Cell death by necrosis: towards a molecular definition

Kroemer, 2005, Classification of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death, Cell Death Differ., 12, 1463, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401724 Edinger, 2004, Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 16, 663, 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011 Festjens, 2006, Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: signalling cascades, important mediators and concomitant immune response, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1757, 1371, 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.06.014 Zong, 2006, Necrotic death as a cell fate, Genes Dev., 20, 1, 10.1101/gad.1376506 Yuan, 2006, Divergence from a dedicated cellular suicide mechanism: exploring evolution of cell death, Mol. Cell, 23, 1, 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.06.008 Zitvogel, 2004, The immune response against dying tumor cells, Adv. Immunol., 84, 131, 10.1016/S0065-2776(04)84004-5 Savill, 2000, Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death, Nature, 407, 784, 10.1038/35037722 Krysko, 2006, Macrophages use different internalization mechanisms to clear apoptotic and necrotic cells, Cell Death Differ, 13, 2011, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401900 Golstein, 2005, Redundant cell death mechanisms as relics and backups, Cell Death Differ., 12, 1490, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401607 Tiwari, 2002, Oxidative stress increased respiration and generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in ATP depletion, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition, and programmed cell death, Plant Physiol., 128, 1271, 10.1104/pp.010999 Thomas, 2006, Actin depolymerization is sufficient to induce programmed cell death in self-incompatible pollen, J. Cell Biol., 174, 221, 10.1083/jcb.200604011 Brookes, 2004, Calcium, ATP, and ROS: a mitochondrial love-hate triangle, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 287, C817, 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2004 Kim, 2003, Mitochondrial permeability transition: a common pathway to necrosis and apoptosis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 304, 463, 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00618-1 Chautan, 1999, Interdigital cell death can occur through a necrotic and caspase-independent pathway, Curr. Biol., 9, 967, 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80425-4 Roach, 2000, Physiological cell death of chondrocytes in vivo is not confined to apoptosis. New observations on the mammalian growth plate, J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 82, 601, 10.1302/0301-620X.82B4.9846 Barkla, 1999, The fate of epithelial cells in the human large intestine, Pathology, 31, 230, 10.1080/003130299105043 Mattson, 2006, Ageing and neuronal vulnerability, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 7, 278, 10.1038/nrn1886 Kroemer, 2005, Caspase-independent cell death, Nat. Med., 11, 725, 10.1038/nm1263 Degenhardt, 2006, Autophagy promotes tumor cell survival and restricts necrosis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis, Cancer Cell, 10, 51, 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.06.001 Shimizu, 2004, A role of Bcl-2 family of proteins in non-apoptotic programmed cell death dependent on autophagy genes, Nat. Cell Biol., 6, 1221, 10.1038/ncb1192 Cande, 2002, Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): key to the conserved caspase- independent pathways of cell death?, J. Cell Sci., 115, 4727, 10.1242/jcs.00210 Vercammen, 1998, Inhibition of caspases increases the sensitivity of L929 cells to necrosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor, J. Exp. Med., 187, 1477, 10.1084/jem.187.9.1477 Leist, 1997, Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: a switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis, J. Exp. Med., 185, 1481, 10.1084/jem.185.8.1481 Nicotera, 1999, Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule with a killer soul, Cell Death Differ., 6, 931, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400583 Kosta, 2004, Autophagy gene disruption reveals a non-vacuolar cell death pathway in Dictyostelium, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 48404, 10.1074/jbc.M408924200 Laporte, 2006, A necrotic cell death model in a protist, Cell Death Differ Horvitz, 2003, Nobel lecture. Worms, life and death, Biosci. Rep., 23, 239, 10.1023/B:BIRE.0000019187.19019.e6 Schulze-Osthoff, 1993, Depletion of the mitochondrial electron transport abrogates the cytotoxic and gene-inductive effects of TNF, EMBO J., 12, 3095, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05978.x Sanchez-Alcazar, 2003, Reactive oxygen species mediate the down-regulation of mitochondrial transcripts and proteins by tumour necrosis factor-α in L929 cells, Biochem. J., 370, 609, 10.1042/bj20021623 Holler, 2000, Fas triggers an alternative, caspase-8-independent cell death pathway using the kinase RIP as effector molecule, Nat. Immunol., 1, 489, 10.1038/82732 Chan, 2003, A role for tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 and receptor-interacting protein in programmed necrosis and antiviral responses, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 51613, 10.1074/jbc.M305633200 Temkin, 2006, Inhibition of ADP/ATP exchange in receptor-interacting protein-mediated necrosis, Mol. Cell. Biol., 26, 2215, 10.1128/MCB.26.6.2215-2225.2006 Lin, 1999, Cleavage of the death domain kinase RIP by caspase-8 prompts TNF-induced apoptosis, Genes Dev., 13, 2514, 10.1101/gad.13.19.2514 Yu, 2004, Regulation of an ATG7–beclin 1 program of autophagic cell death by caspase-8, Science, 304, 1500, 10.1126/science.1096645 Yu, 2006, Autophagic programmed cell death by selective catalase degradation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 4952, 10.1073/pnas.0511288103 Zong, 2004, Alkylating DNA damage stimulates a regulated form of necrotic cell death, Genes Dev., 18, 1272, 10.1101/gad.1199904 Xu, 2006, Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 signaling to mitochondria in necrotic cell death requires RIP1/TRAF2-mediated JNK1 activation, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 8788, 10.1074/jbc.M508135200 Thon, 2005, Ceramide mediates caspase-independent programmed cell death, FASEB J., 19, 1945, 10.1096/fj.05-3726com Kroemer, 2006, Mitochondrial permeabilization in cell death, Physiol. Rev., 87, 99, 10.1152/physrev.00013.2006 Nakagawa, 2005, Cyclophilin D-dependent mitochondrial permeability transition regulates some necrotic but not apoptotic cell death, Nature, 434, 652, 10.1038/nature03317 Baines, 2005, Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death, Nature, 434, 658, 10.1038/nature03434 Schinzel, 2005, Cyclophilin D is a component of mitochondrial permeability transition and mediates neuronal cell death after focal cerebral ischemia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 102, 12005, 10.1073/pnas.0505294102 Pastorino, 1996, The cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor depends on induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 29792, 10.1074/jbc.271.47.29792 Yasuda, 2006, Apop-1, a novel protein inducing cyclophilin D-dependent but Bax/Bak-related channel-independent apoptosis, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 23899, 10.1074/jbc.M512610200 Bano, 2005, Cleavage of the plasma membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in excitotoxicity, Cell, 120, 275, 10.1016/j.cell.2004.11.049 Artal-Sanz, 2005, Proteolytic mechanisms in necrotic cell death and neurodegeneration, FEBS Lett., 579, 3287, 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.052 Artal-Sanz, 2006, Lysosomal biogenesis and function is critical for necrotic cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans, J. Cell Biol., 173, 231, 10.1083/jcb.200511103 Yamashima, 2004, Ca2+-dependent proteases in ischemic neuronal death: a conserved ‘calpain–cathepsin cascade’ from nematodes to primates, Cell Calcium, 36, 285, 10.1016/j.ceca.2004.03.001 Chen, 2001, Bid is cleaved by calpain to an active fragment in vitro and during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 30724, 10.1074/jbc.M103701200 Cao, 2003, Cleavage of Bax to p18 Bax accelerates stress-induced apoptosis, and a cathepsin-like protease may rapidly degrade p18 Bax, Blood, 102, 2605, 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0211 Polster, 2005, Calpain I induces cleavage and release of apoptosis-inducing factor from isolated mitochondria, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 6447, 10.1074/jbc.M413269200 Modjtahedi, 2006, Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF): vital and lethal, Trends Cell Biol., 16, 264, 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.03.008 Zhu, 2006, Apoptosis-inducing factor is a major contributor to neuronal loss induced by neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia, Cell Death Differ Takano, 2005, Calpain mediates excitotoxic DNA fragmentation via mitochondrial pathways in adult brains: evidence from calpastatin-mutant mice, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 16175, 10.1074/jbc.M414552200 Kroemer, 2005, Lysosomes and autophagy in cell death control, Nat. Rev. Cancer, 5, 886, 10.1038/nrc1738 Terman, 2006, The lysosomal–mitochondrial axis theory of postmitotic aging and cell death, Chem. Biol. Interact., 163, 29, 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.04.013 Degterev, 2005, Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury, Nat. Chem. Biol., 1, 112, 10.1038/nchembio711 Cauwels, 2003, Caspase inhibition causes hyperacute tumor necrosis factor-induced shock via oxidative stress and phospholipase A2, Nat. Immunol., 4, 387, 10.1038/ni914 Mareninova, 2006, Cell death in pancreatitis: caspases protect from necrotizing pancreatitis, J. Biol. Chem., 281, 3370, 10.1074/jbc.M511276200 Garrido, 2004, Life's smile, death's grin: vital functions of apoptosis-executing proteins, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 16, 639, 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.008 Goossens, 1995, Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediates and their involvement in cytotoxicity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 92, 8115, 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8115 De Vos, 1998, The 55-kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor induces clustering of mitochondria through its membrane-proximal region, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 9673, 10.1074/jbc.273.16.9673 De Vos, 2000, Tumor necrosis factor induces hyperphosphorylation of kinesin light chain and inhibits kinesin-mediated transport of mitochondria, J. Cell Biol., 149, 1207, 10.1083/jcb.149.6.1207 Boone, 2000, Structure/function analysis of p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor and Fas-associated death domain. Effect on necrosis in L929sA cells, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 37596, 10.1074/jbc.M007166200 Yamashima, 2003, Sustained calpain activation associated with lysosomal rupture executes necrosis of the postischemic CA1 neurons in primates, Hippocampus, 13, 791, 10.1002/hipo.10127 Harriman, 2002, Endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ signaling and calpains mediate renal cell death, Cell Death Differ., 9, 734, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401029 Liu, 2001, Calpains mediate acute renal cell death: role of autolysis and translocation, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 281, F728, 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.281.4.F728 Eguchi, 1997, Intracellular ATP levels determine cell death fate by apoptosis or necrosis, Cancer Res., 57, 1835 Xu, 2001, Necrotic cell death in C. elegans requires the function of calreticulin and regulators of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, Neuron, 31, 957, 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00432-9 Syntichaki, 2002, Specific aspartyl and calpain proteases are required for neurodegeneration in C. elegans, Nature, 419, 939, 10.1038/nature01108