Cell Biology of the Mitochondrion

Genetics - Tập 207 Số 3 - Trang 843-871 - 2017
Alexander M. van der Bliek1, Margaret M. Sedensky2, Philip G. Morgan2
1Department of Biological Chemistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024
2Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Washington 98101

Tóm tắt

AbstractMitochondria are best known for harboring pathways involved in ATP synthesis through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Major advances in understanding these roles were made with Caenorhabditiselegans mutants affecting key components of the metabolic pathways. These mutants have not only helped elucidate some of the intricacies of metabolism pathways, but they have also served as jumping off points for pharmacology, toxicology, and aging studies. The field of mitochondria research has also undergone a renaissance, with the increased appreciation of the role of mitochondria in cell processes other than energy production. Here, we focus on discoveries that were made using C. elegans, with a few excursions into areas that were studied more thoroughly in other organisms, like mitochondrial protein import in yeast. Advances in mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics were made through the discoveries of novel functions in mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. Some of these functions were only apparent through the use of diverse model systems, such as C. elegans. Studies of stress responses, exemplified by mitophagy and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, have also benefitted greatly from the use of model organisms. Recent developments include the discoveries in C. elegans of cell autonomous and nonautonomous pathways controlling the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, as well as mechanisms for degradation of paternal mitochondria after fertilization. The evolutionary conservation of many, if not all, of these pathways ensures that results obtained with C. elegans are equally applicable to studies of human mitochondria in health and disease.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ackema, 2014, The small GTPase Arf1 modulates mitochondrial morphology and function., EMBO J., 33, 2659, 10.15252/embj.201489039

Ackema, 2016, Sar1, a novel regulator of ER-mitochondrial contact sites., PLoS One, 11, e0154280, 10.1371/journal.pone.0154280

Adachi, 2000, Effects of tocotrienols on life span and protein carbonylation in Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 55, B280, 10.1093/gerona/55.6.B280

Aldridge, 2007, Discovery of genes activated by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) and cognate promoter elements., PLoS One, 2, e874, 10.1371/journal.pone.0000874

Al Rawi, 2011, Postfertilization autophagy of sperm organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission., Science, 334, 1144, 10.1126/science.1211878

Avila, 2012, The Caenorhabiditis elegans model as a reliable tool in neurotoxicology., Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 31, 236, 10.1177/0960327110392084

Bailey, 2016, Caenorhabditis elegans chronically exposed to a Mn/Zn ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide show mitochondrial complex I inhibition and increased reactive oxygen species., Neurotoxicology, 56, 170, 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.07.011

Baker, 2012, Protective coupling of mitochondrial function and protein synthesis via the eIF2alpha kinase GCN-2., PLoS Genet., 8, e1002760, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002760

Baradaran, 2013, Crystal structure of the entire respiratory complex I., Nature, 494, 443, 10.1038/nature11871

Behl, 2016, Editor’s highlight: comparative toxicity of organophosphate flame retardants and polybrominated diphenyl ethers to Caenorhabditis elegans., Toxicol. Sci., 154, 241, 10.1093/toxsci/kfw162

Berdichevsky, 2006, C. elegans SIR-2.1 interacts with 14–3-3 proteins to activate DAF-16 and extend life span., Cell, 125, 1165, 10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.036

Berendzen, 2016, Neuroendocrine coordination of mitochondrial stress signaling and proteostasis., Cell, 1553

Bess, 2012, Mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy aid in removal of persistent mitochondrial DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans., Nucleic Acids Res., 40, 7916, 10.1093/nar/gks532

Bodhicharla, 2014, The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induces mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans., Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 55, 43, 10.1002/em.21815

Bone, 2016, Nuclear migration events throughout development., J. Cell Sci., 129, 1951, 10.1242/jcs.179788

Braeckman, 1999, Apparent uncoupling of energy production and consumption in long-lived Clk mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans., Curr. Biol., 9, 493, 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80216-4

Braeckman, 2002, No reduction of energy metabolism in Clk mutants., Mech. Ageing Dev., 123, 1447, 10.1016/S0047-6374(02)00085-4

Braeckman, 2009, Intermediary metabolism., 10.1895/wormbook.1.146.1

Brand, 2011, Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in cells., Biochem. J., 435, 297, 10.1042/BJ20110162

Bratic, 2009, Mitochondrial DNA level, but not active replicase, is essential for Caenorhabditis elegans development., Nucleic Acids Res., 37, 1817, 10.1093/nar/gkp018

Breckenridge, 2008, Caenorhabditis elegans drp-1 and fis-2 regulate distinct cell-death execution pathways downstream of ced-3 and independent of ced-9., Mol. Cell, 31, 586, 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.07.015

Caito, 2012, Genome-wide analyses of metal responsive genes in Caenorhabditis elegans., Front. Genet., 3, 52, 10.3389/fgene.2012.00052

Caito, 2013, Involvement of AAT transporters in methylmercury toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 435, 546, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.090

Chance, 1955, Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. III. The steady state., J. Biol. Chem., 217, 409, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)57191-5

Chang, 2017, Transcription factors CEP-1/p53 and CEH-23 collaborate with AAK-2/AMPK to modulate longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans., Aging Cell, 16, 814, 10.1111/acel.12619

Chen, 2003, Production of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria: central role of complex III., J. Biol. Chem., 278, 36027, 10.1074/jbc.M304854200

Chen, 2011, Quality improvement of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzyme assays using Caenorhabditis elegans., Genet. Med., 13, 794, 10.1097/GIM.0b013e31821afca5

Clark, 1997, A dynamin GTPase mutation causes a rapid and reversible temperature-inducible locomotion defect in C. elegans., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 10438, 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10438

Conradt, 2016, Programmed cell death during Caenorhabditis elegans, Dev. Genet., 203, 1533, 10.1534/genetics.115.186247

Curran, 2004, Defective mitochondrial protein translocation precludes normal Caenorhabditis elegans development., J. Biol. Chem., 279, 54655, 10.1074/jbc.M409618200

Dancy, 2015, Mitochondrial bioenergetics and disease in Caenorhabditis elegans., Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.), 20, 198, 10.2741/4305

Dancy, 2016, Glutathione S-transferase mediates an ageing response to mitochondrial dysfunction., Mech. Ageing Dev., 153, 14, 10.1016/j.mad.2015.12.001

de Boer, 2015, Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for studying drug induced mitochondrial toxicity., PLoS One, 10, e0126220, 10.1371/journal.pone.0126220

DeLuca, 2012, Barriers to male transmission of mitochondrial DNA in sperm development., Dev. Cell, 22, 660, 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.12.021

Deng, 2016, The mitokine quest(ion)., Cell Res., 26, 1265, 10.1038/cr.2016.138

Desjardins, 2017, Antioxidants reveal an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between reactive oxygen species levels and the rate of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans., Aging Cell, 16, 104, 10.1111/acel.12528

Dillin, 2002, Rates of behavior and aging specified by mitochondrial function during development., Science, 298, 2398, 10.1126/science.1077780

Djeddi, 2015, Sperm-inherited organelle clearance in C. elegans relies on LC3-dependent autophagosome targeting to the pericentrosomal area., Development, 142, 1705, 10.1242/dev.117879

Durieux, 2011, The cell-non-autonomous nature of electron transport chain-mediated longevity., Cell, 144, 79, 10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.016

Egan, 2011, Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy., Science, 331, 456, 10.1126/science.1196371

Ewbank, 1997, Structural and functional conservation of the Caenorhabditis elegans timing gene clk-1., Science, 275, 980, 10.1126/science.275.5302.980

Falk, 2006, Mitochondrial complex I function modulates volatile anesthetic sensitivity in C. elegans., Curr. Biol., 16, 1641, 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.072

Falk, 2008, Metabolic pathway profiling of mitochondrial respiratory chain mutants in C. elegans., Mol. Genet. Metab., 93, 388, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.11.007

Fang, 2017, Tomatidine enhances lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans through mitophagy induction via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway., Sci. Rep., 7, 46208, 10.1038/srep46208

Felkai, 1999, CLK-1 controls respiration, behavior and aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans., EMBO J., 18, 1783, 10.1093/emboj/18.7.1783

Feng, 2001, Mitochondrial electron transport is a key determinant of life span in Caenorhabditis elegans., Dev. Cell, 1, 633, 10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00071-5

Fiorese, 2017, Integrating the UPRmt into the mitochondrial maintenance network., Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 52, 304, 10.1080/10409238.2017.1291577

Fong, 2016, Energy crisis precedes global metabolic failure in a novel Caenorhabditis elegans Alzheimer disease model., Sci. Rep., 6, 33781, 10.1038/srep33781

Frey, 2002, Insight into mitochondrial structure and function from electron tomography., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1555, 196, 10.1016/S0005-2728(02)00278-5

Friedman, 2014, Mitochondrial form and function., Nature, 505, 335, 10.1038/nature12985

Ghose, 2013, Anoxia-reoxygenation regulates mitochondrial dynamics through the hypoxia response pathway, SKN-1/Nrf, and stomatin-like protein STL-1/SLP-2., PLoS Genet., 9, e1004063, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004063

Gitschlag, 2016, Homeostatic responses regulate selfish mitochondrial genome dynamics in C. elegans., Cell Metab., 24, 91, 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.008

Gonzalez-Cabo, 2010, Flavin adenine dinucleotide rescues the phenotype of frataxin deficiency., PLoS One, 5, e8872, 10.1371/journal.pone.0008872

Gonzalez-Hunt, 2014, Exposure to mitochondrial genotoxins and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans., PLoS One, 9, e114459, 10.1371/journal.pone.0114459

Grad, 2004, Mitochondrial complex I mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans produce cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, oxidative stress and vitamin-responsive lactic acidosis., Hum. Mol. Genet., 13, 303, 10.1093/hmg/ddh027

Grad, 2006, Riboflavin enhances the assembly of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase in C. elegans NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase mutants., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1757, 115, 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.11.009

Grad, 2005, Introduction of an additional pathway for lactate oxidation in the treatment of lactic acidosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 18367, 10.1073/pnas.0506939102

Guo, 2003, The ubiquinone-binding site of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase is a source of superoxide., J. Biol. Chem., 278, 47629, 10.1074/jbc.M306312200

Hahn, 2016, Structure of a complete ATP synthase dimer reveals the molecular basis of inner mitochondrial membrane morphology., Mol. Cell, 63, 445, 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.037

Han, 2016, Mitochondria localize to injured axons to support regeneration., Neuron, 92, 1308, 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.025

Harbauer, 2014, The protein import machinery of mitochondria-a regulatory hub in metabolism, stress, and disease., Cell Metab., 19, 357, 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.01.010

Hartman, 2001, Mitochondrial mutations differentially affect aging, mutability and anesthetic sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans., Mech. Ageing Dev., 122, 1187, 10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00259-7

Haynes, 2007, ClpP mediates activation of a mitochondrial unfolded protein response in C. elegans., Dev. Cell, 13, 467, 10.1016/j.devcel.2007.07.016

Haynes, 2010, The matrix peptide exporter HAF-1 signals a mitochondrial UPR by activating the transcription factor ZC376.7 in C. elegans., Mol. Cell, 37, 529, 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.01.015

Head, 2011, A novel mitochondrial outer membrane protein, MOMA-1, that affects cristae morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans., Mol. Biol. Cell, 22, 831, 10.1091/mbc.e10-07-0600

Hedgecock, 1982, A gene required for nuclear and mitochondrial attachment in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans., Cell, 30, 321, 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90038-1

Hekimi, 2016, Mitochondrial ROS and the effectors of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in aging cells: the discerning killers!., Front. Genet., 7, 161, 10.3389/fgene.2016.00161

Herlan, 2004, Alternative topogenesis of Mgm1 and mitochondrial morphology depend on ATP and a functional import motor., J. Cell Biol., 165, 167, 10.1083/jcb.200403022

Hoogenraad, 2017, A brief history of the discovery of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in mammalian cells., J. Bioenerg. Biomembr., 10.1007/s10863-017-9703-2

Hsieh, 2016, Functional impairment in miro degradation and mitophagy is a shared feature in familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease., Cell Stem Cell, 19, 709, 10.1016/j.stem.2016.08.002

Huang, 2011, piRNA-associated germline nuage formation and spermatogenesis require MitoPLD profusogenic mitochondrial-surface lipid signaling., Dev. Cell, 20, 376, 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.01.004

Ichimiya, 2002, Complex II inactivation is lethal in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans., Mitochondrion, 2, 191, 10.1016/S1567-7249(02)00069-7

Ijomone, 2016, Null allele mutants of trt-1, the catalytic subunit of telomerase in Caenorhabditis elegans, are less sensitive to Mn-induced toxicity and DAergic degeneration., Neurotoxicology, 57, 54, 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.08.016

Ishiguro, 2001, Enhancement of oxidative damage to cultured cells and Caenorhabditis elegans by mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors., IUBMB Life, 51, 263, 10.1080/152165401753311816

Ishii, 1998, A mutation in succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b causes oxidative stress and ageing in nematodes., Nature, 394, 694, 10.1038/29331

Ishii, 1990, A methyl viologen-sensitive mutant of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans., Mutat. Res., 237, 165, 10.1016/0921-8734(90)90022-J

Jafari, 2015, Tether mutations that restore function and suppress pleiotropic phenotypes of the C. elegans isp-1(qm150) Rieske iron-sulfur protein., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, E6148, 10.1073/pnas.1509416112

Jafari, 2016, New functional and biophysical insights into the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein from genetic suppressor analysis in C. elegans., Worm, 5, e1174803, 10.1080/21624054.2016.1174803

Jagasia, 2005, DRP-1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation during EGL-1-induced cell death in C. elegans., Nature, 433, 754, 10.1038/nature03316

Johnson, 2010, Mitochondrial fragmentation leads to intracellular acidification in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells., Mol. Biol. Cell, 21, 2191, 10.1091/mbc.e09-10-0874

Jonassen, 2001, A dietary source of coenzyme Q is essential for growth of long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans clk-1 mutants., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 421, 10.1073/pnas.98.2.421

Jonassen, 2002, Development and fertility in Caenorhabditis elegans clk-1 mutants depend upon transport of dietary coenzyme Q8 to mitochondria., J. Biol. Chem., 277, 45020, 10.1074/jbc.M204758200

Kamal, 2016, Loss of hif-1 promotes resistance to the exogenous mitochondrial stressor ethidium bromide in Caenorhabditis elegans., BMC Cell Biol., 17, 34, 10.1186/s12860-016-0112-x

Kamp, 2010, Inhibition of mitochondrial fusion by alpha-synuclein is rescued by PINK1, Parkin and DJ-1., EMBO J., 29, 3571, 10.1038/emboj.2010.223

Kanazawa, 2008, The C. elegans Opa1 homologue EAT-3 is essential for resistance to free radicals., PLoS Genet., 4, e1000022, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000022

Kaufman, 2015, Mitochondrial proteostatic collapse leads to hypoxic injury., Curr. Biol., 25, 2171, 10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.062

Kayser, 1999, GAS-1: a mitochondrial protein controls sensitivity to volatile anesthetics in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans., Anesthesiology, 90, 545, 10.1097/00000542-199902000-00031

Kayser, 2001, Mitochondrial expression and function of GAS-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Biol. Chem., 276, 20551, 10.1074/jbc.M011066200

Kayser, 2004, Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is defective in the long-lived mutant clk-1., J. Biol. Chem., 279, 54479, 10.1074/jbc.M403066200

Kim, 2011, Fine-tuning of Drp1/Fis1 availability by AKAP121/Siah2 regulates mitochondrial adaptation to hypoxia., Mol. Cell, 44, 532, 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.045

Kim, 2016, Lipid biosynthesis coordinates a mitochondrial-to-cytosolic stress response., Cell, 1539

Kimura, 2007, Knockdown of mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 promotes progeria-like phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Biol. Chem., 282, 5910, 10.1074/jbc.M609025200

Kirstein-Miles, 2010, Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system to study intercompartmental proteostasis: interrelation of mitochondrial function, longevity, and neurodegenerative diseases., Dev. Dyn., 239, 1529, 10.1002/dvdy.22292

Knowlton, 2017, A select subset of electron transport chain genes associated with optic atrophy link mitochondria to axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans., Front. Neurosci., 11, 263, 10.3389/fnins.2017.00263

Konrad, 2017, Mitochondrial mutation rate, spectrum and heteroplasmy in Caenorhabditis elegans spontaneous mutation accumulation lines of differing population size., Mol. Biol. Evol., 34, 1319

Kozjak-Pavlovic, 2017, The MICOS complex of human mitochondria., Cell Tissue Res., 367, 83, 10.1007/s00441-016-2433-7

Kuang, 2012, Regulation of ATG4B stability by RNF5 limits basal levels of autophagy and influences susceptibility to bacterial infection., PLoS Genet., 8, e1003007, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003007

Labrousse, 1999, C. elegans dynamin-related protein DRP-1 controls severing of the mitochondrial outer membrane., Mol. Cell, 4, 815, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80391-3

Lagido, 2008, Bridging the phenotypic gap: real-time assessment of mitochondrial function and metabolism of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, BMC Physiol, 8, 7, 10.1186/1472-6793-8-7

Lagido, 2015, A screenable in vivo assay for mitochondrial Modulators Using transgenicbBioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans, J. Vis. Exp., e53083

Larsen, 2002, Extension of life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans by a diet lacking coenzyme Q., Science, 295, 120, 10.1126/science.1064653

Latorre-Pellicer, 2016, Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA matching shapes metabolism and healthy ageing., Nature, 535, 561, 10.1038/nature18618

Lee, 2016, Polo kinase phosphorylates miro to control ER-mitochondria contact sites and mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis in neural stem cell development., Dev. Cell, 37, 174, 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.023

Lee, 2003, A systematic RNAi screen identifies a critical role for mitochondria in C. elegans longevity., Nat. Genet., 33, 40, 10.1038/ng1056

Lemire, 2005, Mitochondrial genetics, 10.1895/wormbook.1.25.1

Lewis, 2015, A rolling circle replication mechanism produces multimeric lariats of mitochondrial DNA in Caenorhabditis elegans., PLoS Genet., 11, e1004985, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004985

Liesa, 2013, Mitochondrial dynamics in the regulation of nutrient utilization and energy expenditure., Cell Metab., 17, 491, 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.002

Lin, 2016, Maintenance and propagation of a deleterious mitochondrial genome by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response., Nature, 533, 416, 10.1038/nature17989

Liu, 1995, Bifunctional glyoxylate cycle protein of Caenorhabditis elegans: a developmentally regulated protein of intestine and muscle., Dev. Biol., 169, 399, 10.1006/dbio.1995.1156

Liu, 2017, A single biochemical activity underlies the pleiotropy of the aging-related protein CLK-1., Sci. Rep., 7, 859, 10.1038/s41598-017-00754-z

Liu, 2014, Caenorhabditis elegans pathways that surveil and defend mitochondria., Nature, 508, 406, 10.1038/nature13204

Lopez-Fabuel, 2017, Mitochondrial complex I activity is conditioned by supercomplex I-III2-IV assembly in brain cells: relevance for Parkinson’s disease., Neurochem Res., 1676

Lu, 2011, A molecular switch that governs mitochondrial fusion and fission mediated by the BCL2-like protein CED-9 of Caenorhabditis elegans., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, E813, 10.1073/pnas.1103218108

Ludwig, 2001, Cytochrome C oxidase and the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation., ChemBioChem, 2, 392, 10.1002/1439-7633(20010601)2:6<392::AID-CBIC392>3.0.CO;2-N

Luz, 2016, Effects of reduced mitochondrial DNA content on secondary mitochondrial toxicant exposure in Caenorhabditis elegans., Mitochondrion, 30, 255, 10.1016/j.mito.2016.08.014

Luz, 2016, From the Cover: arsenite uncouples mitochondrial respiration and induces a Warburg-like effect in Caenorhabditis elegans., Toxicol. Sci., 152, 349, 10.1093/toxsci/kfw093

Luz, 2016, In vivo determination of mitochondrial function using luciferase-expressing Caenorhabditis elegans: contribution of oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and fatty acid oxidation to toxicant-induced dysfunction., Curr. Protoc. Toxicol., 25.8.1

Luz, 2017, Deficiencies in mitochondrial dynamics sensitize Caenorhabditis elegans to arsenite and other mitochondrial toxicants by reducing mitochondrial adaptability., Toxicology, 387, 81, 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.018

Luz, 2016, Arsenite uncouples mitochondrial respiration and induces a Warburg-like effect in Caenorhabditis elegans., Toxicol. Sci., 154, 195, 10.1093/toxsci/kfw185

MacVicar, 2016, OPA1 processing in cell death and disease - the long and short of it., J. Cell Sci., 129, 2297, 10.1242/jcs.159186

Maglioni, 2016, C. elegans as a model organism for human mitochondrial associated disorders., Mitochondrion, 30, 117, 10.1016/j.mito.2016.02.003

Mao, 2016, Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase promotes hypoxic survival by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response., Cell Death Dis., 7, e2113, 10.1038/cddis.2016.5

Maxwell, 2013, The SFT-1 and OXA-1 respiratory chain complex assembly factors influence lifespan by distinct mechanisms in C. elegans., Longev. Healthspan, 2, 9, 10.1186/2046-2395-2-9

McLaggan, 2012, Impact of sublethal levels of environmental pollutants found in sewage sludge on a novel Caenorhabditis elegans model biosensor, PLoS One, 7, e46503, 10.1371/journal.pone.0046503

Melentijevic, 2017, C. elegans neurons jettison protein aggregates and mitochondria under neurotoxic stress., Nature, 542, 367, 10.1038/nature21362

Merkwirth, 2016, Two conserved histone demethylases regulate mitochondrial stress-induced longevity., Cell, 165, 1209, 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.012

Messina, 2012, VDAC isoforms in mammals., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1818, 1466, 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.10.005

Mishra, 2016, Metabolic regulation of mitochondrial dynamics., J. Cell Biol., 212, 379, 10.1083/jcb.201511036

Mishur, 2016, Mitochondrial metabolites extend lifespan., Aging Cell, 15, 336, 10.1111/acel.12439

Miyadera, 2001, Altered quinone biosynthesis in the long-lived clk-1 mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Biol. Chem., 276, 7713, 10.1074/jbc.C000889200

Morgan, 1990, Multiple sites of action of volatile anesthetics in Caenorhabditis elegans., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 2965, 10.1073/pnas.87.8.2965

Morgan, 2002, Mitochondrial defects and anesthetic sensitivity., Anesthesiology, 96, 1268, 10.1097/00000542-200205000-00036

Morsci, 2016, Age-related phasic patterns of mitochondrial maintenance in adult Caenorhabditis elegans neurons., J. Neurosci., 36, 1373, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2799-15.2016

Mozdy, 2000, Dnm1p GTPase-mediated mitochondrial fission is a multi-step process requiring the novel integral membrane component Fis1p., J. Cell Biol., 151, 367, 10.1083/jcb.151.2.367

Mun, 2010, Caenorhabditis elegans mitofilin homologs control the morphology of mitochondrial cristae and influence reproduction and physiology., J. Cell. Physiol., 224, 748, 10.1002/jcp.22177

Munkacsy, 2014, The paradox of mitochondrial dysfunction and extended longevity., Exp. Gerontol., 56, 221, 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.016

Nargund, 2012, Mitochondrial import efficiency of ATFS-1 regulates mitochondrial UPR activation., Science, 337, 587, 10.1126/science.1223560

Nargund, 2015, Mitochondrial and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor ATFS-1 promotes OXPHOS recovery during the UPR(mt)., Mol. Cell, 58, 123, 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.008

Ney, 2015, Mitochondrial autophagy: origins, significance, and role of BNIP3 and NIX., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1853, 2775, 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.022

Niezgoda, 2013, Anesthetic considerations in patients with mitochondrial defects., Paediatr. Anaesth., 23, 785, 10.1111/pan.12158

Ohba, 2013, Mitochondria-type GPAT is required for mitochondrial fusion., EMBO J., 32, 1265, 10.1038/emboj.2013.77

Okimoto, 1992, The mitochondrial genomes of two nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris suum., Genetics, 130, 471, 10.1093/genetics/130.3.471

Onoue, 2013, Fis1 acts as a mitochondrial recruitment factor for TBC1D15 that is involved in regulation of mitochondrial morphology., J. Cell Sci., 126, 176, 10.1242/jcs.111211

Otera, 2010, Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells., J. Cell Biol., 191, 1141, 10.1083/jcb.201007152

Oxenoid, 2016, Architecture of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter., Nature, 533, 269, 10.1038/nature17656

Palikaras, 2015, Coordination of mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis during ageing in C. elegans., Nature, 521, 525, 10.1038/nature14300

Park, 2012, Hypoxia regulates glutamate receptor trafficking through an HIF-independent mechanism., EMBO J., 31, 1379, 10.1038/emboj.2011.499

Parrish, 2001, Mitochondrial endonuclease G is important for apoptosis in C. elegans., Nature, 412, 90, 10.1038/35083608

Pellegrino, 2014, Mitochondrial UPR-regulated innate immunity provides resistance to pathogen infection., Nature, 516, 414, 10.1038/nature13818

Pena, 2016, The mitochondrial unfolded protein response protects against anoxia in Caenorhabditis elegans., PLoS One, 11, e0159989, 10.1371/journal.pone.0159989

Pernas, 2016, Mito-morphosis: mitochondrial fusion, fission, and cristae remodeling as key mediators of cellular function., Annu. Rev. Physiol., 78, 505, 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105011

Pfanner, 2014, Uniform nomenclature for the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system., J. Cell Biol., 204, 1083, 10.1083/jcb.201401006

Pickrell, 2015, The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson’s disease., Neuron, 85, 257, 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.007

Polyak, 2012, Molecular profiling of mitochondrial dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans., Methods Mol. Biol., 837, 241, 10.1007/978-1-61779-504-6_17

Puchowicz, 2004, Oxidative phosphorylation analysis: assessing the integrated functional activity of human skeletal muscle mitochondria–case studies., Mitochondrion, 4, 377, 10.1016/j.mito.2004.07.004

Pujol, 2013, Succinate dehydrogenase upregulation destabilize complex I and limits the lifespan of gas-1 mutant., PLoS One, 8, e59493, 10.1371/journal.pone.0059493

Rabl, 2009, Formation of cristae and crista junctions in mitochondria depends on antagonism between Fcj1 and Su e/g., J. Cell Biol., 185, 1047, 10.1083/jcb.200811099

Rawson, 2014, Axons degenerate in the absence of mitochondria in C. elegans., Curr. Biol., 24, 760, 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.025

Ray, 2014, Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration elicited by a bacterial metabolite in a C. elegans Parkinson’s model., Cell Death Dis., 5, e984, 10.1038/cddis.2013.513

Rea, 2007, Relationship between mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction, development, and life extension in Caenorhabditis elegans., PLoS Biol., 5, e259, 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050259

Regmi, 2014, Age-dependent changes in mitochondrial morphology and volume are not predictors of lifespan., Aging, 118

Reinke, 2010, Caenorhabditis elegans diet significantly affects metabolic profile, mitochondrial DNA levels, lifespan and brood size., Mol. Genet. Metab., 100, 274, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.03.013

Rolland, 2006, The role of mitochondria in apoptosis induction in Caenorhabditis elegans: more than just innocent bystanders?., Cell Death Differ., 13, 1281, 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401980

Rolland, 2009, The BCL-2-like protein CED-9 of C. elegans promotes FZO-1/Mfn1,2- and EAT-3/Opa1-dependent mitochondrial fusion., J. Cell Biol., 186, 525, 10.1083/jcb.200905070

Rooney, 2014, Effects of 5′-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine on mitochondrial biology in Caenorhabditis elegans., Exp. Gerontol., 56, 69, 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.021

Rowland, 2012, Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contacts: function of the junction., Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 13, 607, 10.1038/nrm3440

Runkel, 2013, Surveillance-activated defenses block the ROS-induced mitochondrial unfolded protein response., PLoS Genet., 9, e1003346, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003346

Ryu, 2016, Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents., Nat. Med., 22, 879, 10.1038/nm.4132

Saha, 2009, LRRK2 modulates vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Neurosci., 29, 9210, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2281-09.2009

Sakamoto, 2012, Deficiency of cardiolipin synthase causes abnormal mitochondrial function and morphology in germ cells of Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Biol. Chem., 287, 4590, 10.1074/jbc.M111.314823

Samann, 2009, Caenorhabditis elegans LRK-1 and PINK-1 act antagonistically in stress response and neurite outgrowth., J. Biol. Chem., 284, 16482, 10.1074/jbc.M808255200

Sarasija, 2015, A gamma-secretase independent role for presenilin in calcium homeostasis impacts mitochondrial function and morphology in Caenorhabditis elegans., Genetics, 201, 1453, 10.1534/genetics.115.182808

Sasagawa, 2007, ER E3 ubiquitin ligase HRD-1 and its specific partner chaperone BiP play important roles in ERAD and developmental growth in Caenorhabditis elegans., Genes Cells, 12, 1063, 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01108.x

Sato, 2011, Degradation of paternal mitochondria by fertilization-triggered autophagy in C. elegans embryos., Science, 334, 1141, 10.1126/science.1210333

Schaar, 2015, Mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ROS have opposing effects on lifespan., PLoS Genet., 11, e1004972, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004972

Schafer, 2006, Architecture of active mammalian respiratory chain supercomplexes., J. Biol. Chem., 281, 15370, 10.1074/jbc.M513525200

Schrier Vergano, 2014, In vivo metabolic flux profiling with stable isotopes discriminates sites and quantifies effects of mitochondrial dysfunction in C. elegans., Mol. Genet. Metab., 111, 331, 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.12.011

Senoo-Matsuda, 2001, A defect in the cytochrome b large subunit in complex II causes both superoxide anion overproduction and abnormal energy metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Biol. Chem., 276, 41553, 10.1074/jbc.M104718200

Shao, 2016, Neuropeptide signals cell non-autonomous mitochondrial unfolded protein response., Cell Res., 26, 1182, 10.1038/cr.2016.118

Shen, 2014, Mutations in Fis1 disrupt orderly disposal of defective mitochondria., Mol. Biol. Cell, 25, 145, 10.1091/mbc.e13-09-0525

Shen, 2016, C. elegans miro-1 mutation reduces the amount of mitochondria and extends life span., PLoS One, 11, e0153233, 10.1371/journal.pone.0153233

Siddiqui, 2002, Metazoan motor models: kinesin superfamily in C. elegans., Traffic, 3, 20, 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2002.30104.x

Singhapol, 2013, Mitochondrial telomerase protects cancer cells from nuclear DNA damage and apoptosis., PLoS One, 8, e52989, 10.1371/journal.pone.0052989

Starr, 2002, Role of ANC-1 in tethering nuclei to the actin cytoskeleton., Science, 298, 406, 10.1126/science.1075119

Suen, 2010, Parkin overexpression selects against a deleterious mtDNA mutation in heteroplasmic cybrid cells., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 11835, 10.1073/pnas.0914569107

Sumitani, 2011, Biochemical properties of Caenorhabditis elegans HMG-5, a regulator of mitochondrial DNA., J. Biochem., 149, 581, 10.1093/jb/mvr008

Suthammarak, 2009, Complex I function is defective in complex IV-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Biol. Chem., 284, 6425, 10.1074/jbc.M805733200

Suthammarak, 2010, Mutations in mitochondrial complex III uniquely affect complex I in Caenorhabditis elegans., J. Biol. Chem., 285, 40724, 10.1074/jbc.M110.159608

Suthammarak, 2013, Novel interactions between mitochondrial superoxide dismutases and the electron transport chain., Aging Cell, 12, 1132, 10.1111/acel.12144

Tanaka, 2011, KLP6: a newly identified kinesin that regulates the morphology and transport of mitochondria in neuronal cells., J. Cell Sci., 124, 2457, 10.1242/jcs.086470

Tian, 2016, Mitochondrial stress induces chromatin reorganization to promote longevity and UPR(mt)., Cell, 165, 1197, 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.011

Todt, 2016, Acute exposure to a Mn/Zn ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species production in Caenorhabditis elegans., Neurotoxicology, 57, 112, 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.011

Tsang, 2002, Mitochondrial genome content is regulated during nematode development., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 291, 8, 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6394

Tsang, 2003, Mitochondrial ATP synthase controls larval development cell nonautonomously in Caenorhabditis elegans., Dev. Dyn., 226, 719, 10.1002/dvdy.10272

Tsang, 2003, The role of mitochondria in the life of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1638, 91, 10.1016/S0925-4439(03)00079-6

Tsang, 2001, Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans results in developmental arrest and increased life span., J. Biol. Chem., 276, 32240, 10.1074/jbc.M103999200

Twig, 2008, Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy., EMBO J., 27, 433, 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601963

Valenci, 2015, Parkin modulates heteroplasmy of truncated mtDNA in Caenorhabditis elegans., Mitochondrion, 20, 64, 10.1016/j.mito.2014.11.001

Valmas, 2008, Mitochondrial uncouplers act synergistically with the fumigant phosphine to disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential and cause cell death., Toxicology, 252, 33, 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.060

van der Bliek, 2016, GENETICS. Demystifying the demise of paternal mitochondrial DNA., Science, 353, 351, 10.1126/science.aah4131

Van Raamsdonk, 2009, Deletion of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase sod-2 extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans., PLoS Genet., 5, e1000361, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000361

Van Raamsdonk, 2011, FUdR causes a twofold increase in the lifespan of the mitochondrial mutant gas-1., Mech. Ageing Dev., 132, 519, 10.1016/j.mad.2011.08.006

Verghese, 2011, Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase 1 protects against acute neurodegeneration in developing CNS by inhibiting excitotoxic-necrotic cell death., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 19054, 10.1073/pnas.1107325108

Wang, 2015, Mitochondrial dysfunction and longevity in animals: untangling the knot., Science, 350, 1204, 10.1126/science.aac4357

Wang, 2016, Kinetics and specificity of paternal mitochondrial elimination in Caenorhabditis elegans., Nat. Commun., 7, 12569, 10.1038/ncomms12569

Wei, 2017, Prohibitin 2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane mitophagy receptor., Cell, 224

Wernick, 2016, Paths of heritable mitochondrial DNA mutation and heteroplasmy in reference and gas-1 strains of Caenorhabditis elegans., Front. Genet., 7, 51, 10.3389/fgene.2016.00051

Wiedemann, 2017, Mitochondrial machineries for protein import and assembly., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 86, 685, 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014352

Wong, 1995, Mutations in the clk-1 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans affect developmental and behavioral timing., Genetics, 139, 1247, 10.1093/genetics/139.3.1247

Wu, 2016, FUNDC1 regulates mitochondrial dynamics at the ER-mitochondrial contact site under hypoxic conditions., EMBO J., 35, 1368, 10.15252/embj.201593102

Wyatt, 2017, Effects of methyl and inorganic mercury exposure on genome homeostasis and mitochondrial function in Caenorhabditis elegans., DNA Repair (Amst.), 52, 31, 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.02.005

Yamano, 2014, Mitochondrial Rab GAPs govern autophagosome biogenesis during mitophagy., eLife, 3, e01612, 10.7554/eLife.01612

Yang, 2010, A mitochondrial superoxide signal triggers increased longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans., PLoS Biol., 8, e1000556, 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000556

Yang, 2010, Two modes of mitochondrial dysfunction lead independently to lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans., Aging Cell, 9, 433, 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00571.x

Yang, 2009, The effect of different ubiquinones on lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans., Mech. Ageing Dev., 130, 370, 10.1016/j.mad.2009.03.003

Yang, 2011, The role of DMQ(9) in the long-lived mutant clk-1., Mech. Ageing Dev., 132, 331, 10.1016/j.mad.2011.06.009

Yee, 2014, The intrinsic apoptosis pathway mediates the pro-longevity response to mitochondrial ROS in C. elegans., Cell, 157, 897, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.055

Youle, 2012, Mitochondrial fission, fusion, and stress., Science, 337, 1062, 10.1126/science.1219855

Yun, 2014, MUL1 acts in parallel to the PINK1/parkin pathway in regulating mitofusin and compensates for loss of PINK1/parkin., eLife, 3, e01958, 10.7554/eLife.01958

Zeth, 2010, Structure and evolution of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins of beta-barrel topology., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1797, 1292, 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.04.019

Zhou, 2011, Elimination of paternal mitochondria through the lysosomal degradation pathway in C. elegans., Cell Res., 21, 1662, 10.1038/cr.2011.182

Zhou, 2016, Mitochondrial endonuclease G mediates breakdown of paternal mitochondria upon fertilization., Science, 353, 394, 10.1126/science.aaf4777

Zimin, 2016, Glutamatergic neurotransmission links sensitivity to volatile anesthetics with mitochondrial function., Curr. Biol., 26, 2194, 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.020

Zou, 2007, Comparative approaches to facilitate the discovery of prolongevity interventions: effects of tocopherols on lifespan of three invertebrate species., Mech. Ageing Dev., 128, 222, 10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.026

Zuryn, 2008, Mitochondrial modulation of phosphine toxicity and resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans., Toxicol. Sci., 102, 179, 10.1093/toxsci/kfm278

Zuryn, 2010, Mitochondrial dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans causes metabolic restructuring, but this is not linked to longevity., Mech. Ageing Dev., 131, 554, 10.1016/j.mad.2010.07.004