Celastrol, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug, as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease

Ando, 1998, Histochemical Detection of 4-Hydroxynonenal Protein in Alzheimer Amyloid, J. Neurol. Sci., 156, 172, 10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00042-2 Baeuerle, 1994, Function and Activities of NF-κB in the Immune System, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, 141, 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.001041 Banati, 1993, Early and Rapid de novo Synthesis of Amyloid 3A4-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in Activated Microglia Glia, 9, 199 Banati, 1991, Respiratory Burst in Brain Macrophages. A Flow Cytometric Study on Cultured Rat Macrophages, Appl. Neurobiol., 17, 223, 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1991.tb00718.x Baszler, 1991, Murine Retroviral Neurovirulence Correlates with an Enhanced Ability of Virus to Infect Selectively, Replicate in, and Activate Resident Microglial Cells, Am. J. Pathol., 138, 655 Bereta, 1997, Inhibitory Effect of Di-catechol Rooperol on VCAM-I and iNOS Expression in Cytokine-stimulated Endothelium, Life Sci., 60, 25 Cacabelos, 1994, Brain Interleukin-1β in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 16, 141 Dumont, 1996, Assays for Small Molecules with Immunosuppressive Activity, 4, 212.1 Eugui, 1994, Some Antioxidants Inhibit in a Co-ordinate Fashion, the Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by Human Peripherol Blood Mononuclear Cells, Int. Immunol., 6, 409, 10.1093/intimm/6.3.409 Ferran, 1995, Inhibition of NF-κB by Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbonate Blocks Endothelial Cell Activation, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 214, 212, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2277 Frackowiack, 1992, Ultrastructure of Microglia that Phagocytose Amyloid and Microglia that Produce Beta-Amyloid Fibrils, Acta. Neuropathol., 84, 225 Hauke, 1993, RCA-I Lectin Histochemistry after Trypsination Enables the Identification of Microglial Cells in the Thin Paraffin Sections of the Mouse Brain, J. Neurosci. Meth., 50, 273, 10.1016/0165-0270(93)90034-O Goodwin, 1995, Microglial Release of Nitric Oxide by the Synergistic Action of β-Amyloid and IFN-γ, Brain Res., 692, 202, 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00646-8 Kostura, 1996, Inhibition by Small Molecules of the Production of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, 4, 219.1 Kruman, 1997, Evidence that 4-Hydroxynonenal Mediates Oxidation Stress-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis, J. Neurosci., 17, 5089, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-13-05089.1997 Kutney, 1981, Cytotoxic Diterpenes Triptolide, Tripdiolide, and Cytotoxic Triterpenes from Tissue Cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii, Can. J. Chem., 59, 2677, 10.1139/v81-385 Lei, 1991, Effects of Celastrol on IL-1 and IL-2 Production, Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mat. Med., 7, 15 Lei, 1991, Immune Suppressive Actions of Celastrol, a Triterpene Compound from Tripterygium wilfordii, Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Mat. Med., 7, 18 Leist, 1998, Peroxynitrite and Nitric Oxide Donors Induce Neuronal Apoptosis by Eliciting Autocrine Excitotoxicity, Eur. J. Neurosci., 9, 488 Lombardi, 1998, Microglial Activation Induced by Factor(s) Contained in Sera from Alzheimer-Related ApoE Genotypes, J. Neurosci. Res., 54, 539, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19981115)54:4<539::AID-JNR11>3.0.CO;2-Q Malen, 1997, Nitric Oxide Facilitates Long-term Potentiation, but not Long-term Depression, J. Neurosci., 17, 2646, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02645.1997 Maneiro, 1996, Rat Cell Cultures: Experimental Models to Study Neurodegenerative Disorders and New Pharmacological Compounds, Ann. Psychiatry, 6, 331 Markesbery, 1998, Four-Hydroxynonenal, a Product of Lipid Peroxidation, is Increased in the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease, Neurobiol. Aging, 19, 33, 10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00009-8 McCarthy, 1980, Preparation of Separate Astroglial and Oligodendroglial Cultures from Rat Cerebral Tissue, J. Cell. Biol., 85, 890, 10.1083/jcb.85.3.890 McGeer, 1996, Arthritis and Anti-inflammatory Agents as Protective Factors for Alzheimer's Disease: a Review of 17 Epidemiologic Studies, Neurology, 47, 425, 10.1212/WNL.47.2.425 Moncada, 1991, Nitric Oxide: Physiology, Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Pharmacol. Rev., 43, 109 Sayre, 1997, 4. Hydroxynonenal-Derived Advanced Lipid Oxidation End Products are Increased in Alzheimer's Disease, J. Neurochem., 68, 2092, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68052092.x Sassa, 1990, The Triterpene Celastrol is a Very Potent Inhibitor of Lipid Peroxidation in Mitochondria, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 172, 890, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)90759-G Sassa, 1994, Structural Basis of Potent Antiperoxidative Activity of the Triterpene Celastrol in Mitochondria: Effect of Negative Membrane Surface Charge on Lipid Peroxidation, Free Radical. Biol., 17, 201, 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90075-2 Shigematsu, 1992, Reactive Microglia/Macrophages Phagocytose Amyloid Precursor Proteins Produced by Neurons Following Neural Damage, J. Neurosci. Res., 31, 443, 10.1002/jnr.490310306 Smith, 1997, Widespread Peroxynitrite-mediated Damage in Alzheimer's Disease, J. Neurosci., 17, 2653, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02653.1997 Smith, 1996, Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer's Disease, Nature, 382, 120, 10.1038/382120b0 Styren, 1990, Molecular, Cellular and Pathological Characterization of HLA-DR Immunoreactivity in Normal Elderly and Alzheimer's Disease Brain, Exp. Neurol., 110, 93, 10.1016/0014-4886(90)90054-V Su, 1997, Neuronal Damage Preedes Tangle Formation and is Associated with Up-regulation of Nitrotyrosine in Alzheimer's Disease Brain, Brain Res., 774, 193, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)81703-9 Tao, 1987, Prospective, Controlled, Double-blind Crossover trial of T2 (Polyglycosides Extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F) in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Chin. J. Med., 26, 399 Uchihara, 1997, Activated Microglial Cells are Colocalized with Perivascular Deposits of Amyloid-β Protein in Alzheimer's Disease Brain, Stroke, 28, 1948, 10.1161/01.STR.28.10.1948 Yan, 1994, Glycated Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanism for Induction of Oxidant Stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 7787, 10.1073/pnas.91.16.7787