Cell Transplantation as a Treatment for Retinal Disease

Abe, 1999, Cytokine gene expression after subretinal transplantation, Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 189, 179, 10.1620/tjem.189.179 Abe, 1999, Functional analysis after auto iris pigment cell transplantation in patients with age-related macular degeneration, Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 189, 295, 10.1620/tjem.189.295 Adolph, 1994, Function and structure in retinal transplants, J. Neural Transplant., 5, 147, 10.1155/NP.1994.147 Ahmad, 1999, In vitro analysis of a retinal progenitor that gives rise to neurons and glia, Brain Res., 831, 1, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01376-1 Akimoto, 1999, Adenovirally expressed basic fibroblast growth factor rescues photoreceptor cells in RCS rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 273 Al-Amro, 1999, Limitations in the study of immune privilege in the subretinal space of the rodent, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 3067 Algvere, 1994, Transplantation of fetal retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macula degeneration with subfoveal neovascularization, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 232, 707, 10.1007/BF00184273 Algvere, 1997, Transplantation of RPE in age-related macular degeneration, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 235, 149, 10.1007/BF00941722 Algvere, 1999, Long-term outcome of RPE allografts in non-immunosuppressed patients with AMD, Eur. J. Ophthalmol., 9, 217, 10.1177/112067219900900310 Ali, 1997, Gene therapy for inherited retinal degeneration, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 81, 795, 10.1136/bjo.81.9.795 Ali, 1996, Gene transfer into the mouse retina mediated by an adeno-associated viral vector, Hum. Mol. Genet., 5, 591, 10.1093/hmg/5.5.591 Ali, 2000, Restoration of photoreceptor ultrastructure and function in retinal degeneration slow mice by gene therapy, Nature Genet., 25, 306, 10.1038/77068 Allikmets, 1999, Molecular genetics of age-related macular degeneration, Eur. J. Ophthalmol., 9, 255, 10.1177/112067219900900401 Annett, 1997, Survival of nigral grafts within the striatum of marmosets with 6-OHDA lesions depends critically on donor embryo age, Cell Transplant., 6, 557, 10.1016/S0963-6897(97)00079-1 Aramant, 1995, Fiber and synaptic connections between embryonic retinal transplants and host retina, Exp. Neurol., 133, 244, 10.1006/exnr.1995.1027 Aramant, 1999, Successful transplantation of intact sheets of fetal retina with retinal pigment epithelium, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 1557 Backlund, 1985, Transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue to striatum in parkinsonism, J. Neurosurg., 62, 169, 10.3171/jns.1985.62.2.0169 Barker, 1995, A comparative study of preparation techniques for improving the viability of nigral grafts using vital stains, in vitro cultures, and in vivo grafts, Cell Transplant., 4, 173, 10.1016/0963-6897(95)90032-2 Bennett, 1996, Photoreceptor cell rescue in retinal degeneration (rd) mice by in vivo gene therapy, Nature Med., 2, 649, 10.1038/nm0696-649 Benson, 1998, RPE transplantation after removal of sub-foveal CNV in AMD, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, S391 Bentlage, 1999, Reformation of the nigrostriatal pathway by fetal dopaminergic micrografts into the substantia nigra is critically dependent on the age of the host, Exp. Neurol., 159, 177, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7110 Berglin, 1997, Tolerance of human fetal retinal pigment epithelium xenografts in monkey retina, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 235, 103, 10.1007/BF00941738 Bergstrom, 1994, Embryonic rabbit retinal transplants survive and differentiate in the choroid, Exp. Eye Res., 59, 281, 10.1006/exer.1994.1109 Bernstein, 1996, Decision-making in the treatment of subfoveal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. An analysis from the patient's perspective, Retina, 16, 112, 10.1097/00006982-199616020-00004 Berson, 1993, A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa, Arch. Ophthalmol., 111, 761, 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090060049022 Bhatt, 1994, Experimental transplantation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells on collagen substrates, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 15, 214, 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)73079-X Björklund, 1997, Tirilazad mesylate increases dopaminergic neuronal survival in the in oculo grafting model, Exp. Neurol., 148, 324, 10.1006/exnr.1997.6655 Boonman, 1998, Apoptosis in neuronal development and transplantation, Exp. Neurol., 156, 1, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7056 Bourne, 1938, Hereditary degeneration of the rat retina, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 22, 613, 10.1136/bjo.22.10.613 Bowes, 1990, Retinal degeneration in the rd mouse is caused by a defect in the beta subunit of rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase, Nature, 347, 677, 10.1038/347677a0 Brundin, 1988, Survival and function of dissociated rat dopamine neurones grafted at different developmental stages or after being cultured in vitro, Brain Res., 467, 233, 10.1016/0165-3806(88)90027-2 Brundin, 1988, Human fetal dopamine neurons grafted in a rat model of Parkinson's disease, Exp. Brain Res., 70, 192, 10.1007/BF00271860 Bugra, 1997, Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor messenger RNA and protein show increased expression in adult compared to developing normal and dystrophic rat retina, J. Mol. Neurosci., 9, 13, 10.1007/BF02789391 Bundey, 1984, A study of retinitis pigmentosa in the city of Birmingham. I. Prevalence, J. Med. Genet., 21, 417, 10.1136/jmg.21.6.417 Bunker, 1984, Prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa in Maine, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 97, 357, 10.1016/0002-9394(84)90636-6 Caley, D. W., Johnson, C., Liebelt, R. A. (1972) The postnatal development of the retina in the normal and rodless CBA mouse: a light and electron microscopic study. Am. J. Anat. 133, 1799–212. Carter-Dawson, 1978, Differential effect of the rd mutation on rods and cones in the mouse retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 17, 489 Carwile, 1998, Rod outer segment maintenance is enhanced in the presence of bFGF, CNTF and GDNF, Exp. Eye Res., 66, 791, 10.1006/exer.1998.0488 Castellarin, 1998, In vitro transplantation of fetal human retinal pigment epithelial cells onto human cadaver Bruchs membrane, Exp. Eye Res., 66, 49, 10.1006/exer.1997.0404 Cayouette, 1998, Intraocular gene transfer of ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents death and increases responsiveness of rod photoreceptors in the retinal degeneration slow mouse, J. Neurosc., 18, 9282, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09282.1998 Cayouette, 1997, Adenovirus-mediated transfer of ciliary neurotrophic factor can prevent photoreceptor degeneration in the retinal degeneration (rd) mouse, Hum. Gene Ther., 8, 423, 10.1089/hum.1997.8.4-423 Cayouette, 1999, Pigment epithelium-derived factor delays the death of photoreceptors in mouse models of inherited retinal degenerations, Neurobiol. Dis., 6, 523, 10.1006/nbdi.1999.0263 Chacko, 2000, Survival and differentiation of cultured retinal progenitors transplanted in the subretinal space of the rat, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 268, 842, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2153 Chong, 1999, Repeated injections of a ciliary neurotrophic factor analogue leading to long-term photoreceptor survival in hereditary retinal degeneration, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 1298 Clarkson, 1998, Strands of embryonic mesencephalic tissue show greater dopamine neuron survival and better behavioral improvement than cell suspensions after transplantation in parkinsonian rats, Brain Res., 806, 60, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00717-3 Coffey, 2000, Deterioration of visual tracking in RCS rats and effect of immortalised human RPE cell transplantation, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, S857/4554 Cowey, 1979, The retinal origin of uncrossed optic nerve fibres in rats and their role in visual discrimination, Exp. Brain Res., 35, 443, 10.1007/BF00236763 Cowey, 1982, Effects on visual acuity of neonatal or adult tectal ablation in rats, Exp. Brain Res., 48, 149, 10.1007/BF00239583 Crafoord, 2000, Cyclosporine treatment of RPE allografts in the rabbit subretinal space, Acta Ophthalmol. Scand., 78, 122, 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078002122.x Daiger, S. P., Sullivan, L. S. and Rossiter, B. J. F. (1996–1999) RetNet. www.sph.uth.tmc.edu/retnet/ Das, 1999, The transplantation of human fetal neuroretinal cells in advanced retinitis pigmentosa patients, Exp. Neurol., 157, 58, 10.1006/exnr.1998.6992 D’Cruz, 2000, Mutation of the receptor tyrosine kinase gene MERTK in the retinal dystrophic RCS rat, Hum. Mol. Genet., 9, 645, 10.1093/hmg/9.4.645 Deacon, 1997, Histological evidence of fetal pig neural cell survival after transplantation into a patient with Parkinson's disease, Nature Med., 3, 350, 10.1038/nm0397-350 Deacon, 1999, Pig fetal septal neurons implanted into the hippocampus of aged or cholinergic deafferented rats grow axons and form cross-species synapses in appropriate target regions, Cell Transplant., 8, 111, 10.1177/096368979900800104 del Cerro, 1995, Neither intraocular grafts of retinal cell homogenates nor live non-retinal neurons produce behavioral recovery in rats with light-damaged retinas, Cell Transplant., 4, 133, 10.1016/0963-6897(94)00045-L del Cerro, 1991, Intraretinal grafting restores visual function in light-blinded rats, Neuroreport, 2, 529, 10.1097/00001756-199109000-00008 del Cerro, 1997, The first decade of continuous progress in retinal transplantation, Microsc. Res. Tech., 36, 130, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970115)36:2<130::AID-JEMT6>3.0.CO;2-T del Cerro, 1989, Intraretinal transplantation for rod-cell replacement in light-damaged retinas, J. Neural Transplant., 1, 1, 10.1155/NP.1989.1 del Cerro, 1988, Intraretinal transplantation of fluorescently labelled retinal cell suspension, Neurosci. Lett., 92, 21, 10.1016/0304-3940(88)90735-5 del Cerro, 1990, Intraocular transplantation of cell layers derived from neonatal retina, Brain Res., 535, 25, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)91819-3 DiLoreto, 1996, Storage of human fetal retina in optisol prior to subretinal transplantation, Cell Transplant., 5, 553, 10.1016/0963-6897(95)02018-7 Dintelmann, 1999, Comparative study of ROS degradation by IPE and RPE cells in vitro, Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 237, 830, 10.1007/s004170050320 D’Orazio, 1998, A novel role for TGF-beta and IL-10 in the induction of immune privilege, J. Immunol., 160, 2089, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.5.2089 Dowling, 1962, Inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat, J. Cell Biol., 14, 73, 10.1083/jcb.14.1.73 Dräger, 1978, Studies of visual function and its decay in mice with hereditary retinal degeneration, J. Comp. Neurol., 180, 85, 10.1002/cne.901800107 Du, 1992, Monitoring photoreceptor transplants with nuclear and cytoplasmic markers, Exp. Neurol., 115, 79, 10.1016/0014-4886(92)90226-G Duan, 1996, Methylprednisolone prevents rejection of intrastriatal grafts of xenogeneic embryonic neural tissue in adult rats, Brain Res., 712, 199, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01409-8 Dudus, 1999, Persistent transgene product in retina, optic nerve and brain, Vision Res., 39, 2545, 10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00308-3 Dunnett, 1983, Intracerebral grafting of neuronal cell suspensions. IV. Behavioural recovery in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions following implantation of nigral cell suspensions in different brain sites, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., 522, 29 Dunnett, 1983, Intracerebral grafting of neuronal cell suspensions. V. Behavioural recovery in rats with bilateral 6-OHDA lesions following implantation of nigral cell suspensions, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., 522, 39 Durlu, 1997, Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelium using viable cryopreserved cells, Cell Transplant., 6, 149, 10.1016/S0963-6897(96)00142-X Eckmiller, 1997, Learning retina implants with epiretinal contacts, Ophthalmic Res., 29, 281, 10.1159/000268026 Ehlers, 1981, A-beta-lipoproteinaemia. Ocular involvement in a Danish case, Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh), 59, 747, 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1981.tb08741.x Enzmann, 1998, Immunological problems of transplantation into the subretinal space, Acta Anat. (Basel), 1662, 178, 10.1159/000046484 Ezzeddine, 1997, Postmitotic cells fated to become rod photoreceptors can be respecified by CNTF treatment of the retina, Development, 124, 1055, 10.1242/dev.124.5.1055 Faktorovich, 1990, Photoreceptor degeneration in inherited retinal dystrophy delayed by basic fibroblast growth factor, Nature, 347, 83, 10.1038/347083a0 Faktorovich, 1992, Basic fibroblast growth factor and local injury protect photoreceptors from light damage in the rat, J. Neurosci., 12, 3554, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-09-03554.1992 Farber, 1995, From mice to men, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 36, 263 Farber, 1994, The rd mouse story, Prog. Ret. Eye Res., 13, 31, 10.1016/1350-9462(94)90004-3 Farrokh-Siar, 1999, Cryoprecipitate, Curr. Eye Res., 19, 89, 10.1076/ceyr.19.2.89.5331 Fendt, 1994, Sensorimotor gating deficit after lesions of the superior colliculus, Neuroreport, 5, 1725, 10.1097/00001756-199409080-00009 Fine, 2000, Age-related macular degeneration, N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 483, 10.1056/NEJM200002173420707 Fishman, 1985, Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. A method of classification, Arch. Ophthalmol., 103, 366, 10.1001/archopht.1985.01050030062023 Frasson, 1999, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces the histologic and functional protection of rod photoreceptors in the rd/rd mouse, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 2724 Frasson, 1999, Retinitis pigmentosa, Nature Med., 5, 1183, 10.1038/13508 Gabrielian, 1999, Cellular response in rabbit eyes after human fetal RPE cell transplantation, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 237, 326, 10.1007/s004170050240 Gage, 2000, Mammalian neural stem cells, Science, 287, 1433, 10.1126/science.287.5457.1433 Gal, 1997, Rhodopsin mutations in inherited retinal dystrophies and dysfunctions, Prog. Ret. Eye Res., 16, 51, 10.1016/S1350-9462(96)00021-3 Gao, 1995, Basic fibroblast growth factor in development, Dev. Biol., 169, 168, 10.1006/dbio.1995.1135 Garcia-Fernandez, 1995, The persistence of cone photoreceptors within the dorsal retina of the aged retinally degenerate mice (rd/rd), Neurosci. Lett., 187, 33, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11330-Y Gaur, 1992, RPE conditioned medium stimulates photoreceptor cell survival, neurite outgrowth and differentiation, Exp. Eye Res., 54, 645, 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90020-S Ghosh, 1998, Transplant of full-thickness embryonic rabbit retina using pars plana vitrectomy, Retina., 18, 1136, 10.1097/00006982-199818020-00007 Ghosh, 2000, Full-thickness retinal transplants, Ophthalmologica., 214, 54, 10.1159/000027472 Ghosh, 1999, Partial and full-thickness neuroretinal transplants, Exp. Eye Res., 68, 67, 10.1006/exer.1998.0582 Ghosh, 2000, MHC expression in fragment and full-thickness allogeneic embryonic retinal transplants, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 238, 589, 10.1007/s004170000138 Gilbert, 1992, Receptive field dynamics in adult primary visual cortex, Nature., 356, 150, 10.1038/356150a0 Giordano, 1997, Retinal pigment epithelium cells cultured on synthetic biodegradable polymers, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 34, 87, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199701)34:1<87::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-M Girman, 1999, Receptive field properties of single neurons in rat primary visual cortex, J. Neurophysiol., 82, 301, 10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.301 Girman, 2000, Functional changes in the primary visual cortex following retinal degeneration and subretinal cell transplantation in RCS rats, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 26, 1613 Gorin, 1999, The genetics of age-related macular degeneration, Mol. Vis., 5, 29 Gouras, 1996, Retinal cell transplantation in the macula, Vision Res., 36, 4121, 10.1016/S0042-6989(96)00180-0 Gouras, 1994, Patch culturing and transfer of human fetal retinal epithelium, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 232, 599, 10.1007/BF00193120 Gouras, 1991, Transplantation of photoreceptors labelled with tritiated thymidine into RCS rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 32, 1704 Gouras, 1991, Transplanted photoreceptors identified in dystrophic mouse retina by a transgenic reporter gene, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 32, 3167 Gouras, 1994, Long-term photoreceptor transplants in dystrophic and normal mouse retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 35, 3145 Gouras, 1994, Reporter gene expression in cones in transgenic mice carrying bovine rhodopsin promoter/lacZ transgenes, Vis. Neurosci., 11, 1227, 10.1017/S0952523800007021 Gouras, 1985, Transplantation of cultured human retinal epithelium to Bruchs membrane of the owl monkey's eye, Curr. Eye Res., 4, 253, 10.3109/02713688509000857 Gray, 1999, Prospects for the clinical application of neural transplantation with the use of conditionally immortalized neuroepithelial stem cells, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Soc., 354, 1407, 10.1098/rstb.1999.0488 Green, 1993, Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic studies, Ophthalmology, 10, 1519, 10.1016/S0161-6420(93)31466-1 Griffith, 1995, Fas ligand-induced apoptosis as a mechanism of immune privilege, Science, 270, 1189, 10.1126/science.270.5239.1189 Grisanti, 1997, Immunity and immune privilege elicited by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cell transplants, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 38, 1619 Gu, 1997, Mutations in RPE65 cause autosomal recessive childhood-onset severe retinal dystrophy, Nature Genet., 17, 194, 10.1038/ng1097-194 Guymer, 1999, Changes in Bruch's membrane and related structures with age, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 18, 59, 10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00012-3 Hall, 1991, Cells mediating allograft rejection, Transplantation, 51, 1141, 10.1097/00007890-199106000-00001 Hallböök, 1996, Expression of neurotrophins and trk receptors in the avian retina, J. Comp. Neurol., 364, 664, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960122)364:4<664::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-1 Hammarberg, 1996, GDNF mRNA in Schwann cells and DRG satellite cells after chronic sciatic nerve injury, Neuroreport, 7, 857, 10.1097/00001756-199603220-00004 Hartmann, 1999, Human and porcine anterior lens capsule as support for growing and grafting retinal pigment epithelium and iris pigment epithelium, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 237, 940, 10.1007/s004170050390 Harvey, A. R. (1999) Labelling and identifying grafted cells. In Neuromethods (36), Neural Transplantation Methods (eds. S. B. Dunnett, A. A. Boulton and G. B. Baker), pp. 319–361. Humana Press, New Jersey. Harvey, 1997, Fate of adult neural precursors grafted to the adult cortex monitored with a y-chromosome marker, Neuroreport, 8, 3939, 10.1097/00001756-199712220-00018 Hetherington, 2000, Sensory capacity of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 3979 Hogan, M. J., Alvarado, J. A. and Weddel, J. A. (1971) Histology of the Human Eye, Ist edn, pp. 202–259. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. Huang, 1998, Preparation and transplantation of photoreceptor sheets, Curr. Eye Res., 17, 573, 10.1080/02713689808951230 Humayun, 1999, Pattern electrical stimulation of the human retina, Vision Res., 39, 2569, 10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00052-8 Hurtado-Montalban, 2000, Retinal ganglion cell loss with age in rd mice, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, S11 Inglehearn, 1998, Molecular genetics of human retinal dystrophies, Eye, 12, 571, 10.1038/eye.1998.147 Ivert, 1998, Photoreceptor allografts in a feline model of retinal degeneration, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 236, 844, 10.1007/s004170050169 Jiang, 1994, Corneal electroretinogram function rescued by normal retinal pigment epithelial grafts in retinal degenerative Royal College of Surgeons rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 35, 4300 Jiang, 1993, Subretinal space and vitreous cavity as immunologically privileged sites for retinal allografts, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 34, 3347 Jiang, 1994, Immunologic consequences of intraocular implantation of retinal pigment epithelial allografts, Exp. Eye Res., 58, 719, 10.1006/exer.1994.1069 Jiang, 1995, Unconventional rejection of neural retinal allografts implanted into the immunologically privileged site of the eye, Transplantation, 59, 1201, 10.1097/00007890-199504270-00021 Jiang, 1991, Immune responses elicited by transplantation and tissue-restricted antigens expressed on retinal tissues implanted subconjunctivally, Transplantation, 52, 513, 10.1097/00007890-199109000-00025 Jing, 1996, GDNF-induced expression of the ret protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by GDNFR-alpha, a novel receptor for GDNF, Cell, 85, 1113, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81311-2 Jomary, 1999, Expression patterns of neurturin and its receptor components in developing and degenerative mouse retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 568 Jomary, 1997, Rescue of photoreceptor function by AAV-mediated gene transfer in a mouse model of inherited retinal degeneration, Gene Ther., 4, 683, 10.1038/sj.gt.3300440 Jorgensen, 1998, Human retinal pigment epithelial cell-induced apoptosis in activated T cells, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 1590 Kaplan, 1990, Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in retinitis pigmentosa, Hum. Genet., 85, 635, 10.1007/BF00193589 Kaplan, 1999, Retinal transplantation, Chem. Immunol., 73, 207, 10.1159/000058747 Kaplan, 1997, Human photoreceptor transplantation in retinitis pigmentosa. A safety study, Arch. Ophthalmol., 115, 1168, 10.1001/archopht.1997.01100160338012 Kaplan, 1998, Retinal pigment epithelial transplantation in age-related macular degeneration, Retina, 18, 99, 10.1097/00006982-199818020-00001 Karlsson, 1999, Effects of anaesthetics and lazaroid U-83836E on survival of transplanted rat dopaminergic neurones, Brain Res., 821, 546, 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01176-2 Keegan, 2000, Visual field preservation and anatomical rescue after transplantation of immortalised RPE cells in the RCS rat, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, S857/4553 Kennaway, 1989, Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 44, 344 Klein, 1992, Prevalence of age-related maculopathy, Ophthalmology, 99, 933, 10.1016/S0161-6420(92)31871-8 Kociok, 1998, The mRNA expression of cytokines and their receptors in cultured iris pigment epithelial cells, Exp. Eye Res., 67, 237, 10.1006/exer.1998.0517 Kohen, 1997, Mechanisms of graft rejection in the transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells, Ophthal. Res., 29, 298, 10.1159/000268028 Kopyov, 1992, Fetal human and pig mesencephalon xenografts have equal effectiveness in behavioral restoration of damaged rat brain, Transplant. Proc., 24, 547 Kordower, 1996, Functional fetal nigral grafts in a patient with Parkinson's disease, J. Comp. Neurol., 370, 203, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960624)370:2<203::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-6 Kovalevsky, 1995, The intensity of the pupillary light reflex does not correlate with the number of retinal photoreceptor cells, Exp. Neurol., 133, 43, 10.1006/exnr.1995.1006 Krieger, 1982, Brain grafts reverse hypogonadism of gonadotrophin releasing hormone deficiency, Nature, 298, 468, 10.1038/298468a0 Ksander, 1989, Immune privilege to MHC-disparate tumor grafts in the anterior chamber of the eye. I. Quantitative analysis of intraocular tumor growth and the corresponding delayed hypersensitivity response, Transplantation, 47, 661, 10.1097/00007890-198904000-00018 Kwan, 1999, Reconstruction of photoreceptor layer in rd mouse, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, S729 Kwan, 1998, Photophobic responses of rd mice and effects of retinal transplantation, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, S94 Kwan, 2000, Visual field thresholds in rd mice with and without retinal transplantation, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, S853 Kwan, 1999, Photoreceptor layer reconstruction in a rodent model of retinal degeneration, Exp. Neurol., 159, 21, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7157 Lai, 1999, Tracking RPE transplants labeled by retroviral gene transfer with green fluorescent protein, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 2141 Lai, 2000, Local immunosuppression prolongs survival of RPE xenografts labeled by retroviral gene transfer, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 3134 Larsson, 1999, MHC expression in syngeneic and allogeneic retinal cell transplants in the rat, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 237, 82, 10.1007/s004170050199 LaVail, 1974, C57BL-6J mice with inherited retinal degeneration, Arch. Ophthalmol., 91, 394, 10.1001/archopht.1974.03900060406015 LaVail, 1992, Multiple growth factors, cytokines and neurotrophins rescue photoreceptors from the damaging effects of constant light, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 11249, 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11249 LaVail, 1998, Protection of mouse photoreceptors by survival factors in retinal degenerations, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 592 Lawrence, 1990, Mechanisms of allograft rejection in the brain, Neuroscience, 37, 431, 10.1016/0306-4522(90)90413-X Lawrence, 2000, Schwann cell grafting into the retina of the dystrophic RCS rat limits functional deterioration, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 518 Lazar, 1992, A new procedure for multiple intraretinal transplantation into mammalian eyes, J. Neurosci. Methods, 43, 157, 10.1016/0165-0270(92)90025-9 Lehrman, 1999, Virus treatment questioned after gene therapy death, Nature, 401, 517, 10.1038/43977 Li, 1994, In vivo transfer of a reporter gene to the retina mediated by an adenoviral vector, Invest. Ophthamol. Vis. Sci., 35, 2543 Li, 1988, Inherited retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat, Exp. Eye Res., 47, 911, 10.1016/0014-4835(88)90073-5 Li, 1988, Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells to immature and adult rat hosts, Exp. Eye Res., 47, 771, 10.1016/0014-4835(88)90044-9 Li, 1991, Optimal conditions for long term photoreceptor cell rescue in RCS rats, Exp. Eye Res., 52, 669, 10.1016/0014-4835(91)90019-B Lindvall, 1992, Transplantation of fetal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease, Ann. Neurol., 31, 155, 10.1002/ana.410310206 Litchfield, 1997, Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial, photoreceptor and other cells as treatment for retinal degeneration, Exp. Eye Res., 64, 655, 10.1006/exer.1996.0253 Litchfield, T., Whiteley, S. J. O., Sauvé, Y., Coffey, P. and Lund, R. D. (1997b) Fresh and transformed RPE cell grafts rescue visual function in the RCS rat. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. S946/4390. Lopez, 1987, Transplantation of cultured rabbit retinal epithelium to rabbit retina using a closed-eye method, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 28, 1131 Lopez, 1989, Transplanted retinal pigment epithelium modifies the retinal degeneration in the RCS rat, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 30, 586 Lund, 1985, Use of species-specific antibody for demonstrating mouse neurons transplanted to rat brains, Neurosci. Lett., 61, 221, 10.1016/0304-3940(85)90428-8 Lund, 1997, Intraretinal transplantation to prevent photoreceptor degeneration, Ophthal. Res., 29, 3005, 10.1159/000268029 Lund, 1981, Transplantation of tectal tissues in rats. I. Organization of transplants and pattern and distribution of host afferents within them, J. Comp. Neurol., 201, 191, 10.1002/cne.902010205 Lund, 2000, Immortalised human RPE cells retain phenotypical characteristics and limit deterioration of vision in the RCS rat, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, S857/4555 Ma, 1998, Contribution of microglia as passenger leukocytes to the fate of intraocular neuronal retinal grafts, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 2384 Majji, 1999, Long-term histological and electrophysiological results of an inactive epiretinal electrode array implantation in dogs, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 2073 Mangini, 1980, Laminar distribution of receptive field properties in the primary visual cortex of the mouse, J. Comput. Neurol., 193, 203, 10.1002/cne.901930114 Mares-Perlman, 1996, Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy, Arch. Ophthalmol., 114, 991, 10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140199014 Marlhens, 1997, Mutations in RPE65 cause Lebers congenital amaurosis, Nature Genet., 17, 139, 10.1038/ng1097-139 Marshall, 1999, Gene therapy death prompts review of adenovirus vector, Science, 286, 2244, 10.1126/science.286.5448.2244 Mason, 1986, The fate of allogeneic and xenogeneic neuronal tissue transplanted into the third ventricle of rodents, Neuroscience, 19, 685, 10.1016/0306-4522(86)90292-7 Masuda, 1995, Functional rescue of photoreceptors from the damaging effects of constant light by survival-promoting factors in the rat, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 36, 2142 Maw, 1997, Mutations of the gene encoding cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein in autosomal retinitis pigmentosa, Nature Genet., 17, 198, 10.1038/ng1097-198 McDonnell, J. M. (1989) Ocular embryology and anatomy. In Retina (eds. S. J. Ryan and T. E. Ogden), Vol. 1. pp. 5–15. Mosby, St. Louis, USA. McKay, 1997, Stem cells in the central nervous system, Science, 276, 66, 10.1126/science.276.5309.66 McLaughlin, 1995, Mutation spectrum of the gene encoding the beta subunit of rod phosphodiesterase among patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 3249, 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3249 McLaughlin, 1993, Recessive mutations in the gene encoding the beta-subunit of rod phosphodiesterase in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, Nature Genet., 4, 130, 10.1038/ng0693-130 Métin, 1988, The primary visual cortex in the mouse, Exp. Brain Res., 699, 594 Meyer, 1992, Enhanced synthesis of brain-derived growth factor in the lesioned peripheral nerve, J. Cell Biol., 119, 45, 10.1083/jcb.119.1.45 Milam, 1998, Histopathology of the human retina in retinitis pigmentosa, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 17, 175 Mitchell, 1995, Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia, Ophthalmology, 102, 1450, 10.1016/S0161-6420(95)30846-9 Mohand-Said, 1998, Normal retina releases a diffusible factor stimulating cone survival in the retinal degeneration mouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 8357, 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8357 Mohand-Said, 1997, Photoreceptor transplants increase host cone survival in the retinal degeneration (rd) mouse, Ophthal. Res., 29, 290, 10.1159/000268027 Mrosovsky, 1997, Spatial responses to light in mice with severe retinal degeneration, Neurosci. Lett., 222, 204, 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)13374-2 Nagy, 1972, Development of adult-like open-field behaviors in young retinal-degenerate C3H mice, Dev. Psychobiol., 5, 249, 10.1002/dev.420050309 Nakao, 1994, Lazaroids improve the survival of grafted rat embryo dopamine neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 12408, 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12408 Narfstrom, 1987, Hereditary rod-cone degeneration in a strain of Abyssinian cats, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 247, 349 Neuberger, 1993, Distribution of fibroblast growth factor in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells. I. Localization during maturation in vitro, J. Neurocytol., 22, 436, 10.1007/BF01181564 Neuringer, 1998, Retinal degeneration in two half-sibling rhesus monkeys, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, S727/3334 Normann, 1999, A neural interface for a cortical vision prothesis, Vision Res., 39, 2577, 10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00040-1 Nusinowitz, 1999, Rod multifocal electroretinograms in mice, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 2848 Oganesian, 1999, A new model of retinal pigment epithelium transplantation with microspheres, Arch. Ophthalmol., 117, 192, 10.1001/archopht.117.9.1192 Ogilvie, 2000, Growth factors in combination, but not individually, rescue rd mouse photoreceptors in organ culture, Exp. Neurol., 161, 676, 10.1006/exnr.1999.7291 Okabe, 1997, ‘Green mice’ as a source of ubiquitous green cells, FEBS Lett., 407, 313, 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00313-X Othberg, 1997, Tirilazad mesylate improves survival of rat and embryonic mesencephalic neurons in vitro, Exp. Neurol., 147, 498, 10.1006/exnr.1997.6594 Peachey, 1999, Subretinal implantation of semiconductor-based photodiodes, J. Rehabil. Res. Dev., 36, 371 Perry, 1995, The effects of bFGF on RCS rat eyes, Curr. Eye Res., 14, 585, 10.3109/02713689508998406 Petrukhin, 1998, Identification of the gene responsible for Best macular dystrophy, Nature Genet., 19, 41, 10.1038/915 Peyman, 1991, A technique for retinal pigment epithelium transplantation for age-related macula degeneration secondary to extensive subfoveal scarring, Ophthalm. Surg., 22, 102 Peyman, 1998, Subretinal semiconductor microphotodiode array, Ophthalm. Surg. Lasers, 29, 234, 10.3928/1542-8877-19980301-10 Piccini, 1999, Dopamine release from nigral transplants visualized in vivo in a Parkinson's patient, Nature Neurosci., 2, 1137, 10.1038/16060 Piccotti, 1997, Are Th2 helper T lymphocytes beneficial, deleterious, or irrelevant in promoting allograft survival?, Transplantation, 63, 619, 10.1097/00007890-199703150-00001 Pittler, 1991, Identification of a nonsense mutation in the rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase beta-subunit gene of the rd mouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 8322, 10.1073/pnas.88.19.8322 Prusky, 2000, Behavioral assessment of visual acuity in mice and rats, Vision Res., 40, 2201, 10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00081-X Rackoczy, 1993, Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor in the retina of Royal College of Surgeons rats, Invest. Ophthal. Vis. Sci., 34, 1845 Radel, 1995, The pupillary light response, Neuroscience, 68, 909, 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00192-L Radel, 1995, The pupillary light response, Neuroscience, 68, 893, 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00191-K Radtke, 1999, Preliminary report, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 128, 384, 10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00250-0 Reichel, 1998, Immune responses limit adenovirally mediated gene expression in the adult mouse eye, Gene Ther., 5, 1038, 10.1038/sj.gt.3300691 Rezai, 1997, Iris pigment epithelium transplantation, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 235, 558, 10.1007/BF00947084 Rizzo, 1997, Prospects for a visual prothesis, The Neuroscientist, 3, 251, 10.1177/107385849700300413 Rosenblad, 1996, Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor increases survival, growth and function of intrastriatal fetal nigral dopaminergic grafts, Neuroscience, 75, 979 Sakamoto, 1998, Retinal function change caused by adenoviral vector-mediated transfection of LacZ gene, Hum. Gene Ther., 9, 789, 10.1089/hum.1998.9.6-789 Sandberg, 1997, Testis-derived Sertoli cells have a trophic effect on dopamine neurons and alleviate hemiparkinsonism in rats, Nature Med., 3, 1129, 10.1038/nm1097-1129 Santos, 1997, Preservation of the inner retina in retinitis pigmentosa. A morphometric analysis, Arch. Ophthalmol., 115, 511, 10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150513011 Schierle, 1999, Caspase inhibition reduces apoptosis and increases survival of nigral transplants, Nature Med., 5, 97, 10.1038/4785 Schmidt-Erfurth, 1999, Indocyanine green angiography and retina sensitivity after photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization, Semin. Ophthalmol., 14, 35, 10.3109/08820539909056061 Schraermeyer, 1999, Rescue effects of IPE transplants in RCS rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 1545 Schuett, 2000, Mapping of retinotopy in rat visual cortex by combined linear extraction and principle component analysis of optical imaging data, FENS, 39, 33 Schwarz, 1999, Multipotential marrow stromal cells transduced to produce L-DOPA, Hum. Gene Ther., 10, 2539, 10.1089/10430349950016870 Seaton, 1994, A primary role for RPE transplants in the inhibition and regression of neovascularization in the RCS rat, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 35, 162 Seaton, 1992, Transplants stabilize retinal vasculature and prevent neovascularization in the RCS rat, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 33, 83 Seddon, 1994, Dietary caretinoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye disease-case control study group, JAMA, 272, 1413, 10.1001/jama.272.18.1413 Seiler, 1995, Transplantation of embryonic retinal donor cells labelled with BrdU or carrying a genetic marker to adult retina, Exp. Brain Res., 105, 59, 10.1007/BF00242182 Seiler, 1998, Intact sheets of fetal retina transplanted to restore damaged rat retinas, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 2121 Sendtner, 1992, Synthesis and localization of ciliary neurotrophic factor in the sciatic nerve of the adult rat after lesion and during degeneration, J. Cell Biol., 118, 139, 10.1083/jcb.118.1.139 Sharma, 2000, Dissection and cotransplantation of large pieces of RPE and neural retina; effect of protease K on the development, Acta Ophthalmol. Scand., 78, 3, 10.1034/j.1600-0420.2000.078001003.x Sharma, 1997, Retinal cell transplants, Acta Ophthalmol. Scand., 75, 355, 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00390.x Sharma, 1997, Influence of technique and transplantation site on rosette formation in rabbit retinal transplants, Acta Ophthalmol. Scand., 75, 3, 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1997.tb00240.x Sheedlo, 1993, Effects of RPE age and culture conditions on support of photoreceptor cell survival in transplanted RCS dystrophic rats, Exp. Eye Res., 57, 753, 10.1006/exer.1993.1183 Sheedlo, 1998, RPE secreted proteins and antibody influence photoreceptor cell survival and maturation, Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res., 107, 57, 10.1016/S0165-3806(97)00219-8 Sheng, 1995, Patch transplants of human fetal retinal pigment epithelium in rabbit and monkey retina, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 36, 381 Shirigami, 1998, Transplanted and repopulated retinal pigment epithelial cells on damaged Bruch's membrane in rabbits, Br. J. Ophthalmol., 82, 1056, 10.1136/bjo.82.9.1056 Silverman, 1998, Transplantation of photoreceptors to light-damaged retina, Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci., 30, 1684 Silverman, 1989, Photoreceptor transplantation in inherited and environmentally induced retinal degeneration, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 314, 687 Silverman, 1992, Photoreceptor transplantation, Exp. Neurol., 115, 87, 10.1016/0014-4886(92)90227-H Siminoff, 1966, An electrophysiological study of the visual projection in the superior colliculus of the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 180, 85 Smith, 1999, The role of antioxidants in AMD, J. Ophthalmic Nurs. Technol., 18, 68 Smith, 1996, Effects of fibroblast growth factor on the retinal degeneration of the mi(vit)/mi(vit)(vitiligo) mouse, Exp. Eye Res., 63, 565, 10.1006/exer.1996.0147 Sommer, 1991, Racial differences in the cause-specific prevalence of blindness in East Baltimore, N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 1412, 10.1056/NEJM199111143252004 Streilein, 1990, Anterior chamber associated immune deviation, Surv. Ophthalmol., 35, 67, 10.1016/0039-6257(90)90048-Z Streilein, 1995, Immunological non-responsiveness and acquisition of tolerance in relation to immune privilege in the eye, Eye, 9, 236, 10.1038/eye.1995.46 Streilein, 1999, Immunoregulatory mechanisms of the eye, Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 18, 357, 10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00022-6 Streilein, 1985, Characterization of the suppressor cell(s) responsible for anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) induced in BALB/c mice by P815 cells, J. Immunol., 134, 1381, 10.4049/jimmunol.134.3.1381 Streilein, 1980, Systemic immune unresponsiveness induced in adult mice by anterior chamber presentation of minor histocompatibility antigens, J. Exp. Med., 152, 1121, 10.1084/jem.152.4.1121 Studer, 1998, Transplantation of expanded mesencephalic precursors leads to recovery in parkinsonian rats, Nature Neurosci., 1, 290, 10.1038/2774 Svendsen, 1997, Long-term survival of human central nervous system progenitor cells transplanted into a rat model of Parkinson's disease, Exp. Neurol., 148, 135, 10.1006/exnr.1997.6634 Takahashi, 1998, Widespread integration and survival of adult-derived neural progenitor cells in the developing optic retina, Mol. Cell Neurosci., 12, 340, 10.1006/mcne.1998.0721 Takeuchi, 1998, TGF-beta promotes immune deviation by altering accessory signals of antigen-presenting cells, J. Immunol., 160, 1589, 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1589 Tezel, 1997, Reattachment to a substrate prevents apoptosis of human retinal pigment epithelium, Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., 235, 41, 10.1007/BF01007836 Tezel, 1999, Repopulation of different layers of host human Bruch's membrane by retinal epithelial cell grafts, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 767 Tezel, 1998, Harvest and storage of adult human photoreceptor cells, Curr. Eye Res., 17, 748, 10.1080/02713689808951252 Tezel, 1999, Fate of human retinal pigment epithelial cells seeded onto layers of human Bruch's membrane, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 467 Thumann, 1997, Descemet's membrane as a membraneous support in RPE/IPE transplantation, Curr. Eye Res., 16, 1236, 10.1076/ceyr.16.12.1236.5031 Toda, 1999, The electroretinogram of the rhodopsin knockout mouse, Vis. Neurosci., 16, 391, 10.1017/S0952523899162187 Trejo, 1982, Retinal sensitivity measured by the pupillary light reflex in the RCS and albino rats, Vision Res., 22, 1163, 10.1016/0042-6989(82)90081-5 Tropepe, 2000, Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye, Science, 287, 2032, 10.1126/science.287.5460.2032 Turner, J. E., Blair, J. R. and Chappell, T. E (1986) Retinal transplantation: successful grafting of embryonic rat retinal tissue into the lesion site of an adult host retina. In Retinal Signal Systems, Degenerations and Transplants. (eds. E. Agardh and B. Ehinger) pp. 301–309. Elsevier, Amsterdam Van Buskirk, 1997, Transplantation immunology, JAMA, 278, 1993, 10.1001/jama.278.22.1993 Van Soest, 1999, Retinia pigmentosa, Surv. Ophthalmol., 43, 321, 10.1016/S0039-6257(98)00046-0 Veske, 1999, Retinal dystrophy of Swedish briard/briard-beagle dogs is due to a 4-bp deletion in RPE65, Genomics, 57, 57, 10.1006/geno.1999.5754 Villegas-Peréz, 1998, Ganglion cell loss in the RCS rat retina, J. Comp. Neurol., 392, 58, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980302)392:1<58::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-O Vinores, 2000, Sensitivity of different vascular beds in the eye to neovascularisation and blood-retinal barrier breakdown in VEGF transgenic mice, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 476, 129, 10.1007/978-1-4615-4221-6_11 Wang, 2000, Progressive axon dystrophy and vascular changes in rd mice, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 537 Wecker, 1986, Visual function measured by reflex modification in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy, Behav. Neurosci., 105, 679, 10.1037/0735-7044.100.5.679 Weisz, 1999, Allogeneic fetal pigment epithelial cell transplant in a patient with geographic atrophy, Retina, 19, 540, 10.1097/00006982-199911000-00011 Wekerle, 1987, Immune reactivity in the nervous system, J. Exp. Biol., 132, 43, 10.1242/jeb.132.1.43 Welge-Lussen, 1999, Loss of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) in aged retinal degeneration (rd) mice, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 3209 Weller, 1996, CD 95 expression in traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy, Ger. J. Ophthalmol., 5, 332 Wenkel, 1998, Analysis of immune deviation elicited by antigens injected into the subretinal space, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 1823 Wenning, 1997, Short- and long-term survival and function of unilateral intrastriatal dopaminergic grafts in Parkinson's disease, Ann. Neurol., 42, 95, 10.1002/ana.410420115 Whiteley, 1996, Improvement of the pupillary light reflex of Royal College of Surgeons rats following RPE cell grafts, Exp. Neurol., 140, 100, 10.1006/exnr.1996.0120 Whiteley, 1998, Changes in the pupillary light reflex of pigmented Royal College of Surgeons rats with age, Exp. Eye Res., 66, 719, 10.1006/exer.1997.0479 Widner, 1988, Immunological aspects of neural grafting in the mammalian nervous system, Prog. Brain Res., 78, 303, 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)60297-6 Winton, 1999, Characterisation of an immortalised human pigment epithelial cell line which retains FAS-Ligand expression, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, S725/3831 Winton, 2000, Genetically engineered human retinal pigment epithelial cells for intraocular transplantation therapy, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, S857/4556 Wood, 1993, Indefinite survival of neural xenografts induced with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, Neuroscience, 70, 775, 10.1016/S0306-4522(96)83014-4 Yamamoto, 1993, Retinal pigment epithelial transplants and retinal function in RCS rats, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 34, 3068 Yates, 2000, Genetic susceptibility of age-related macular degeneration, J. Med. Genet., 37, 83, 10.1136/jmg.37.2.83 Ye, 1993, Allotransplantation of rabbit retinal epithelial cells double-labelled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and natural pigment, Curr. Eye Res., 12, 629, 10.3109/02713689309001842 Young, 1998, The retinal ganglion cells that drive the pupilloconstrictor response in rats, Brain Res., 787, 191, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01473-X Zabek, 1994, A long-term follow-up of fetal dopaminergic neurons transplanted into the brain of three parkinsonian patients, Rest. Neurol. Ans. Neurosci., 6, 97 Zarbin, 1998, Age-related macular degeneration, Eur. J. Ophthalmol., 8, 199, 10.1177/112067219800800401 Zawada, 1998, Growth factors improve immediate survival of embryonic dopamine neurons after transplantation into rats, Brain Res., 786, 96, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01408-X Zhang, 1998, Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells and immune response in the subretinal space, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 1021 Zrenner, 1999, Can subretinal microphotodiodes successfully replace degenerated photoreceptors?, Vision Res., 39, 2555, 10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00312-5