Cardiovascular health and particulate vehicular emissions: a critical evaluation of the evidence
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adar SD, Kaufman JD (2007) Cardiovascular Disease and Air Pollutants: Evaluating and Improving Epidemiological Data Implicating Traffic Exposure. Inhal Toxicol 19(Supp. 1):135–149. doi:10.1080/08958370701496012
Adar SD, Gold DR, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Stone PA, Suh H (2007) Focused exposures to airborne traffic particles and heart rate variability in the elderly. Epidemiology 18:95–103. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000249409.81050.46
Albert CM et al (2007) Driving and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks for ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2233–2240. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.059
Anselme F, Loriot S, Henry J-P, Dionnet F, Napoleoni J-G, Thulliez C, Morin J-P (2007) Inhalation of diluted diesel engine emission impacts heart rate variability and arrhythmia occurrence in a rat model of chronic ischemic heart failure. Arch Toxicol 81:299–307
Araujo JA, Barajas B, Kleinman M, Wang X, Bennett GJ, Gong KW, Navab M, Harkema J, Sioutas C, Lusis AJ, Nel AE (2008) Ambient particulate pollutants in the ultrafine range promote early atherosclerosis and systemic oxidative stress. Circ Res 102:589–596. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.164970
Auchincloss AH, Diez Roux AV, Dvonch JT, Brown PL, Barr RG, Daviglus ML, Goff DC Jr, Kaufman JD, O’Neill MS (2008) Associations between recent exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and blood pressure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Environ Health Perspect 116:486–491
Bartoli CR, Wellenius GA, Diaz EA, Lawrence J, Coull BA, Akiyama I, Lee LM, Okabe K, Verrier RL, Godleski JJ (2009) Mechanisms of inhaled fine particulate-induced arterial blood pressure changes. Environ Health Perspect 117:361–366
Beelen R, Hoek G, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Fischer P, Schouten LJ, Jerrett M, Hughes E, Armstrong B, Brunekreef B (2008) Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR Study). Environ Health Perspect 116:196–202
Bilchick KC, Fetics B, Djoukeng R, Fisher SG, Fletcher RD, Singh SN, Nevo E, Berger RD (2002) Prognostic value of heart rate variability in chronic congestive heart failure (veterans affairs’ survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy in congestive heart failure). Am J Cardiol 90:24–28. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02380-9
Bonvallot V, Baeza-Squiban A, Baulig A, Brulant S, Boland S, Muzeau F, Barouki R, Marano F (2001) Organic compounds from diesel exhaust particles elicit a proinflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells and induce cytochrome p450 1A1 Expression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25:515–521
Campen MJ, Babu NS, Helms GA, Pett S, Wernly J, Mehran R, McDonald JD (2005) Nonparticulate components of diesel exhaust promote constriction of coronary arteries from ApoE−/− Mice. Toxicol Sci 88(1):95–102. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi283
Campen MJ, McDonald JD, Reed MD, Seagrave JC (2006) Fresh gasoline emissions, not paved road dust, alter cardiac repolarization in ApoE−/− mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 6:199–209. doi:10.1385/CT:6:3:199
Chahine T, Baccerelli A, Litonjua A, Wright RO, Suh H, Gold DR, Sparrow D, Vokonas P, Schwartz J (2007) Particulate air pollution, oxidative stress genes, and heart rate variability in an elderly cohort. Environ Health Perspect 115:1617–1622
Charniot J-C, Vignat N, Albertini J-P, Bogdanova V, Zerhouni K, Monsuew J-J, Legrand A, Artigou J-V, Bennefont-Rousselot D (2008) Oxidative stress in patients with acute heart failure. Rejuvenation Res 11:393–398. doi:10.1089/rej.2008.0663
Creason J, Neas L, Walsh D, Williams R, Sheldon L, Liao D, Shy C (2001) Particulate matter and heart rate variability among elderly retirees: the Baltimore 1998 PM study. J Environ Expos Anal Environ Epidemiol 11:116–122
de Hartog JJ, Lanki T, Timonen KL, Hoek G, Janssen NAH, Ibald-Mulli A, Peters A, Heinrich J, Tarkiainen TH, van Grieken R, van Wijnen JH, Brunekreef B, Pekkanen J (2009) Associations between PM2.5 and heart rate variability are modified by particle composition and beta-blocker use in patients with coronary heart disease. Environ Health Perspect 117:105–111
Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Tjoa T, Polidori A, Arhami M, Gillen DL, Kleinman MT, Vaziri ND, Longhurst J, Zaldivar F, Sioutas C (2008) Circulating biomarkers of inflammation, antioxidant activity, and platelet activation are associated with primary combustion aerosols in subjects with coronary artery disease. Environ Health Perspect 116:898–906
Dockery DW et al (2005) Association of air pollution with increased incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias recorded by implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Environ Health Perspect 113:670–674
Ebelt ST, Wilson WE, Brauer M (2005) Exposure to ambient and nonambient components of particulate matter. Epidemiology 16:396–405
Finkelstein M, Jerrett M, Sears MR (2004) Traffic air pollution and mortality rate advancement periods. Am J Epidemiol 160:173–177. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh181
Finkelstein M, Jerrett M, Sears MR (2005) Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients. J Epidemiol Community Health 59:481–487. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.026203
Gehring U, Heinrich J, Kramer U, Grote V, Hochadel M, Sugiri D, Kraft M, Rauchfuss K, Eberwein HG, Wichmann H-E (2006) Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiopulmonary mortality in women. Epidemiology 17:545–551. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000224541.38258.87
Gold DR, Litonjua AA, Zanobetti A, Coull BA, Schwartz J, MacCallum G, Verrier RL, Nearing BD, Canner MJ, Suh H, Stone PH (2005) Air pollution and STsegment depression in elderly subjects. Environ Health Perspect 113:883–887
Goldberg M, Burnett R (2003) Revised analysis of the Montreal Time-Series Study. In Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health. Health Effects Institute Special Report, Boston, MA, pp 113–131
Gong KW et al (2007) Air-pollutant chemicals and oxidized lipids exhibit genome-wide synergistic effects on endothelial cells. Genome Biol 8:R–149. doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r149
Grahame TJ (2009) Does improved exposure information for PM2.5 constituents explain differing results among epidemiological studies? Inhal Toxicol 21:381–393
Grahame T, Hidy GM (2007a) Pinnacles and pitfalls for source apportionment of potential health effects from airborne particle exposure. Inhalation Toxicol 19(9):727–744
Grahame T, Hidy GM (2007b) Secondary sulfate effects? Environ Health Perspect 115:A532
Grahame TJ, Schlesinger RB (2007) Health effects of airborne particulate matter: do we know enough to consider regulating specific particle types or sources? Inhal Toxicol 19:457–481. doi:10.1080/08958370701382220
Health Effects Institute Diesel Exhaust (1995) Critical analysis of emissions, exposure, and health effects. Special Report. Health Effects Institute, Charleston, Massachusetts
Health Effects Institute Research on diesel exhaust and other particles (2003) Program Summary. Health Effects Institute, Charleston, Massachusetts
Hennekens CH, Buring JE (1987) Epidemiology in medicine. Little, Brown and Co., Boston
Hoek G, Brunekreef B, Goldbohm S, Fischer P, van den Brandt PA (2002) Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet 360:1203–1209. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11280-3
Hoffmann B et al (2006) Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J 27:2696–2702. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl278
Hoffmann B et al (2007) Residential exposure to traffic is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 116:489–496. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.693622
Huang S-L, Hsu M-K, Chan C-C (2003) Effects of submicrometer particle compositions on cytokine production and lipid peroxidation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Environ Health Perspect 111(4):478–482
Ibald-Mulli A, Timonen KL, Peters A, Heinrich J, Wolke G, Lanki T, Buzorius G, Kreyling WG, de Hartog J, Hoek G, ten Brink HM, Pekkanen J (2004) Effects of particulate air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with cardiovascular disease. Environ Health Perspect 112:369–377
Iravanian S, Dudley SC Jr (2006) Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Curr Cardiol Rep 2:247–254
Ito K, Xue N, Thurston G (2004) Spatial variation of PM2.5 chemical species and source-apportioned mass concentrations in New York City. Atmos Environ 38:5269–5282
Janssen NAH, Schwartz J, Zanobetti Z, Suh HH (2002) Air conditioning and source-specific particles as modifiers of the effect of PM10 on hospital admissions for heart and lung disease. Environ Health Perspect 110:43–49
Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Ma R, Pope CA, Krewski D, Newbold KB, Thurston G, Shi Y, Finkelstein N, Calle EE, Thun MJ (2005) Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles. Epidemiology 16(6):1–10. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d
Kan H et al (2008) Prospective analysis of traffic exposure as a risk factor for incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Environ Health Perspect 116:1463–1468
Kim YH, Lee JH, Lim DS, Shim WJ, Ro YM, Park GH, Becker KG, Cho-Chung YS, Kim M-K (2003) Gene expression profiling of oxidative stress on atrial fibrillation in humans. Exp Mol Med 35(5):336–349
Kristovich R, Knight DA, Long JF, Williams MV, Dutta PK, Waldman WJ (2004) Macrophage-mediated endothelial inflammatory responses to airborne particulates: impact of particulate physiochemical properties. Chem Res Toxicol 17:1303–1312. doi:10.1021/tx049893p
Kuenzli N, Jerrett M, Mack WJ, Beckerman B, LaBree L, Gilliland F, Thomas D, Peters J, Hodis HN (2005) Ambient air pollution and atherosclerosis in Los Angeles. Environ Health Perspect 113:201–206
Kurl S et al (2003) Association of exercise-induced, silent ST-segment depression with the risk of stroke and cardiovascular diseases in men. Stroke 34:1760–1765. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000078564.46376.0A
Laden F, Neas LM, Dockery DW, Schwartz J (2000) Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities. Environ. Health Perspect 108:941–947
Lai C-H, Liou S-H, Lin H-C, Shih T-S, Tsai P-J, Chen J-S, Yang T, Jaakkola JJK, Strickland PT (2005) Exposure to traffic exhausts and oxidative DNA damage. Occup Environ Med 62:216–222
Lanki T, Hartog J, Heinrich J, Hoek G, Janssen A, Peters A, Stolzel M, Tiomopnen K, Vallius M, Vanninen E, Pekkanen J (2006) Can we identify sources of fine particles responsible for exercise-induced ischemia on days with elevated pollution? The ULTRA study. Environ Health Perspect 114:655–660
Li N, Nel A (2006) The cellular impacts of diesel exhaust particles: beyond inflammation and death. Eur Respir J 27:667–668. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00025006
Li N, Wang M, Oberley TD, Sempf JM, Nel AE (2002a) Comparison of the pro-oxidative and proinflammatory effects of organic diesel exhaust particle chemicals in bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages. J Epidemiol 169:4531–4541
Li N, Kim S, Wang M, Froines J, Sioutas C, Nel A (2002b) Use of a stratified oxidative stress model to study the biological effects of ambient concentrated and diesel exhaust particulate matter. Inhal Toxicol 14:459–486. doi:10.1080/089583701753678571
Li N, Sioutas C, Cho A, Schmitz D, Misra C, Sempf J, Wang M, Oberley T, Froines J, Nel A (2003) Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environ Health Perspect 111(4):455–460
Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A (2002) Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:1135–1143. doi:10.1161/hc0902.104353
Lipfert FW, Wyzga RE, Baty JD, Miller JP (2006a) Traffic density as a surrogate measure of environmental exposures in studies of air pollution health effects: Long-term mortality in a cohort of U.S. veterans. Atmos Environ 40:154–169. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.09.027
Lipfert FW, Baty JD, Wyzga RE, Miller JP (2006b) PM2.5 constituents and related air quality variables as predictors of survival in a cohort of U.S. military veterans. Inhal Toxicol 18:645–657. doi:10.1080/08958370600742946
Lippmann M, Ito K, Hwang J-S, Maciejczyk P, Chen LC (2006) Cardiovascular effects of nickel in ambient Air. Environ Health Perspect 114:1662–1669
Lund AK, Knuckles TL, Akata CO, Shohet R, McDonald JD, Gigliotti A, Seagrave JC, Campen MJ (2007) Gasoline exhaust emissions induce vascular remodeling pathways involved in atherosclerosis. Toxicol Sci 95(2):485–494. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl145
Luttmann-Gibson H, Suh HH, Coull BA, Dockery DW, Sarnat SE, Schwartz J, Stone PH, Gold DR (2006) Short-term effects of air pollution on heart rate variability in senior adults in Steubenville, Ohio. J Occup Environ Med 48:780–788
Mauderly JL (2001) Diesel emissions: is more health research still needed? Toxicol Sci 62:6–9. doi:10.1093/toxsci/62.1.6
Mauderly JL, Chow JC (2008) Health effects of organic aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 20:257–288. doi:10.1080/08958370701866008
Maynard D, Coull BA, Gryparis A, Schwartz J (2007) Mortality risk associated with short-term exposure to traffic particles and sulfates. Environ Health Perspect 115:751–755
McDonald JD, Harrod KS, Seagrave J, Seilkop SK, Mauderly JL (2004) Effects of low sulfur fuel and a catalyzed particle trap on the composition and toxicity of diesel emissions. Environ Health Perspect 112:1307–1312
McMurray J, Chopra M, Abdullah I, Smith WE, Dargie HJ (1993) Evidence of oxidative stress in chronic heart failure in humans. Eur Heart J 14:1493–1498
Medina-Ramon M et al (2008) Residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution and survival after heart failure. Environ Health Perspect 116:481–485
Metzger KB, Tolbert PE, Klein M, Peel JL, Flanders WD, Todd K, Mulholland JA, Ryan PB, Frumkin H (2004) Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular emergency department visits. Epidemiology 15:46–56. doi:10.1097/01.EDE.0000101748.28283.97
Metzger KB, Klein M, Flanders WD, Peel JL, Mulholland JA, Langberg JJ, Tolbert PE (2007) Ambient air pollution and cardiac arrhythmias in patients with implantable defibrillators. Epidemiology 18:585–592. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e318124ff0e
Miller MR, Borthwick SJ, Shaw CA, McLean SG, McClure D, Mills NL, Duffin R, Donaldson K, Megson IL, Hadoke PWF, Newby DE (2009) Direct impairment of vascular function by diesel exhaust particulate through reduced bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide induced by superoxide free radicals. Environ Health Perspect 117:611–616
Mills NL, Tornquist H, Robinson SD, Gonzalez M, Darnley K, MacNee W, Boon NA, Donaldson K, Blomberg A, Sandstrom T, Newby DE (2005) Diesel exhaust inhalation causes vascular dysfunction and impaired endogenous fibrinolysis. Circulation 112:3930–3936. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.588962
Mills NL, Tornquist H, Gonzalez MC, Vink E, Robinson SD, Soderberg S, Boon NA, Donaldson K, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A, Newby DE (2007) Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary disease. N Engl J Med 357:1075–1082. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa066314
Nafstad P, Haheim LL, Wisloff T, Gram F, Oftedal B, Holme I, Hjermann I, Leren P (2004) Urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of Norwegian men. Environ Health Perspect 112:610–615
Neuman RB, Bloom HL, Shukrullah I, Darron LA, Kleinbaum D, Jones DP, Dudley SC Jr (2007) Oxidative stress markers are associated with persistent atrial fibrillation. Clin Chem 53(9):1652–1657. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.083923
Park SK, O’Neill MS, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Schwartz J (2005) Effects of air pollution on heart rate variability: the VA normative aging study. Environ Health Perspect 113:304–309
Park SK, O’Neill MS, Stunder BJB, Vokanas PS, Sparrow D, Koutrakis P, Schwartz J (2007) Source location of air pollution and cardiac autonomic function: Trajectory cluster analysis for exposure assessment. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:488–497. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500552
Pekkanen J, Peters A, Hoek G, Tiittanen P, Brunekreef B, de Hartog J, Heinrich J, Ibald-Mulli A, Kreyling WG, Lanki T, Timonen KL, Vanninen E (2002) Particulate air pollution and risk of ST-segment depression during repeated submaximal exercise tests among subjects with coronary heart disease. Circulation 106:933–938. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000027561.41736.3C
Pereira CEL et al (2007) Ambient particulate air pollution from vehicles promotes lipid peroxidation and inflammatory responses in rat lung. Braz J Med Biol Res 40:1353–1359
Peretz A, Peck EC, Bammler TK, Beyer RP, Sullivan JH, Trenga CA, Srinouanprachnah S, Farin FM, Kaufman JD (2007) Diesel exhaust inhalation and assessment of peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene transcription effects: an exploratory study of healthy human volunteers. Inhal Toxicol 19:1107–1119. doi:10.1080/08958370701665384
Peretz A, Sullivan JH, Leotta DF, Tenga CA, Sands FN, Allen J, Carlsten C, Wilkinson CW, Gill EA, Kaufman JD (2008) Diesel exhaust inhalation elicits acute vasoconstriction in vivo. Environ Health Perspect 116:937–942
Peters A, Liu E, Verrier RL, Schwartz J, Gold DR, Mittleman M, Baliff J, Oh JA, Allen G, Monahan K, Dockery DW (2000) Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Epidemiology 11(1):11–17. doi:10.1097/00001648-200001000-00005
Peters A, von Klot S, Heier M, Trentinaglia I, Hormann A, Wichmann HE, Lowel H (2004) Exposure to traffic and onset of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 351:1721–1730. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040203
Pope CA, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW, Evans JS, Speizer FE, Heath CW (1995) Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am. J. Crit. Care Med 151:669–674
Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287(9):1132–1141. doi:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132
Probst-Hensch NM, Imboden M, Dietrich DF, Barthelemy J-C, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Berger W, Gaspoz J-M, Schwartz J (2008) Glutathione S-Transperase polymorphisms, passive smoking, obesity, and heart rate variability in nonsmokers. Environ Health Perspect 116:1491–1499
Rao V, Frank N, Rush A, Dimmick F (2002) Chemical speciation of PM2.5 in urban and rural areas. Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association Symposium on Air Quality Measurement Methods and Technology, San Francisco
Restrepo C, Zimmerman R, Thurston G, Clemente J, Gorczynski J, Zhong M, Blaustein M, Chen LC (2004) A comparison of ground-level air quality data with New York State Department of Environmental Conservation monitoring stations data in South Bronx, New York. Atmos Environ 38:5295–5304
Rhoden CR, Wellenius GA, Ghelfi E, Lawrence J, Gonzalez-Flecha B (2005) PM-induced cardiac oxidative stress and dysfunction are mediated by autonomic stimulation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1725:305–313
Rich DQ, Mittleman MA, Link MS, Schwartz J, Luttmann-Gibson H, Catalano PJ, Speizer FE, Gold DR, Dockery DW (2006) Increased risk of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation episodes associated with acute increases in ambient air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 114:120–123
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH (2000) Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 101:1767–1772
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, Koenig W, Libby P, Lorenzatti AJ, MacFadyen JG, Nordestgaard BG, Shepherd J, Willerson JT, Glynn RJ (2008) Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 359:2195–2207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807646
Riediker M (2007) Cardiovascular effects of fine particulate matter components in highway patrol officers. Inhal Toxicol 19(Supp. 1):99–105. doi:10.1080/08958370701495238
Riediker M, Cascio WE, Griggs TR, Herbst MC, Bromberg PA, Neas L, Williams RW, Devlin RB (2004a) Particulate matter exposure in cars is associated with cardiovascular effects in healthy young men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:934–940. doi:10.1164/rccm.200310-1463OC
Riediker M, Devlin RB, Griggs TR, Herbst MC, Bromberg PA, Williams RW, Cascio WE (2004b) Cardiovascular effects in patrol officers are associated with fine particulate matter from brake wear and engine emissions. Particle Fibre Technol 1:2. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-1-2 open access
Romieu I, Garcia-Esteban R, Sunyer J, Rios C, Alcaraz-Zubeldia M, Velasco SR, Holguin R (2008) The effect of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on markers of oxidative stress in elderly exposed to PM2.5. Environ Health Perspect 116:1237–1242
Rosenlund M, Berglind N, Pershaden G, Hallquist J, Jonson T, Bellander T (2006) Long-term exposure to urban air pollution and myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 17:383–390. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000219722.25569.0f
Ruckerl R, Greven S, Ljungman P, Aalto P, Antoniades C, Bellander T, Berglind N, Chyrsohoou C, Forasteire F, Jacquemin B, von Klot S, Koenig W, Kuchenhoff H, Lanki T, Pekkanen J, Perucci CA, Schneider A, Sunyer J, Peters A (2007) Air pollution and inflammation (Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Fibrinogen) in myocardial infarction survivors. Environ Health Perspect 115:1072–1080
Sajadieh A, Nielsen OW, Rasmussen V, Hein HO, Abedini S, Hansen JF (2004) Increased heart rate and reduced heart-rate variability are associated with subclinical inflammation in middle-aged and elderly subjects with no apparent heart disease. Eur Heart J 25:363–370. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.003
Sarnat SE, Suh HH, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Stone PH, Gold DR (2006) Ambient particulate air pollution and cardiac arrhythmia in a panel of older adults in Steubenville, Ohio. Occup Environ Med 63:700–706
Sarnat JA et al (2008) Fine particle sources and cardiorespiratory morbidity: an application of chemical mass balance and factor analytical source-apportionment methods. Environ Health Perspect 116:459–466
Schunkert H, Samani NJ (2008) Elevated C-reactive protein in atherosclerosis–chicken or egg? N Engl J Med 359:1953–1955. doi:10.1056/NEJMe0807235
Schwartz J (2003) Daily deaths associated with air pollution in six U.S. cities and short-term mortality displacement in Boston. In Revised analyses of time-series studies of air pollution and health. Health Effects Institute, Special Report, Boston, MA, pp 219–226
Schwartz J, Park SK, O’Neill MS, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Weiss S, Kelsey K (2005a) Glutathione-S-Transferase M1, obesity, statins, and autonomic effects of particles. Am M Respir Crit Care Med 172:1529–1533. doi:10.1164/rccm.200412-1698OC
Schwartz J, Litonjua A, Suh H, Verrier M, Zanobetti A, Syring M, Nearing B, Verrier R, Stone P, MacCallum G, Speizer FE, Gold DE (2005b) Traffic related pollution and heart rate variability in a panel of elderly subjects. Thorax 60:455–461. doi:10.1136/thx.2004.024836
Seaton A, Soutar A, Crawford V, Elton R, McNerlan S, Cherrie J, Watt M, Agius R, Stout R (1999) Particulate air pollution and the blood. Thorax 54:1027–1032
Sharman JE et al (2002) Exposure to automotive pollution increases plasma susceptibility to oxidation. Arch Environ Health 57(6):536–540
Steinberg D (2002) Atherogenesis in perspective: Hypercholesterolemia and inflammation as partners in crime. Nat Med 8(11):1211–1217. doi:10.1038/nm1102-1211
Tapanainen JM, Thomsen PEB, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Makikallio TH, Still A-M, Lindgren KS, Huikuiri HV (2002) Fractal analysis of heart rate variability and mortality after an acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 90:347–352. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02488-8
Thurston GD, Spengler JD (1985) A quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in metropolitan boston. Atmos Environ 19(1):9–25. doi:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90132-5
Thurston GD et al (2005) Workshop report: workshop on source apportionment of particulate matter health effects–intercomparison of results and implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 113:1768–1774
Tolbert PE et al (2007) Multipollutant modeling issues in a study of ambient air quality and emergency department visits in Atlanta. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:S29–S35. doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500625
Tonne C et al (2007) A case–control analysis of exposure to traffic and acute myocardial infarction. Environ Health Perspect 115:53–57
Tornquist H, Mills NL, Gonzalez M, Miller MR, Robinson SD, Megson IL, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Soderberb S, Newby DE, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A (2007) Persistent endothelial dysfunction in humans after diesel exhaust inhalation. Am M Respir. Crit Care Med 176:395–400. doi:10.1164/rccm.200606-872OC
Urch B, Brook JR, Wasserstein D, Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Corey P, Silverman F (2004) Relative contributions of PM2.5 chemical constituents to acute arterial vasoconstriction in humans. Inhal Toxicol 16:345–352. doi:10.1080/0895837049043948
Urch B, Silverman F, Corey P, Brook JR, Lukic KZ, Rajagopalan S, Brook RD (2005) Acute blood pressure responses in healthy adults during controlled air pollution exposures. Environ Health Perspect 113(8):1052–1055
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2002) Health assessment document for diesel engine exhaust. http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPAAIR/2002/September/Day-03/a22368.htm
Volpato S, Guralnick JM, Ferrucci L, Balfour J, Chaves P, Fried LP, Harris TB (2001) Cardiovascular disease, interleukin-6, and risk of mortality in older women. Circulation 103:947–953
Wheeler A, Zanobetti A, Gold DR, Schwartz J, Stone P, Suh HH (2006) The relationship between ambient air pollution and heart rate variability differs for individuals with heart and pulmonary disease. Environ Health Perspect 114:560–566
White RH, Spengler JD, Dilwali KM, Barry BE, Samet JM (2005) Report of workshop on traffic, health, and infrastructure planning. Arch Environ Occup Health 60:70–76
Woollard KJ, Chin-Dusting J (2007) Therapeutic targeting of P-selectin in atherosclerosis. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 6:69–74. doi:10.2174/187152807780077345
Yan Y-H, Huang C-H, Chen W-J, Wu M-F, Cheng T-J (2008) Effects of diesel exhaust particles on left ventricular function in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury and healthy rats. Inhalation Toxicol 20:199–203
Zeger SL, Thomas D, Dominici F, Samet JM, Schwartz J, Dockery D, Cohen A (2000) Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: concepts and consequences. Environ Health Perspect 108:419–426. doi:10.2307/3454382
Zeka A, Sullivan JR, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Schwartz J (2006) Inflammatory markets and particulate air pollution: characterizing the pathway to disease. Intntl J Epdiemiol 35:1347–1354. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl132
Zhu Y, Hinds WG, Kim S, Sioutas C (2002a) Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 52:1032–1042