Cationic host defense (antimicrobial) peptides

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Heilborn, 2005, Antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL-37 is highly expressed in breast cancer and is a putative growth factor for epithelial cells, Int J Cancer, 114, 713, 10.1002/ijc.20795

Islam, 2001, Downregulation of bactericidal peptides in enteric infections: a novel immune escape mechanism with bacterial DNA as a potential regulator, Nat Med, 7, 180, 10.1038/84627

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Schaefer, 2005, Innate immunity in the human female reproductive tract: antiviral response of uterine epithelial cells to the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C), J Immunol, 174, 992, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.992

Proud, 2004, Human rhinovirus infection induces airway epithelial cell production of human beta-defensin 2 both in vitro and in vivo, J Immunol, 172, 4637, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4637

Platz, 2004, Microbial DNA induces a host defense reaction of human respiratory epithelial cells, J Immunol, 173, 1219, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.1219

Gudmundsson, 1996, The human gene FALL-39 and processing of the cathelin precursor to the antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes, Eur J Biochem, 238, 325, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0325z.x

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Zhao, 1995, Structures of genes for two cathelin-associated antimicrobial peptides: prophenin-2 and PR-39, FEBS Lett, 376, 130, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)01237-3

Liu, 2003, By IL-1 signaling, monocyte-derived cells dramatically enhance the epidermal antimicrobial response to lipopolysaccharide, J Immunol, 170, 575, 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.575

Hertz, 2003, Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 on human tracheobronchial epithelial cells induces the antimicrobial peptide human defensin-2, J Immunol, 171, 6820, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6820

Wang, 2003, Airway epithelia regulate expression of human beta-defensin 2 through Toll-like receptor 2, FASEB J, 17, 1727, 10.1096/fj.02-0616fje

Frohm Nilsson, 1999, The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP18), a peptide antibiotic, is widely expressed in human squamous epithelia and colocalizes with interleukin-6, Infect Immun, 67, 2561, 10.1128/IAI.67.5.2561-2566.1999

Ganz, 1988, Microbicidal/cytotoxic proteins of neutrophils are deficient in two disorders: Chediak-Higashi syndrome and ‘specific’ granule deficiency, J Clin Invest, 82, 552, 10.1172/JCI113631

Putsep, 2002, Deficiency of antibacterial peptides in patients with morbus Kostmann: an observation study, Lancet, 360, 1144, 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11201-3

Ong, 2002, Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis, N Engl J Med, 347, 1151, 10.1056/NEJMoa021481

Nomura, 2003, Cytokine milieu of atopic dermatitis, as compared to psoriasis, skin prevents induction of innate immune response genes, J Immunol, 171, 3262, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3262

Harder, 2005, Psoriatic scales: a promising source for the isolation of human skin-derived antimicrobial proteins, J Leukoc Biol, 77, 476, 10.1189/jlb.0704409

Hiratsuka, 2003, Increased concentrations of human beta-defensins in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis, Thorax, 58, 425, 10.1136/thorax.58.5.425

Ross, 2004, Increased bronchoalveolar lavage human beta-defensin type 2 in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation, Transplantation, 78, 1222, 10.1097/01.TP.0000137265.18491.75

Dorschner, 2001, Cutaneous injury induces the release of cathelicidin anti-microbial peptides active against group A Streptococcus, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 91, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01340.x

Scott, 2002, The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a multifunctional modulator of innate immune responses, J Immunol, 169, 3883, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3883

Fukumoto, 2005, Effect of antibacterial cathelicidin peptide CAP18/LL-37 on sepsis in neonatal rats, Pediatr Surg Int, 21, 20, 10.1007/s00383-004-1256-x

Giacometti, 2004, Cathelicidin peptide sheep myeloid antimicrobial peptide-29 prevents endotoxin-induced mortality in rat models of septic shock, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 169, 187, 10.1164/rccm.200307-971OC

Moser, 2002, β-Defensin 1 contributes to pulmonary innate immunity in mice, Infect Immun, 70, 3068, 10.1128/IAI.70.6.3068-3072.2002

Rosenberger, 2004, Interplay between antibacterial effectors: a macrophage antimicrobial peptide impairs intracellular Salmonella replication, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 2422, 10.1073/pnas.0304455101

Iimura, 2005, Cathelicidin mediates innate intestinal defense against colonization with epithelial adherent bacterial pathogens, J Immunol, 174, 4901, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4901

Nizet, 2001, Innate antimicrobial peptide protects the skin from invasive bacterial infection, Nature, 414, 454, 10.1038/35106587

Salzman, 2003, Protection against enteric salmonellosis in transgenic mice expressing a human intestinal defensin, Nature, 422, 522, 10.1038/nature01520

Bader, 2003, Regulation of Salmonella typhimurium virulence gene expression by cationic antimicrobial peptides, Mol Microbiol, 50, 219, 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03675.x

Zhang, 2000, Interaction of polyphemusin I and structural analogs with bacterial membranes, lipopolysaccharide, and lipid monolayers, Biochemistry, 39, 14504, 10.1021/bi0011173

Kragol, 2001, The antibacterial peptide pyrrhocoricin inhibits the ATPase actions of DnaK and prevents chaperone-assisted protein folding, Biochemistry, 40, 3016, 10.1021/bi002656a

Patrzykat, 2002, Sublethal concentrations of pleurocidin-derived antimicrobial peptides inhibit macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 605, 10.1128/AAC.46.3.605-614.2002

Hong, 2003, Transcriptional profile of the Escherichia coli response to the antimicrobial insect peptide cecropin A, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 47, 1, 10.1128/AAC.47.1.1-6.2003

Bowdish, 2005, Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity, J Leukoc Biol, 77, 451, 10.1189/jlb.0704380

Finlay, 2004, Can innate immunity be enhanced to treat infections?, Nat Rev Microbiol, 2, 497, 10.1038/nrmicro908

Hiemstra, 2004, Antimicrobial peptides: mediators of innate immunity as templates for the development of novel anti-infective and immune therapeutics, Curr Pharm Des, 10, 2891, 10.2174/1381612043383566

Selsted, 2005, Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response, Nat Immunol, 6, 551, 10.1038/ni1206

Salzet, 2002, Antimicrobial peptides are signaling molecules, Trends Immunol, 23, 283, 10.1016/S1471-4906(02)02236-6

Bowdish, 2005, Immunomodulatory activities of small host defense peptides, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 49, 1727, 10.1128/AAC.49.5.1727-1732.2005

Niyonsaba, 2001, Evaluation of the effects of peptide antibiotics human beta-defensins-1/-2 and LL-37 on histamine release and prostaglandin D(2) production from mast cells, Eur J Immunol, 31, 1066, 10.1002/1521-4141(200104)31:4<1066::AID-IMMU1066>3.0.CO;2-#

Befus, 1999, Neutrophil defensins induce histamine secretion from mast cells: mechanisms of action, J Immunol, 163, 947, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.947

Niyonsaba, 2002, A cathelicidin family of human antibacterial peptide LL-37 induces mast cell chemotaxis, Immunology, 106, 20, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01398.x

Territo, 1989, Monocyte-chemotactic activity of defensins from human neutrophils, J Clin Invest, 84, 2017, 10.1172/JCI114394

Chertov, 1996, Identification of defensin-1, defensin-2, and CAP37/azurocidin as T-cell chemoattractant proteins released from interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils, J Biol Chem, 271, 2935, 10.1074/jbc.271.6.2935

Yang, 2000, Human neutrophil defensins selectively chemoattract naive T and immature dendritic cells, J Leukoc Biol, 68, 9, 10.1189/jlb.68.1.9

Garcia, 2001, Human beta-defensin 4: a novel inducible peptide with a specific salt-sensitive spectrum of antimicrobial activity, FASEB J, 15, 1819, 10.1096/fj.00-0865fje

Kurosaka, 2005, Mouse cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide chemoattracts leukocytes using formyl peptide receptor-like 1/mouse formyl peptide receptor-like 2 as the receptor and acts as an immune adjuvant, J Immunol, 174, 6257, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6257

Ohgami, 2003, Effect of human cationic antimicrobial protein 18 peptide on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 44, 4412, 10.1167/iovs.03-0246

Vallespi, 2000, A Limulus antilipopolysaccharide factor-derived peptide exhibits a new immunological activity with potential applicability in infectious diseases, Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 7, 669, 10.1128/CDLI.7.4.669-675.2000

Vallespi, 2003, A Limulus anti-LPS factor-derived peptide modulates cytokine gene expression and promotes resolution of bacterial acute infection in mice, Int Immunopharmacol, 3, 247, 10.1016/S1567-5769(02)00277-1

Braff, 2005, Structure-function relationships among human cathelicidin peptides: dissociation of antimicrobial properties from host immunostimulatory activities, J Immunol, 174, 4271, 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4271

Davidson, 2004, The cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and dendritic cell-induced T cell polarization, J Immunol, 172, 1146, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1146

Biragyn, 2002, Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of dendritic cells by β-defensin 2, Science, 298, 1025, 10.1126/science.1075565

Mookherjee N, Brown KL, Bowdish DME, Doria S, Falsafi R, Hokamp K, Roche FM, Mu R, Doho GH, Pistolic J et al.: Modulation of the Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory response by the endogenous human host defence peptide LL-37. J Immunol 2006, in press.

Murphy, 1993, Defensins are mitogenic for epithelial cells and fibroblasts, J Cell Physiol, 155, 408, 10.1002/jcp.1041550223

Aarbiou, 2002, Human neutrophil defensins induce lung epithelial cell proliferation in vitro, J Leukoc Biol, 72, 167, 10.1189/jlb.72.1.167

Aarbiou, 2004, Neutrophil defensins enhance lung epithelial wound closure and mucin gene expression in vitro, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 30, 193, 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0267OC

Chavakis, 2004, Regulation of neovascularization by human neutrophil peptides (alpha-defensins): a link between inflammation and angiogenesis, FASEB J, 18, 1306, 10.1096/fj.03-1009fje

An, 2005, LL-37 enhances adaptive antitumor immune response in a murine model when genetically fused with M-CSFR (J6-1) DNA vaccine, Leuk Res, 29, 535, 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.11.009

Biragyn, 2002, DNA vaccines encoding human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120 fusions with proinflammatory chemoattractants induce systemic and mucosal immune responses, Blood, 100, 1153, 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0086

Yang, 2000, LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells, J Exp Med, 192, 1069, 10.1084/jem.192.7.1069

Niyonsaba, 2002, Epithelial cell-derived human beta-defensin-2 acts as a chemotaxin for mast cells through a pertussis toxin-sensitive and phospholipase C-dependent pathway, Int Immunol, 14, 421, 10.1093/intimm/14.4.421

Tjabringa, 2003, The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 activates innate immunity at the airway epithelial surface by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, J Immunol, 171, 6690, 10.4049/jimmunol.171.12.6690

Elssner, 2004, A novel P2X7 receptor activator, the human cathelicidin-derived peptide LL37, induces IL-1β processing and release, J Immunol, 172, 4987, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4987

Lau, 2005, Interaction and cellular localization of the human host defense peptide LL-37 with lung epithelial cells, Infect Immun, 73, 583, 10.1128/IAI.73.1.583-591.2005

Bowdish, 2004, The human cationic peptide LL-37 induces activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 kinase pathways in primary human monocytes, J Immunol, 172, 3758, 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3758

Chan, 1998, PR-39, a syndecan-inducing antimicrobial peptide, binds and affects p130 (Cas), J Biol Chem, 273, 28978, 10.1074/jbc.273.44.28978

Shi, 1998, The role of protegrins and other elastase-activated polypeptides in the bactericidal properties of porcine inflammatory fluids, Infect Immun, 66, 3611, 10.1128/IAI.66.8.3611-3617.1998

Gao, 2000, Inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-mediated IκBα degradation by a naturally occurring antibacterial peptide, J Clin Invest, 106, 439, 10.1172/JCI9826

McPhee, 2005, Design of host defence peptides for antimicrobial and immunity enhancing activities, Comb Chem High Throughput Screen, 8, 257, 10.2174/1386207053764558

Hancock REW, Brown KL, Mookherjee N: Host defence peptides from invertebrates — emerging antimicrobial strategies. Immunobiology 2005, in press.

Zhang, 2004, Cationic antimicrobial peptides — an update, Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 13, 97, 10.1517/13543784.13.2.97