Catfish: Exploring the Individual Predictors and Interpersonal Characteristics of Deceptive Online Romantic Relationships

Akagi, C. G., Schumm, W. R., & Bergen, M. B. (2003). Dimensionality of the Kansas Family Strengths Scale and the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale as revised to capture changes in marital satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1267–1274. https://doi.org/10.2466/PR0.93.8.1267-1274

Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006). The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 440–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.03.002

Anderson, T., & Emmers-Sommer, T. (2006). Predictors of relationship satisfaction in online romantic relationships. Communication Studies, 57(2), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970600666834

Avila, J., Martz, G., & Napolitano, J. (2011). Online love triangle, deception end in murder. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/US/online-love-triangle-deception-end-murder/story?id=14371076

Bialer, P., & Mcintosh, C. (2016). Discrimination, stigma, and hate: The impact on the mental health and well-being of LGBT people. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(4), 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2016.1211887

Brown, J., James, K., & Taylor, A. (2010). Caught in the rejection-abuse cycle: Are we really treating perpetrators of domestic abuse effectively? Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 280–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00494.x

Calzada, E. J., Fernandez, Y., & Cortes, D. E. (2010). Incorporating the cultural value of respeto into a framework of Latino parenting. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016071

Campbell, W. K., Foster, C. A., & Finkel, E. J. (2002). Does self-love lead to love for others?: A story of narcissistic game playing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.340

Caspi, A., & Gorsky, P. (2006). Online deception: Prevalence, motivation, and emotion. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(1), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.54

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd edn.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

Couch, D., Liamputtong, P., & Pitts, M. (2012). What are the real and perceived risks and dangers of online dating? Perspectives from online daters. Health, Risk & Society, 14(7/8), 697–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2012.720964

Cresswell, J., & Plano Clark, V. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). Sage.

Crowell, C. R., Narvaez, D., & Gomberg, A. (2005). Moral psychology and information ethics: Psychological distance and the components of moral behavior in a digital world. In L. A. Freeman & A. G. Peace (Eds.), Information ethics: Privacy and intellectual property (pp. 19–37). Information Science Publishing.

Eichenberg, C., Huss, J., & Kitsel, C. (2017). From online dating to online divorce: An overview couple and family relationships shaped through digital media. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39, 249–260.

Ellison, N., Heino, R., & Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 415–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00

Evans, K., & Brase, G. L. (2007). Assessing sex differences and similarities in mate preferences: Above and beyond demand characteristics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(5), 781–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507081471

FBI.gov (n.d.). Romance scams. https://www.fbi.gov/scams-and-safety/common-scams-and-crimes/romance-scams

Feeney, J. A., & Hill, A. (2006). Victim-perpetrator differences in reports of hurtful events. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(4), 587–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407506065985

Germán, M., Gonzales, N. A., & Dumka, L. (2009). Familism values as protective factor for Mexican-origin adolescents exposed to deviant peers. Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 16–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608324475

Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine de Gruyter.

Goldberg, L. R., Johnson, J. A., Eber, H. W., Hogan, R., Ashton, M. C., Cloninger, C. R., & Gough, H. G. (2006). The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007

Gozna, L. F., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (2001). The impact of individual differences on perceptions of lying in everyday life and in a high stake situation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(7), 1203–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00219-1

Guadagno, R. E., Okdie, B. M., & Kruse, S. A. (2012). Dating deception: Gender, online dating, and exaggerated self-presentation. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 642–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.010

Guthrie, J., & Kunkel, A. (2013). Tell me sweet (and not-so-sweet) little lies: Deception in romantic relationships. Communication Studies, 64(2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2012.755637

Hall, J. A., Park, N., Song, H., & Cody, M. J. (2010). Strategic misrepresentation in online dating: The effects of gender, self-monitoring, and personality traits. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509349633

Hancock, J. T., & Toma, C. L. (2009). Putting your best face forward: The accuracy of online dating photographs. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 367–386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01420.x

Hart, C. M., Ritchie, T. D., Hepper, E. G., & Gebauer, J. E. (2015). The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding Short Form (BIDR-16). SAGE Open, 5(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015621113

Hatfield, E., & Sprecher, S. (1986). Measuring passionate love in intimate relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 9(4), 383–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(86)80043-4

Hertlein, K. (2012). Digital dwelling: Technology in couple and family relationships. Family Relations, 61, 374–387.

Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (3rd ed.). Wiley.

Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M., Baughman, H. M., & Vernon, P. A. (2014). What a tangled web we weave: The dark triad traits and deception. Personality and Individual Differences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.0

Kirsner, B. R., Figueredo, A. J., & Jacobs, W. J. (2003). Self, friends, and lovers: Structural relations among beck depression inventory scores and perceived mate values. Journal of Affective Disorders, 75(2), 131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00048-4

Knight, G., Gonzales, N., Saenz, D., Bonds, D., Germán, M., Deardorff, J., Roosa, M., & Updegraff, K. (2010). The Mexican American Cultural Values Scale for adolescents and adults. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(3), 444–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609338178

Lang, F. R., John, D., Lüdtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: Robust across survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 548–567. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0066-z

Laurenceau, J. P., Barrett, L. F., & Rovine, M. J. (2005). The interpersonal process model of intimacy in marriage: A daily-diary and multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 19(2), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.19.2.314

Lawson, H. M., & Leck, K. (2006). Dynamics of Internet dating. Social Science Computer Review, 24(2), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439305283402

Le, T. N. (2005). Narcissism and immature love as mediators of vertical individualism and ludic love style. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(4), 543–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505054522

Le, B., Dove, N. L., Agnew, C. R., Korn, M. S., & Mutso, A. A. (2010). Predicting non-marital romantic relationship dissolution: A meta-analytic synthesis. Personal Relationships, 17, 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01285.x

Lo, S., Hsieh, A., & Chiu, Y. (2013). Contradictory deceptive behavior in online dating. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1755–1762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.010

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509–516.

McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer’s perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 547–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.547

McLeod, B. A., & Genereux, R. L. (2008). Predicting the acceptability and likelihood of lying: The interaction of personality with type of lie. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.015

Meeks, B. S., Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (1998). Communication, love and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(6), 755–773. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598156003

Mosely, M., Lancaster, M., Parker, M. L., & Campbell, K. (2020). Adult attachment and online dating deception: A theory modernized. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 35, 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2020.1714577

Nelson, J. A., Kirk, A. M., Ane, P., & Serres, S. A. (2011). Religious and spiritual values and moral commitment in marriage: Untapped resources in couples counseling? Counseling and Values, 55, 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2011.tb00034.x

O’Sullivan, P. B. (2000). What you don’t know won’t hurt me: Impression management functions of communication channels in relationships. Human Communication Research, 26(3), 403–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/hcr/26.3.403

Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598

Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Manual for the Paulhus Deception Scales: BIDR Version 7. Multi-Health Systems.

Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6

Phillips, M. C., Meek, S. W., & Vendemia, J. M. C. (2011). Understanding the underlying structure of deceptive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.031

Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890–902.

Schumm, W. R. (1985). Criterion-related validity of the kansas marital satisfaction scale. Psychological Reports, 56(3), 719–722. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.719

Shackelford, T. K., Schmitt, D. P., & Buss, D. M. (2005). Universal dimensions of human mate preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 447–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.023

Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2016). Five facts about online dating. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/29/5-facts-about-online-dating/

Tadinac, M., & Hromatko, I. (2007). Own mate value and relative importance of a potential mate’s qualities. Studia Psychologica, 49(3), 251–264.

Toma, C. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2010). Looks and lies: The role of physical attractiveness in online dating self-presentation and deception. Communication Research, 37(3), 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209356437

Toma, C. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2012). What lies beneath: The linguistic traces of deception in online dating profiles. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01619.x

Vogels, E. A. (2020). 10 facts about Americans and online dating. Pew Research Center.

Watson, P. J., & Biderman, M. D. (1994). Narcissistic Traits Scale: Validity evidence and sex differences in narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(3), 501–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90076-0

Weaver, J. B., III. (2005). Mapping the links between personality and communicator style. Individual Differences Research, 3(1), 59–71.

Whitty, M. T. (2002). Liar, liar! An examination of how open, supportive and honest people are in chat rooms. Computers in Human Behavior, 18(4), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(01)00059-0

Whitty, M. T. (2018). Do you love me? Psychological characteristics of romance scam victims. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 2, 105–109.

Whitty, M., & Buchanan, T. (2016). The online dating romance scam: The psychological impact on victims-both financial and non-financial. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 16, 176–194.