Cardiovascular health, traffic-related air pollution and noise: are associations mutually confounded? A systematic review

Adar SD, Sheppard L, Vedal S, Polak JF, Sampson PD, Diez Roux AV, Budoff M, Jacobs DR Jr, Barr RG, Watson K, Kaufman JD (2013) Fine particulate air pollution and the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness: a prospective cohort study from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution. PLoS Med 10(4):e1001430

Allen RW, Adar SD (2011) Are both air pollution and noise driving adverse cardiovascular health effects from motor vehicles? Environ Res 111(1):184–185

Allen RW, Davies H, Cohen MA, Mallach G, Kaufman JD, Adar SD (2009) The spatial relationship between traffic-generated air pollution and noise in 2 US cities. Environ Res 109(3):334–342

Amato MC, Giordano C, Galia M, Criscimanna A, Vitabile S, Midiri M, Galluzzo A (2010) Visceral Adiposity Index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk. Diabetes Care 33(4):920–922. doi: 10.2337/dc09-1825

Babisch W (2006) Transportation noise and cardiovascular risk: updated review and synthesis of epidemiological studies indicate that the evidence has increased. Noise Health 8(30):1–29

Babisch W, Kamp I (2009) Exposure–response relationship of the association between aircraft noise and the risk of hypertension. Noise Health 11(44):161–168. doi: 10.4103/1463-1741.53363

Beelen R, Hoek G, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Fischer P, Schouten LJ, Armstrong B, Brunekreef B (2008) Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer risk. Epidemiology 19(5):702–710. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318181b3ca

Beelen R, Hoek G, Houthuijs D, Van Den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Fischer P, Schouten LJ, Armstrong B, Brunekreef B (2009) The joint association of air pollution and noise from road traffic with cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study. Occup Environ Med 66(4):243–250

Bliss R, Weinberg J, Webster T, Vieira V (2012) Determining the probability distribution and evaluating sensitivity and false positive rate of a confounder detection method applied to logistic regression. J Biom Biostat 3(4):142. doi: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000142

Boogaard H, Borgman F, Kamminga J, Hoek G (2009) Exposure to ultrafine and fine particles and noise during cycling and driving in 11 Dutch cities. Atmos Environ 43(27):4234–4242

Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, Luepker R, Mittleman M, Samet J, Smith SC Jr, Tager I (2004) Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the American Heart Association. Circulation 109(21):2655–2671. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8

Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA, Peters A, Siscovick D, Smith SC, Whitsel L, Kaufman JD, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism (2010) Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 121(21):2331–2378. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1

Burgan O, Smargiassi A, Perron S, Kosatsky T (2010) Cardiovascular effects of sub-daily levels of ambient fine particles: a systematic review. Environ Health 9:26. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-9-26

Chen H, Goldberg MS, Burnett RT, Jerrett M, Wheeler AJ, Villeneuve PJ (2013) Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cardiovascular mortality. Epidemiology 24(1):35–43. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318276c005

Clark C, Crombie R, Head J, van Kamp I, van Kempen E, Stansfeld SA (2012) Does traffic-related air pollution explain associations of aircraft and road traffic noise exposure on children’s health and cognition? A secondary analysis of the United Kingdom sample from the RANCH project. Am J Epidemiol 176(4):327–337. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws012

Davies HW, Vlaanderen JJ, Henderson SB, Brauer M (2009) Correlation between co-exposures to noise and air pollution from traffic sources. Occup Environ Med 66(5):347–350

de Kluizenaar Y, Gansevoort RT, Miedema HM, de Jong PE (2007) Hypertension and road traffic noise exposure. J Occup Environ Med 49(5):484–492. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318058a9ff

Dratva J, Phuleria HC, Foraster M, Gaspoz JM, Keidel D, Kunzli N, Liu LJ, Pons M, Zemp E, Gerbase MW, Schindler C (2012) Transportation noise and blood pressure in a population-based sample of adults. Environ Health Perspect 120(1):50–55. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1103448

European Environment Agency (EEA) (2010) Good practice guide on noise exposure and potential health effects. European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen

Finkelstein MM, Jerrett M, Sears MR (2004) Traffic air pollution and mortality rate advancement periods. Am J Epidemiol 160(2):173–177. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh181

Foraster M, Deltell A, Basagaña X, Medina-Ramón M, Aguilera I, Bouso L, Grau M, Phuleria HC, Rivera M, Slama R, Sunyer J, Targa J, Künzli N (2011) Local determinants of road traffic noise levels versus determinants of air pollution levels in a Mediterranean city. Environ Res 111(1):177–183. ISSN 0013-9351. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.10.013 . http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935110001878

Gan WQ, Tamburic L, Davies HW, Demers PA, Koehoorn M, Brauer M (2010) Changes in residential proximity to road traffic and the risk of death from coronary heart disease. Epidemiology 21(5):642–649

Gan WQ, Davies HW, Koehoorn M, Brauer M (2012) Association of long-term exposure to community noise and traffic-related air pollution with coronary heart disease mortality. Am J Epidemiol 175(9):898–906. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr424

Haralabidis AS, Dimakopoulou K, Velonaki V, Barbaglia G, Mussin M, Giampaolo M, Selander J, Pershagen G, Dudley M-L, Babisch W, Swart W, Katsouyanni K, Jarup L, HYENA Consortium (2011) Can exposure to noise affect the 24 h blood pressure profile? Results from the HYENA study. J Epidemiol Community Health 65(6):535–541. doi: 10.1136/jech.2009.102954

HEI Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution (2010) Traffic-related air pollution: a critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and health effects vol special report 17. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA

Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, van den Brandt PA (2002) Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet 360(9341):1203–1209

Hoffmann B, Moebus S, Stang A, Beck EM, Dragano N, Möhlenkamp S, Schmermund A, Memmesheimer M, Mann K, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study Investigative Group (2006) Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 27(22):2696–2702. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl278

Hoffmann B, Moebus S, Dragano N, Möhlenkamp S, Memmesheimer M, Erbel R, Jöckel KH, Heinz Nixdorf Recall Investigative Group (2009) Residential traffic exposure and coronary heart disease: results from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Biomarkers 14(s1):74–78. doi: 10.1080/13547500902965096

Ising H, Lange-Asschenfeldt H, Moriske HJ, Born J, Eilts M (2004) Low frequency noise and stress: bronchitis and cortisol in children exposed chronically to traffic noise and exhaust fumes. Noise Health 6(23):21–28

Janes H, Dominici F, Zeger S (2010) On quantifying the magnitude of confounding. Biostatistics 11(3):572–582. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxq007

Klæboe R, Kolbenstvedt M, Clench-Aas J, Bartonova A (2000) Oslo traffic study: part 1: an integrated approach to assess the combined effects of noise and air pollution on annoyance. Atmos Environ 34(27):4727–4736

Lercher P, Botteldooren D, Widmann U, Uhrner U, Kammeringer E (2011) Cardiovascular effects of environmental noise: research in Austria. Noise Health 13(52):234–250

Liao D, Shaffer ML, He F, Rodriguez-Colon S, Wu R, Whitsel EA, Bixler EO, Cascio WE (2010) Fine particulate air pollution is associated with higher vulnerability to atrial fibrillation—the APACR study. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part A 74(11):693–705. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2011.556056

Linares C, Diaz J, Tobias A, De Miguel JM, Otero A (2006) Impact of urban air pollutants and noise levels over daily hospital admissions in children in Madrid: a time series analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 79(2):143–152. doi: 10.1007/s00420-005-0032-0

Maheswaran R, Elliott P (2003) Stroke mortality associated with living near main roads in England and Wales. Stroke 34(12):2776–2780. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000101750.77547.11

Maldonado G, Greenland S (1993) Simulation study of confounder-selection strategies. Am J Epidemiol 138(11):923–936

Mills NL, Tornqvist H, Robinson SD, Gonzalez MC, Soderberg S, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A, Newby DE, Donaldson K (2007) Air pollution and atherothrombosis. Inhal Toxicol 19(Suppl 1):81–89. doi: 10.1080/08958370701495170

Nuvolone D, Balzi D, Chini M, Scala D, Giovannini F, Barchielli A (2011) Short-term association between ambient air pollution and risk of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction: results of the cardiovascular risk and air pollution in tuscany (RISCAT) study. Am J Epidemiol 174(1):63–71. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr046

Perron S, Tetreault LF, King N, Plante C, Smargiassi A (2012) Review of the effect of aircraft noise on sleep disturbance in adults. Noise Health 14(57):58–67. doi: 10.4103/1463-1741.95133

Persson R, Bjork J, Ardo J, Albin M, Jakobsson K (2007) Trait anxiety and modeled exposure as determinants of self-reported annoyance to sound, air pollution and other environmental factors in the home. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81(2):179–191. doi: 10.1007/s00420-007-0204-1

Pirrera S, De Valck E, Cluydts R (2010) Nocturnal road traffic noise: a review on its assessment and consequences on sleep and health. Environ Int 36(5):492–498

Rosenlund M, Berglind N, Pershagen G, Hallqvist J, Jonson T, Bellander T (2006) Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 17(4):383–390

Selander J, Nilsson ME, Bluhm G, Rosenlund M, Lindqvist M, Nise G, Pershagen G (2009) Long-term exposure to road traffic noise and myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 20(2):272–279

Sorensen M, Hvidberg M, Andersen ZJ, Nordsborg RB, Lillelund KG, Jakobsen J, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O (2011) Road traffic noise and stroke: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 32(6):737–744

Sorensen M, Andersen ZJ, Nordsborg RB, Jensen SS, Lillelund KG, Beelen R, Schmidt EB, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O (2012a) Road traffic noise and incident myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One 7(6):e39283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039283

Sorensen M, Hoffmann B, Hvidberg M, Ketzel M, Jensen SS, Andersen ZJ, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O (2012b) Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution associated with blood pressure and self-reported hypertension in a Danish cohort. Environ Health Perspect 120(3):418–424. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1103631

Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E (2004) Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 1(3):e62

Tobias A, Diaz J, Saez M, Carlos Alberdi J (2001) Use of poisson regression and Box-Jenkins models to evaluate the short-term effects of environmental noise levels on daily emergency admissions in Madrid, Spain. Eur J Epidemiol 17(8):765–771

van Kempen E, Babisch W (2012) The quantitative relationship between road traffic noise and hypertension: a meta-analysis. J Hypertens 30(6):1075–1086. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e328352ac54

Vardeny O, Peppard PE, Finn LA, Faraco JH, Mignot E, Hla KM (2011) [beta]2 adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and nocturnal blood pressure dipping status in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study. J Am Soc Hypertens 5(2):114–122

Vittinghoff E, Glidden DV, Shiboski SC, McCulloch CE (2012) Regression methods in biostatistics. Linear, logistic, survival, and repeated measures models, 2nd edn. Springer Science+Business Media, Boston

Weber S (2009) Spatio-temporal covariation of urban particle number concentration and ambient noise. Atmos Environ 43(34):5518–5525

Westman JC, Walters JR (1981) Noise and stress: a comprehensive approach. Environ Health Perspect 41:291–309

World Health Organisation (2011) Burden of disease from environmental noise. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen

World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe (2011) Burden of disease from environmental noise. World Health Organisation, Copenhagen