constitutive model through conventional triaxial tests: an in-depth study on CSUH model. Acta Geotech 17:3407–3420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01432-1 Kadlíček T, Janda T, Šejnoha M et al (2022) Automated calibration of advanced soil constitutive models. Part I: hypoplastic sand. Acta Geotech 17:3421–3438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01441-0 Meyerhof GG (1956) Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cohesionless Soils. J Soil Mech Found Div 82(SM1):1–19 Peck RB, Hanson WE, Thornburn TH (1974) Foundation engineering, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York. https://www.wiley.com/en-ie/Foundation+Engineering,+2nd+Edition-p-9780471675853. Accessed 10 Apr 2023 Kezdi A. Handbook of Soil Mechanics (1980) Volume 2 Soil testing, Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9780444997784/Handbook-Soil-Mechanics-Testing-A.Kezdi.Tr.fr.Hungarian-0444997784/plp. Accessed 10 Apr 2023 Terzaghi K, Peck RB, Mesri G (1996) Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, USA. https://cequcest.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/terzaghi129883967-soil-mechanics-in-engineering-practice-3rd-edition-karl-terzaghi-ralph-b-peck-gholamreza-mesri-1996.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2023 Bowles JE (1997) Foundation engineering and design, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore. https://www.academia.edu/37455233/FOUNDATION_ANALYSIS_AND_DESIGN_Fifth_Edition_The_McGraw_Hill_Companies_Inc. Accessed 10 Apr 2023 Midas (2020) Midas GTX NX analysis manual. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315010335-12