Causal Relationship between Obesity and Vitamin D Status: Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Analysis of Multiple Cohorts

PLoS Medicine - Tập 10 Số 2 - Trang e1001383
Karani S. Vimaleswaran1, Diane J. Berry1, Lu Chen2, Emmi Tikkanen3,4, Stefan Pilz5,6, Linda T. Hiraki7, Jason D. Cooper8, Denise K. Houston9, Rui Li10, Lina Zgaga11, Karl Michaëlsson12, Mark I. McCarthy13, Marika Kaakinen14,15, Marcus E. Kleber16, Josée Dupuis2,17, Mattias Lorentzon18, Nigel Arden18,19, Olli Raitakari20, Malcolm G. Dunlop21, Braxton D. Mitchell22, Håkan Melhus23, Evropi Τheodoratou24, Liisa Byberg12, Lars Lind23, Claes Ohlsson13, Veikko Salomaa4, Stephen B. Kritchevsky15, Willem H. Ouwehand25,26,27, Anneli Pouta28, Cyrus Cooper29, Elizabeth A. Streeten16, Ruth J. F. Loos15, Antti Jula4, Nicholas J. Timpson30, Aroon D. Hingorani13, Elina Hyppönen11, Tim D. Spector31, Richard N. Bergman31,10, Terho Lehtimäki32, Peter Kraft7, Winfried März33,34, Chris Power1, Thomas J. Wang35, Marjo‐Riitta Järvelin36,37,27, John C. Whittaker38,39
1Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
2Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
3Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
4National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
5Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
6Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Austria
7Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
8Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
9Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
10Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
11Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
12Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
13Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
14Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Medical School, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
15Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
16University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
17National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
18MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
19NIHR Musculoskeletal BRU, Botnar Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
20Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
21Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
22Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
23Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
24Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
25Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
26Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
27Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
28Department of Public Health Science and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
29Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Public Health and General Practice, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
30MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
31Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
32Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
33Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
34Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
35Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
36Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
37Department of Children, Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
38Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
39Quantitative Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom

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PLoS Medicine

Tập 10 Số 2

e1001383

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