Cell and tissue cultures ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don: a literature survey

Carew DP (1966) Growth of callus tissue ofCatharanthus roseus in suspension cultures. J Pharm Sci 55: 1153 Carew DP (1975) Tissue culture studies ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Taylor WI, Farnsworth NR (eds) The Catharanthus Alkaloids. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, pp 193–208 Svoboda GH, Blake DA (1975) The phytochemistry and pharmacology ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. In: Taylor WI, Farnsworth NR (eds) The Catharanthus Alkaloids. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, pp 45–83 Neuss N (1980) The spectrum of biological activities of indole alkaloids. In: Phillipson JP, Zenk MH (eds) Indole and biogenetically related alkaloids. London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, San Francisco: Academic Press, pp 294–314 Beck WT (1984) Alkaloids. In: Fox BW, Fox M (eds) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Vol. 72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, pp 569–612 Heijden Rvan der, Verpoorte R, Harkes PAA (1988)Tabernaemontana spp; in vitro production of indole and biogenetically related alkaloids. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 3, Medicinal Plants. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, in press Kurz WGW, Constabel F (1979) Plant cell cultures, a potential source of pharmaceuticals. Adv Apl Microbiol 25: 209–240 Staba EJ (1982) Production of useful compounds from plant tissue cultures. In: Fujiwara A (ed) Plant Tissue Culture 1982. Tokyo: Japanese Association for Plant Tissue Culture, pp 25–30 Deus B, Zenk MH (1982) Exploitation of plant cells for the production of natural compounds. Biotechnol Bioeng 24: 1965–1974 Fowler MW (1983) Plant cell cultures: fact and fantasy. Biochem Soc Trans 11: 23–28 Fowler MW (1986) Process strategies for plant cell cultures. Tibtech-august 214–219 Curtin ME (1983) Harvesting profitable products from plant tissue culture. Bio/technology 649–657 Berlin J (1984) Plant cell cultures—a future source of natural products? Endeavour 8: 5–8 Fuller KW (1984) Chemicals from plant cell cultures-some biochemical and physiological pointers. Chem Ind 825–833 DiCosmo F, Towers GHN (1984) Stress and secondary metabolism in cultured plant cells. In: Timmerman BN, Steelink C, Loewus FA (eds) Recent advances in phytochemistry 18. Phytochemical adaptations to stress. New York, London: Plenum Press, pp 97–175 Kurz WGW, Constabel F (1985) Aspects affecting biosynthesis and biotransformation of secondary metabolites in plant cell cultures. CRC Crit Rev Biotechn 2: 105–118 Misawa M (1985) Production of useful plant metabolites. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 31: 59–88 Sahai O, Knuth M (1985) Commercializing plant tissue culture processes: economics, problems and prospects. Biotechn Progr 1: 1–9 Kurz WGW (1986) Biological and environmental factors of product synthesis, accumulation, and biotransformation by plant cell cultures. New Zealand J Technol 2: 77–81 Rhodes MJC, Robins RJ, Hamill J, Parr AJ (1986) Potential for the production of biochemicals by plant cell cultures. New Zealand J Technol 2: 59–70 Hahlbrock K (1986) Secondary metabolites. In: Silver S (ed) Biotechnology: potentials and limitations. Dahlem Konferenzen 1986. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer Verlag, pp 241–257 Hay CA, Anderson LA, Roberts MF, Phillipson JD (1988) Alkaloid production by plant cell cultures. In: Mizrami A, Wezel ALvan (eds) Advances in biotechnological processes. New York: A.R. Liss, in press Kutney JP, Choi LSL, Kolodziejczyk P, Sleigh SK, Stuart KL, Worth BR (1981) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. V. Alkaloids from the 176G, 299Y, 340Y and 951G cell lines. J Nat Prod 44: 536–540 Scott AI, Mizukami H, Hirata T, Lee SL (1980) Formation of catharanthine, akuammicine and vindoline inCatharanthus roseus suspension cultures. Phytochemistry 19: 488–489 Kurz WGW, Chatson KB, Constabel F, Kutney JP, Choi LSL, Kolodziejczyk P, Sleigh SK, Stuart KL, Worth BR (1980) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. IV. Characterization of the 953 cell line. Helv Chim Acta 63: 1891–1896 Kutney JP, Choi LSL, Kolodziejczyk P, Sleigh SK, Stuart KL, Worth BR (1980) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. III. Catharanthine and other alkaloids from the 200GW cell line. Heterocycles 14: 765–768 Kurz WGW, Chatson KB, Constabel F, Kutney JP, Choi LSL, Kolodziejczyk P, Sleigh SK, Stuart KL, Worth BR (1981) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. VIII. Characterization of the PRL 200 cell line. Planta Med 42: 22–31 Kohl W, Witte B, Höfle G (1982) Alkaloide ausCatharanthus roseus-zellkulturen, III. Z Naturforsch 37b: 1346–1351. Ibid. II, Z Naturforsch 36b: 1153–1162 Stöckigt J, Soll HJ (1980) Indole alkaloids from cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus andC. ovalis. Planta Med 40: 22–30 Petiard V, Gueritte F, Langlois N, Potier P (1980) Presence de (-)-tabersonine dans une souche de cultures de tissues deCatharanthus roseus G. Don. Physiol Vég 18: 711–720 Petiard V, Courtois D, Gueritte F, Langlois N, Mompon B (1982) New alkaloids in plant tissue cultures. In: Fujiwara A (ed) Plant Tissue Culture 1982. Tokyo: Japanese Association for Plant Tissue Culture, pp 309–310 Petiard V, Courtois D (1983) Recent advances in research for novel alkaloids in Apocynaceae tissue cultures. Physiol Vég 21: 217–227 Krueger RJ, Carew DP, Lui JHC, Staba EJ (1982) Initiation, maintenance and alkaloid production ofCatharanthus roseus leaf organ cultures. Planta Med 45: 56–57 Gueritte F, Langlois N, Petiard V (1983) Metabolites secondaires isoles d'une culture de tissus deCatharanthus roseus. J Nat Prod 46: 144–148 Kutney JP, Choi LSL, Kolodziejczyk P, Sleigh SK, Stuart KL, Worth BR, Kurz WGW, Chatson KB, Constabel F (1980) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures: isolation and characterization of alkaloids from one cell line. Phytochemistry 19: 2589–2595 Constabel F, Gaudet-LaPrairie P, Kurz WGW, Kutney JP (1982) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. XII. Biosynthetic capacity of callus from original explants and regenerated shoots. Plant Cell Rep 1: 139–142 Patterson BD, Carew DP (1969) Growth and alkaloid formation inCatharanthus roseus tissue cultures. Lloydia 32: 131–140 Kohl W, Witte B, Sheldrick WS, Höfle G (1984) Indolalkaloide ausCatharanthus roseus-Zellkulturen IV: 16R-19,20-E-isositsirikin, 16R-19,20-Z-isositsirikin und 21-hydroxycyclolochnerin. Planta Med 50: 242–244 Knobloch KH, Berlin J (1980) Influence of medium composition on the formation of secondary compounds in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Z Naturforsch 35c: 551–556 Kurz WGW, Chatson KB, Constabel F, Kutney JP, Choi LSL, Kolodziejczyk P, Sleigh SK, Stuart KL, Worth BR (1980) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures: Initial studies on cell lines and their alkaloid content. Phytochemistry 19: 2583–2587 Zenk MH, El-Shagi H, Arens H, Stöckigt J, Weiler EW, Deus B (1977) Formation of the indole alkaloids serpentine en ajmalicine in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Barz W, Reinhard E, Zenk MH (eds) Plant tissue Culture and its Biotechnological Application. Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp 27–44 Endo T, Goodbody A, Misawa M (1987) Alkaloid production in root and shoot cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Planta Med 53: 479–482 Boder GB, Gorman M, Johnson IS, Simpson PJ (1964) Tissue culture studies ofCatharanthus roseus crown gall. Lloydia 27: 328–333 Svoboda GH, Oliver AT, Bedwell DR (1963) Alkaloids fromVinca rosea (Catharanthus roseus). XIX. Extraction and characterization of root alkaloids. Lloydia 26: 141–153 Hofmann W, Kubeczka KH, Czygan FC (1982) An improved method of isolation and quantitative determination of vincaleucoblastine from intact plants and tissue cultures ofCatharanthus roseus G. Don. Z Naturforsch 38c: 201–206 Miura Y, Hirata K, Kurana N (1986) Production of antitumor alkaloids in callus culture ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. In: Somers DA (ed) VI Int Congr Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Minneapolis: International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, p 69 Miura Y, Hirata K, Kurano N, Miyamoto K, Uchida K (1988) Formation of vinblastine in multiple shoot culture ofCatharanthus roseus. Planta Med 54: 18–20 Lees L, Reporter M, Hsu S, Corbin J, Litchfield JH (1986) Lipids from aCatharanthus roseus cell line without indole alkaloids. In: Somers DA (ed) VI Int Congr Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Minneapolis: International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, p 353 Knobloch KH, Bast G, Berlin J (1982) Medium and light induced formation of serpentine and anthocyanins in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Phytochemistry 21: 591–594 Kisakurek MV, Hesse M (1980) Chemotaxonomic studies of the Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae, with reference to indole alkaloids. In: Phillipson JP, Zenk MH (eds) Indole and biogenetically related alkaloids. London, New York, Toronto, Sydney, San Francisco: Academic Press, pp 11–26 Beek TAvan, Gessel MAJTvan (1988) Alkaloids ofTabernaemontana species. In: Pelletier SW (ed) Alkaloids: chemical and biological perspectives, Vol. 5. New York: Wiley and Sons, in press Tin-Wa M, Farnsworth NR (1975) The phytochemistry of minorCatharanthus species. In: Taylor WI, Farnsworth NR (eds) TheCatharanthus alkaloids, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, pp 85–124 Kurz WGW, Chatson KB, Constabel F (1985) Biosynthesis and accumulation of indole alkaloids in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus cultivars. In: Neumann KH et al. (eds) Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer Verlag, pp 143–153 Constabel F, Rambold S, Chatson KB, Kurz WGW, Kutney JP (1981) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. VI. Variation in alkaloid spectra of cell lines derived from one single leaf. Plant Cell Rep 1: 3–5 Petiard V, Baubault C, Bariud A, Hutin M, Courtois D (1985) Studies on variability of plant cell tissue cultures for alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus andPapaver somniferum callus cultures. In: Neumann KH et al. (eds) Primary and secondary metabolism of plant cell cultures. Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer Verlag, pp 133–142 Cresswell RC (1986) Selection studies onCatharanthus roseus. In: Morris P et al. (eds) Secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 231–236 Brown S (1984) Analysis and sorting of plant material by flow cytometry. Physiol Vég 22: 341–349 Brown S, Renaudin JP, Prevot C, Guern J (1984) Flow cytometry and sorting of plant protoplast: technical problems and physiological results from a study of pH and alkaloids inCatharanthus roseus. Physiol Vég 22: 541–554 Yamada Y (1984) Selection of cell lines for high yields of secondary metabolites. Cell Cult Somatic Cell Gen Plants 1: 629–636 Courtois D (1985) Utilisation de la variabilité exprimée spontanément en culture en vue de l'obtention et de la production de métabolites. Bull Soc Bot Fr Actualités Bot 132: 105–112 Rideau M (1985) L'expression de la variabilité biochimique induite dans les cultures de tissues et de cellules. Bull Soc Bot Fr Actualités Bot 132: 51–64 Arfmann HA, Kohl W, Wray V (1985) Effect of 5-azacytidine on the formation of secondary metabolites inCatharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures. Z Naturforsch 40c: 21–25 Tyler RT, Kurz WGW, Panchuk BD (1986) Photoautotrophic cell suspension cultures of periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.): Transition from heterotrophic to photoautotrophic growth. Plant Cell Rep 3: 195–198 Diaz Hernandez L, Lagunas Granja A, Castro Hernandez M, Lemes Hernandez M (1986) Polyploids ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. II. Morphological characterization and phytochemical evaluation. Rev Cubana Farm 20: 60–68 Morris P (1986) Regulation of product synthesis in cell cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. II. Comparison of production media. Planta Med 52: 121–126 Eilert U, DeLuca V, Kurz WGW, Constabel F (1987) Alkaloid formation by habituated and tumorous cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Plant Cell Rep 6: 271–274 Shimomura K, Sakate M, Kamada H (1986) Production of useful secondary metabolites by hairy roots transformed with Ri plasmid. In: Somers DA et al. (eds) VI Int Congr Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Minneapolis: International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, p 250 Okada K, Nagata T, Takebe I (1986) Introduction of RNA into plant protoplasts by electroporation. In: Somers DA et al. (eds) VI Int Congr Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Minneapolis: International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, p 208 Scott AI, Mizukami H, Lee SL (1979) Characterization of a 5-methyltryptophan resistant strain ofCatharanthus roseus cultured cells. Phytochemistry 18: 795–798 Schallenberg J, Berlin J (1979) 5-Methyltryptophan resistant cells ofCatharanthus roseus. Z Naturforsch 34c: 541–545 Stanfford A, Fowler MW (1983) Effect of carbon and nitrogen limitation upon nutrient uptake and metabolism in batch cultures ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 2: 239–251 Sasse F, Buchholz M, Berlin J (1983) Site of action of growth inhibitory tryptophan analogues inCatharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures. Z Naturforsch 38c: 910–915 Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50: 151–158 Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473–479 Morris P (1986) Kinetics of growth and alkaloid accumulation inCatharanthus roseus cell suspension cultures. In: Morris P et al. (eds) Secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 63–67 Smith JI, Quesnel AA, Smart NJ, Misawa M, Kurz WGW (1987) The development of a single-stage growth and indole alkaloid production medium forCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don suspension cultures. Enzyme Microb Technol 9: 466–469 Berlin J, Mollenschott, DiCosmo F (1987) Comparison of various strategies designed to optimize indole alkaloid production of a cell culture ofCatharanthus roseus. Z Naturforsch 42c: 1959–1970 Merillon JM, Chenieux JC, Rideau M (1983) Time course of growth, evolution of sugar-nitrogen metabolism and accumulation of alkaloids in a cell suspension ofCatharanthus roseus. Planta Med 47: 169–176 Merillon JM, Rideau M, Chenieux JC (1984) Influence of sucrose on levels of ajmalicine, serpentine and tryptamine inCatharanthus roseus cells in vitro. Planta Med 48: 497–502 Carew DP, Krueger RJ (1977)Catharanthus roseus tissue culture: The effects of medium modifications on growth and alkaloid production. Lloydia 40: 326 Knobloch KH, Berlin J (1980) Effects of media constituents on the formation of secondary products in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Moo-Young M (ed) Adv Biotechnol Proc VIth Intern Ferm Symp. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp 129–133 Stafford A, Smith L (1986) Effects of modification of the primary precursor level by selection and feeding on indole alkaloids inCatharanthus roseus. In: Morris P et al. (eds) Secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 251–256 Slywka GW, Krueger RJ (1979) The influence of nitrate and ammonium levels on growth and alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus suspension cultures. J Nat Prod 42: 697 Hoopen HJGten, Vinke JL, Gulik WMvan, Meijer JJ, Verpoorte R, Harkes PAA, Iren Fvan (1987) The uptake kinetics of medium components during batch growth ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Neijssel et al. (eds) Proc 4th Eur Congr Biotechnol, Vol 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p 407 Döller G, Alfermann AW, Reinhard E (1976) Production von indolalkaloiden in calluskulturen vonCatharanthus roseus. Planta Med 30: 14–20 Ashihara H, Tokoro T (1985) Metabolic fate of inorganic phosphate absorbed by suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. J Plant Physiol 118: 227–235 Ashihara H, Ukaji T (1986) Inorganic phosphate absorption and its effect on the adenosine 5≅triphosphate level in suspension cultured cells ofCatharanthus roseus. J Plant Physiol 124: 77–85 Ukaji T, Ashihara H (1987) Effect of inorganic phosphate on the levels of amino acids in suspension cultured cells ofCatharanthus roseus. Ann Bot 60: 109–144 Knobloch KH, Berlin J (1983) Influence of phosphate on the formation of the indole alkaloids and pheolic compounds in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. I. Comparison of enzyme activities and product accumulation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 2: 333–340 Knobloch KH, Hansen B, Berlin J (1981) Medium-induced formation of indole alkaloids and concomitant changes of interrelated enzyme activities in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Z Naturforsch 36c: 40–43 Brodelius P, Vogel HJ (1985) A phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance study of phosphate uptake and storage in culturedCatharanthus roseus andDaucus carota plant cells. J Biol Chem 260: 3556–3560 MacCarthy JJ, Ratcliffe D, Street HE (1980) The effect of nutrient medium composition on the growth cycle ofCatharanthus roseus G. Don. cells grown in batch culture. J Exp Bot 31: 1315–1325 Wood HN, Braun AC (1961) The regulation of certain essential biosynthetic systems in normal and crown-gall tumor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 47: 1907–1913 Linsmaier EM, Skoog F (1965) Organic growth factor requirements of tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 18: 100–127 Hall RD, Yeomann MM (1986) Factors determining anthocyanin yield in cell cultures ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. New Phytol 103: 33–43 Ambid C, Roustan JP, Nef C, Fallot J (1982) In: Fujiwara A (ed) Plant Tissue Culture 1982. Tokyo: Japanese Association for Plant Tissue Culture, 331–332 Roustan JP, Ambid C, Fallot J (1982) Influence de l'acide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetiques sur l'accumulation de certains alcaloides indoliques dans les cellules quiescentes deCatharanthus roseus cultivée in vitro. Physiol Vég 20: 523–532 Merillon JM, Ramawat K, Andreu F, Chenieux JC, Rideau M (1986) Alkaloid accumulation inCatharanthus roseus cell lines subcultured with or without phytohormones. C R Acad Sci Ser 303 16: 689–692 Merillon JM, Ramawat KG, Chenieux JC, Rideau M (1986) Hormonal autotrophy and production of indole alkaloids inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. In: Somers DA et al. (eds) VI Int Congr Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Minneapolis: International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, p 370 Palni LMS (1984) Cytokinin accumulation in the culture medium ofVinca rosea L. crown-gall tissue: a time course study. Aust J Plant Physiol 11: 129–136 Smith JI, Smart NJ, Kurz WGW, Misawa M (1987) Stimulation of indole alkaloid production in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus by abscisic acid. Planta Med 53: 470–474 Husemann W (1984) Photoautotrophic cell cultures. Cell Cult Somatic Cell Gen Plants 1: 182–191 Hall RD, Yeoman MM (1986) Temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the accumulation of anthocyanins in cell cultures ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. J Exp Bot 37: 48–60 Carew DP, Krueger RJ (1976) Anthocyanidins ofCatharanthus roseus callus cultures. Phytochemistry 15: 442 Roller U (1978) Selection of plants and tissue cultures ofCatharanthus roseus with high content of serpentine and ajmalicine. In: Alfermann AW, Reinhard E (eds) Production of natural compounds by cell culture methods. München: Gesellschaft fur Strahlen-und Umwelt-forschung mbH, p.95 Loyola-Vargas VM, Velasco C, Mendez BM, Oropeza C, Reyes J, Robert ML (1986) Biosynthesis of alkaloids in green callus ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Somers DA et al. (eds) VI Int Congr Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Minneapolis: International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, p 67 De Luca V, Balsevich J, Tyler RT, Eilert U, Panchuk BD, Kurz WGW (1986) Biosynthesis of indole alkaloids: developmental regulation of the biosynthetic pathway from tabersonine to vindoline inCatharanthus roseus. J Plant Physiol 125: 147–156 Seibert M, Kadkade PG (1980) Environmental factors. A. Light. In: Staba EJ (ed) Plant Tissue Culture as a Source of Biochemicals. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp 123–141 Courtois D, Guern J (1980) Temperature response ofCatharanthus roseus cells cultivated in liquid medium. Plant Sci Lett 17: 473–482 Morris P (1986) Regulation of product synthesis in cell cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Effect of culture temperature. Plant Cell Rep 5: 427–429 Morris P (1986) Long term stability of alkaloid production in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Morris P et al. (eds) Secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 257–262 MacCarthy JJ, Stumpf PK (1980) Fatty-acid composition and biosynthesis in cell suspension cultures ofGlycine max (L.) Merr.,Catharanthus roseus G. Don andNicotiana tabacum L. Planta 147: 384–388 Alexandrov VYA (1977) Cells, molecules and temperatures. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag Kutney JP, Choi LSL, Kolodziejczyk P, Sleigh SK, Stuart KL, Worth BR, Kurz WGW, Chatson KB, Constabel F (1981) Alkaloid production inCatharanthus roseus cell cultures. VII. Effect of parameter changes and catabolism studies on cell line PRL No. 953. Helv Chim Acta 64: 1837–1843 Meijer JJ, Gulik WMvan, Hoopen HJGten, Luyben KChAM (1986) The influence of shear stress on growth and morphology ofCatharanthus roseus in continuous culture. In: Neijssel et al. (eds) Proc 4th Eur Congr Biotechnol, Vol 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier p 409 Schripsema J, Meijer AH, Langezaal CR, Harkes PAA, Verpoorte R, Baerheim Svendsen A (1987) Determination of the growth curve in a single culture flask. Pharm Weekbl Sc Ed 9: 226 Pareilleux A, Vinas R (1983) Influence of the aeration rate on the growth yield in suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. J Ferment Technol 61: 429–433 Ducos JP, Pareilleux A (1986) Effect of aeration rate and influence of pCO2 in large-scale cultures ofCatharanthus roseus cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 25: 101–105 Hegarty PK, Smart NJ, Scragg AH, Fowler MW (1986) The aeration ofCatharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don suspension cultures in airlift bioreactors, the inhibitory effect at high aeration rates on culture growth. J Exp Bot 37: 1911–1920 Maurel B, Pareilleux A (1985) Effect of carbon dioxide on the growth of cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. Biotechn Lett 7: 313–318 Maurel B, Pareilleux A (1986) Carbon dioxide fixation and growth of heterotrophic cell suspensions ofCatharanthus roseus. J Plant Physiol 122: 347–355 Smart NJ, Fowler MW (1984) Mass cultivation ofCatharanthus roseus cells using a nonmechanically agitated bioreactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 9: 209–216 Smith JI, Smart NJ, Quesnel AA, Misawa M, Kurz WGW (1986) Development and scale-up studies for the production of catharanthine by cell cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. In: Somers DA et al. (eds) VI Int Congr Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. Minneapolis: International Association for Plant Tissue Culture, p 248 Baily C, Nicholson H, Morris P, Smart NJ (1985) A simple model of growth and product formation in cell suspensions ofCatharanthus roseus. G. Don. 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Pharm Ztg 130: 2316/10 Kurz WGW, Constabel F, Eilert U, Tyler RT (1987) Elicitor treatment: a method for metabolite production by plant cell cultures in vitro. Proc Congr Fed Int Pharm, Amsterdam. In press DiCosmo F, Misawa M (1985) Eliciting secondary metabolism in plant cell cultures. Trends Biotechnol 3: 318–322 Eilert U, Kurz WGW, Constabel F (1987) Alkaloid accumulation in plant cell cultures upon treatment with elicitors. In: Green CE et al. (eds) Plant Tissue and cell Culture. New York: A. R. Liss Inc, pp 213–219 Eilert U, Constabel F, Kurz WGW (1986) Elicitor-stimulation of monoterpene indole alkaloid formation in suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. J Plant Physiol 126: 11–22 Eilert U, DeLuca V, Constabel F, Kurz WGW (1987) Elicitor-mediated induction of tryptophan decaboxylase and strictosidine synthase activities in cell suspension cultures ofCatharanthus roseus. 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