Cardiac biomarkers and the case for point-of-care testing

Clinical Biochemistry - Tập 42 Số 7-8 - Trang 549-561 - 2009
Barry J. McDonnell1,2,3, Stephen Hearty1,2,3, Paul Leonard1,2,3, Richard O’Kennedy1,2,3
1Biomedical Diagnostics Institute (BDI), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
2National Centre for Sensor Research (NCSR), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
3School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Allender, 2008

Char, 1998, Early laboratory indicators of acute myocardial infarction, Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am., 16, 519, 10.1016/S0733-8627(05)70016-X

Vukmir, 2004, Medical malpractice: managing the risk, Med. Law, 23, 495

White, 2004, Cause-and-effect analysis of risk management files to assess patient care in the emergency department, Acad. Emerg. Med., 11, 1035, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb00674.x

Schull, 2006, The risk of missed diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction associated with emergency department volume, Ann. Emerg. Med., 48, 647, 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.03.025

Ladue, 1954, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity in human acute transmural myocardial infarction, Science, 120, 497, 10.1126/science.120.3117.497

Vittorini, 2008, Cardiovascular biomarkers: increasing impact of laboratory medicine in cardiology practice, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 46, 748, 10.1515/CCLM.2008.188

Alpert, 2000, Myocardial infarction redefined-a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 36, 959, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00804-4

Morrow, 2007, Benchmarks for the assessment of novel cardiovascular biomarkers, Circulation, 115, 949, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683110

Apple, 2007, National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and IFCC Committee for Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: analytical issues for biochemical markers of acute coronary syndromes, Clin. Chem., 53, 547, 10.1373/clinchem.2006.084715

Braunwald, 2002, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 40, 1366, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02336-7

Amodio, 2007, Clinical impact of the troponin 99th percentile cut-off and clinical utility of myoglobin measurement in the early management of chest pain patients admitted to the Emergency Cardiology Department, Coron. Artery Dis., 18, 181, 10.1097/MCA.0b013e32801682b6

Mahmarian, 2007, The troponin conundrum: clarification through stress myocardial perfusion SPECT, J. Nucl. Cardiol., 14, 6, 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2006.12.145

Thygesen, 2007, Universal definition of myocardial infarction, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 50, 2173, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.011

Morrow, 2001, Ability of minor elevations of troponins I and T to predict benefit from an early invasive strategy in patients with unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: results from a randomized trial, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 286, 2405, 10.1001/jama.286.19.2405

Venge, 2002, Clinical performance of three cardiac troponin assays in patients with unstable coronary artery disease (a FRISC II substudy), Am. J. Cardiol., 89, 1035, 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02271-3

Morrow, 2003, Evaluation of the AccuTnI cardiac troponin I assay for risk assessment in acute coronary syndromes, Clin. Chem., 49, 1396, 10.1373/49.8.1396

Heeschen, 1999, Troponin concentrations for stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes in relation to therapeutic efficacy of tirofiban. PRISM Study Investigators. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management, Lancet, 354, 1757, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)10285-X

Hamm, 1997, Emergency room triage of patients with acute chest pain by means of rapid testing for cardiac troponin T or troponin I, N. Engl. J. Med., 337, 1648, 10.1056/NEJM199712043372302

Morrow, 2000, Cardiac troponin I for stratification of early outcomes and the efficacy of enoxaparin in unstable angina: a TIMI-11B substudy, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 36, 1812, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00942-6

Katus, 1991, Diagnostic efficiency of troponin T measurements in acute myocardial infarction, Circulation, 83, 902, 10.1161/01.CIR.83.3.902

Ohman, 1996, Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia. GUSTO IIA Investigators, N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 1333, 10.1056/NEJM199610313351801

Khan, 1999, Elevation of serum cardiac troponin I in noncardiac and cardiac diseases other than acute coronary syndromes, Am. J. Emerg. Med., 17, 225, 10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90110-9

Tun, 1998, Specificity of cardiac troponin I and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme in asymptomatic long-term hemodialysis patients and effect of hemodialysis on these cardiac markers, Cardiology, 90, 280, 10.1159/000006859

Khan, 2001, Prognostic value of serum cardiac troponin I in ambulatory patients with chronic renal failure undergoing long-term hemodialysis: a two-year outcome analysis, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 38, 991, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01513-3

Mehta, 2003, Clinical usefulness and prognostic value of elevated cardiac troponin I levels in acute pulmonary embolism, Am. Heart J., 145, 821, 10.1016/S0002-8703(02)94704-6

Punukollu, 2004, Elevated serum cardiac troponin I in rhabdomyolysis, Int. J. Cardiol., 96, 35, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.04.053

Mehta, 2004, Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction and adverse outcome in septic shock, Int. J. Cardiol., 95, 13, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.02.005

Hamwi, 2003, Troponin-I elevation in patients with increased left ventricular mass, Am. J. Cardiol., 92, 88, 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00477-6

Eriksson, 2005, Comparison of cardiac troponin I immunoassays variably affected by circulating autoantibodies, Clin. Chem., 51, 848, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.040089

Jernberg, 2003, Comparison between second and third generation troponin T assay in patients with symptoms suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome but without ST segment elevation, Cardiology, 100, 29, 10.1159/000072389

Pagani, 2004, Innotrac aio! Second-generation cardiac troponin I assay: imprecision profile and other key characteristics for clinical use, Clin. Chem., 50, 1271, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.033258

Melanson, 2007, Earlier detection of myocardial injury in a preliminary evaluation using a new troponin I assay with improved sensitivity, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 128, 282, 10.1309/Q9W5HJTT24GQCXXX

Latini, 2007, Prognostic value of very low plasma concentrations of troponin T in patients with stable chronic heart failure, Circulation, 116, 1242, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.655076

Le Moal, 2007, Earlier detection of myocardial infarction by an improved cardiac TnI assay, Clin. Biochem., 40, 1065, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.05.004

James, 2006, The antibody configurations of cardiac troponin I assays may determine their clinical performance, Clin. Chem., 52, 832, 10.1373/clinchem.2005.064857

Panteghini, 2005, Selection of antibodies and epitopes for cardiac troponin immunoassays: should we revise our evidence-based beliefs?, Clin. Chem., 51, 803, 10.1373/clinchem.2005.049239

Ferrieres, 1998, Human cardiac troponin I: precise identification of antigenic epitopes and prediction of secondary structure, Clin. Chem., 44, 487, 10.1093/clinchem/44.3.487

Casals, 2007, Evaluation of a new ultrasensitive assay for cardiac troponin I, Clin. Biochem., 40, 1406, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.08.012

Bunk, 2000, Heterogeneity in human cardiac troponin I standards, Anal. Biochem., 284, 191, 10.1006/abio.2000.4710

Gaze, 2008, Multiple molecular forms of circulating cardiac troponin: analytical and clinical significance, Ann Clin. Biochem., 45, 349, 10.1258/acb.2007.007229

Katrukha, 1998, Degradation of cardiac troponin I: implication for reliable immunodetection, Clin. Chem., 44, 2433, 10.1093/clinchem/44.12.2433

Bunk, 2006, Characterization of a new certified reference material for human cardiac troponin I, Clin. Chem., 52, 212, 10.1373/clinchem.2005.051359

Christenson, 2006, Toward standardization of cardiac troponin I measurements part II: assessing commutability of candidate reference materials and harmonization of cardiac troponin I assays, Clin. Chem., 52, 1685, 10.1373/clinchem.2006.068437

Panteghini, 2008, Review: standardization of troponin I measurements: an update, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 10.1515/CCLM.2008.291

Collinson, 2003, Are troponins confusing?, Heart, 89, 1285, 10.1136/heart.89.11.1285

Hjortshøj, 2007, Improved assay of cardiac troponin I is more sensitive than other assays of necrosis markers, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 68, 130, 10.1080/00365510701639418

Hickman, 2007, Newer cardiac troponin I assays have similar performance to troponin T in patients with end-stage renal disease, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 44, 285, 10.1258/000456307780480855

Apple, 2004, Serum 99th percentile reference cutoffs for seven cardiac troponin assays, Clin. Chem., 50, 1477, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.036129

Clerico, 2008, Distribution of plasma cardiac troponin I values in healthy subjects: pathophysiological considerations, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 46, 804, 10.1515/CCLM.2008.162

Hickman, 2007, Reporting of cardiac troponin—problems with the 99th population percentile, Clin. Chim. Acta, 381, 182, 10.1016/j.cca.2007.03.012

Tate, 2008, The determination of the 99th centile level for troponin assays in an Australian reference population, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 45, 275, 10.1258/acb.2007.007185

Apple, 2007, Serum and plasma cardiac troponin I 99th percentile reference values for 3 2nd-generation assays, Clin. Chem., 53, 1558, 10.1373/clinchem.2007.087718

Schultze, 2008, Ultrasensitive cross-species measurement of cardiac troponin-I using the Erenna immunoassay system, Toxicol. Pathol., 36, 777, 10.1177/0192623308322016

Todd, 2007, Ultrasensitive flow-based immunoassays using single-molecule counting, Clin. Chem., 53, 1990, 10.1373/clinchem.2007.091181

Wu, 2006, Serial testing of B-type natriuretic peptide and NTpro-BNP for monitoring therapy of heart failure: the role of biologic variation in the interpretation of results, Am. Heart J., 152, 828, 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.08.021

Maisel, 2002, Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure, N. Engl. J. Med., 347, 161, 10.1056/NEJMoa020233

Ray, 2008, Differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea: the value of B natriuretic peptides in the emergency department, QJM, 101, 831, 10.1093/qjmed/hcn080

Wright, 2003, Plasma amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and accuracy of heart-failure diagnosis in primary care: a randomized, controlled trial, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 42, 1793, 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.05.011

Rehman, 2008, Natriuretic peptides for guiding heart failure therapy, Compr. Ther., 34, 32

Rehman, 2008, Inflammatory markers, amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and mortality risk in dyspneic patients, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 130, 305, 10.1309/L7BP57F7UF7YNYKX

Rehman, 2008, Natriuretic peptide testing in clinical medicine, Cardiol. Rev., 16, 240, 10.1097/CRD.0b013e3181815333

Jourdain, 2007, Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 49, 1733, 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.081

Pfister R, Diedrichs H, Larbig R, Erdmann E, Schneider C.A. NT-pro-BNP for differential diagnosis in patients with syncope. Int. J. Cardiol. in press.

Oremus, 2008, A systematic review of BNP as a predictor of prognosis in persons with coronary artery disease, Clin. Biochem., 41, 260, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.09.011

Januzzi, 2007, Measurement of the interleukin family member ST2 in patients with acute dyspnea results from the PRIDE (Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department) study, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 50, 607, 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.05.014

Critical Diagnostics. Cardiac biomarker soluble ST2 offers value in care of heart failure patients. http://www.criticaldiagnostics.com/news.htm; Retrieved October 25 2008.

Ridker, 2005, Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 294, 326, 10.1001/jama.294.3.326

Ross, 1999, Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 115, 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207

Packard, 2008, Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction, Clin. Chem., 54, 24, 10.1373/clinchem.2007.097360

Libby, 2002, Inflammation in atherosclerosis, Nature, 420, 868, 10.1038/nature01323

Pepys, 2001, The renaissance of C reactive protein, BMJ, 322, 4, 10.1136/bmj.322.7277.4

Labarrere, 2004, C-reactive protein: from innocent bystander to pivotal mediator of atherosclerosis, Am. J. Med., 117, 499, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.039

Black, 2004, C-reactive protein, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 48487, 10.1074/jbc.R400025200

Yasojima, 2001, Generation of C-reactive protein and complement components in atherosclerotic plaques, Am. J. Pathol., 158, 1039, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64051-5

Blake, 2003, C-reactive protein and other inflammatory risk markers in acute coronary syndromes, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 41, 37S, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02953-4

Azzazy, 2006, Unbound free fatty acids and heart-type fatty acid-binding protein: diagnostic assays and clinical applications, Clin. Chem., 52, 19, 10.1373/clinchem.2005.056143

Khreiss, 2004, Conformational rearrangement in C-reactive protein is required for proinflammatory actions on human endothelial cells, Circulation, 109, 2016, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000125527.41598.68

Pearson, 2004, CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: application to clinical and public health practice: overview, Circulation, 110, e543, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000148979.11121.6B

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety, Division of Chemistry and Toxicology Devices. Review criteria for assessment of C-reactive protein (CRP), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cardiac C-reactive protein (cCRP) assays. 2005; http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/oivd/guidance/1246.html.

Ridker, 2007, Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 297, 611, 10.1001/jama.297.6.611

Ridker, 2003, Rosuvastatin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients with low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: rationale and design of the JUPITER trial, Circulation, 108, 2292, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000100688.17280.E6

Calabro, 2003, Inflammatory cytokines stimulated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells, Circulation, 108, 1930, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000096055.62724.C5

Sakkinen, 2002, C-reactive protein and myocardial infarction, J. Clin. Epidemiol., 55, 445, 10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00502-9

Morrow, 1998, C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 31, 1460, 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00136-3

Heeschen, 2000, Predictive value of C-reactive protein and troponin T in patients with unstable angina: a comparative analysis. CAPTURE Investigators. Chimeric c7E3 AntiPlatelet Therapy in Unstable angina REfractory to standard treatment trial, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 35, 1535, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00581-7

Lindahl, 2000, Markers of myocardial damage and inflammation in relation to long-term mortality in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during InStability in Coronary Artery Disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 343, 1139, 10.1056/NEJM200010193431602

Ridker, 1997, Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men, N. Engl. J. Med., 336, 973, 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401

Ridker, 2000, C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women, N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 836, 10.1056/NEJM200003233421202

Ridker, 2001, Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events, N. Engl. J. Med., 344, 1959, 10.1056/NEJM200106283442601

Solomon, 2001, Use of risk stratification to identify patients with unstable angina likeliest to benefit from an invasive versus conservative management strategy, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 38, 969, 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01503-0

Ridker, 2004, Clinical usefulness of very high and very low levels of C-reactive protein across the full range of Framingham Risk Scores, Circulation, 109, 1955, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000125690.80303.A8

Hazen, 2004, Myeloperoxidase and plaque vulnerability, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 24, 1143, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000135267.82813.52

Brennan, 2003, Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain, N. Engl. J. Med., 349, 1595, 10.1056/NEJMoa035003

Hazen, 1997, 3-Chlorotyrosine, a specific marker of myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation, is markedly elevated in low density lipoprotein isolated from human atherosclerotic intima, J. Clin. Invest., 99, 2075, 10.1172/JCI119379

Sugiyama, 2001, Macrophage myeloperoxidase regulation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human atherosclerosis and implications in acute coronary syndromes, Am. J. Pathol., 158, 879, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64036-9

Vita, 2004, Serum myeloperoxidase levels independently predict endothelial dysfunction in humans, Circulation, 110, 1134, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140262.20831.8F

Baldus, 2003, Myeloperoxidase serum levels predict risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 108, 1440, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000090690.67322.51

Morrow, 2008, Concurrent evaluation of novel cardiac biomarkers in acute coronary syndrome: myeloperoxidase and soluble CD40 ligand and the risk of recurrent ischaemic events in TACTICS-TIMI 18, Eur. Heart J., 29, 1096, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn071

Zhang, 2001, Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 286, 2136, 10.1001/jama.286.17.2136

Apple, 2005, Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome, Clin. Chem., 51, 810, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.046292

Heeschen, 2003, Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 1104, 10.1056/NEJMoa022600

Varo, 2003, Soluble CD40L: risk prediction after acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 108, 1049, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000088521.04017.13

Tamura, 2001, Soluble CD154 in rheumatoid arthritis: elevated plasma levels in cases with vasculitis, J. Rheumatol., 28, 2583

Lee, 2001, Elevation and biological activity of CD40 ligand (CD40L): potential mechanism of platelet-mediated inflammation in sickle cell disease, Blood, 98, 483a

Kato, 1999, The soluble CD40 ligand sCD154 in systemic lupus erythematosus, J. Clin. Invest., 104, 947, 10.1172/JCI7014

Halldorsdottir, 2005, Soluble CD40 ligand measurement inaccuracies attributable to specimen type, processing time, and ELISA method, Clin. Chem., 51, 1054, 10.1373/clinchem.2005.048199

Weber, 2006, Influence of sample type and storage conditions on soluble CD40 ligand assessment, Clin. Chem., 52, 888, 10.1373/clinchem.2005.062083

Lin, 1974, Characterization of four human pregnancy-associated plasma proteins, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 118, 223, 10.1016/0002-9378(74)90553-5

Bayes-Genis, 2001, Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a marker of acute coronary syndromes, N. Engl. J. Med., 345, 1022, 10.1056/NEJMoa003147

Lund, 2003, Circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein a predicts outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome but no troponin I elevation, Circulation, 108, 1924, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000096054.18485.07

Heeschen, 2005, Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes: comparison with markers of systemic inflammation, platelet activation, and myocardial necrosis, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 45, 229, 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.09.060

Elesber, 2006, Prognostic value of circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein levels in patients with chronic stable angina, Eur. Heart J., 27, 1678, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl042

Qin, 2006, Immunoassays developed for pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in pregnancy may not recognize PAPP-A in acute coronary syndromes, Clin. Chem., 52, 398, 10.1373/clinchem.2005.058396

Qin, 2005, Molecular distinction of circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in myocardial infarction and pregnancy, Clin. Chem., 51, 75, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.036467

Wu, 2003, Ischemia modified albumin, free fatty acids, whole blood choline, B-type natriuretic peptide, glycogen phosphorylase BB, and cardiac troponin, Cardiac markers, 259, 10.1385/1-59259-385-2:259

Danne, 2003, Prognostic implications of elevated whole blood choline levels in acute coronary syndromes, Am. J. Cardiol., 91, 1060, 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00149-8

Danne, 2007, Whole blood choline and plasma choline in acute coronary syndromes: prognostic and pathophysiological implications, Clin. Chim. Acta, 383, 103, 10.1016/j.cca.2007.05.001

Jesse, 2001, Rationale for the early clinical application of markers of ischemia in patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes, Cardiovasc. Toxicol., 1, 125, 10.1385/CT:1:2:125

Morrow, 2003, The search for a biomarker of cardiac ischemia, Clin. Chem., 49, 537, 10.1373/49.4.537

Roy, 2004, Ischemia modified albumin for the assessment of patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain but normal or non-diagnostic 12-lead electrocardiograms and negative cardiac troponin T, Int. J. Cardiol., 97, 297, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.05.042

Bar-Or, 2001, Reduced albumin-cobalt binding with transient myocardial ischemia after elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a preliminary comparison to creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin, and troponin I, Am. Heart J., 141, 985, 10.1067/mhj.2001.114800

Sinha, 2003, Ischemia modified albumin is a sensitive marker of myocardial ischemia after percutaneous coronary intervention, Circulation, 107, 2403, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072764.18315.6B

Christenson, 2001, Characteristics of an Albumin Cobalt Binding Test for assessment of acute coronary syndrome patients: a multicenter study, Clin. Chem., 47, 464, 10.1093/clinchem/47.3.464

Anwaruddin, 2005, Ischemia-modified albumin improves the usefulness of standard cardiac biomarkers for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in the emergency department setting, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 123, 140, 10.1309/4BCTG5UCYMQFWBLR

Apple, 2002, Release characteristics of cardiac biomarkers and ischemia-modified albumin as measured by the albumin cobalt-binding test after a marathon race, Clin. Chem., 48, 1097, 10.1093/clinchem/48.7.1097

Berenshtein, 1997, Patterns of mobilization of copper and iron following myocardial ischemia: possible predictive criteria for tissue injury, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 29, 3025, 10.1006/jmcc.1997.0535

Cobbe, 1980, The time of onset and severity of acidosis in myocardial ischaemia, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 12, 745, 10.1016/0022-2828(80)90077-2

Borderie, 2004, High ischemia-modified albumin concentration reflects oxidative stress but not myocardial involvement in systemic sclerosis, Clin. Chem., 50, 2190, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.034371

Bhagavan, 2003, Evaluation of human serum albumin cobalt binding assay for the assessment of myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction, Clin. Chem., 49, 581, 10.1373/49.4.581

Worster, 2005, Capability of ischemia-modified albumin to predict serious cardiac outcomes in the short term among patients with potential acute coronary syndrome, CMAJ, 172, 1685, 10.1503/cmaj.045194

Sinha, 2004, Role of “ischemia modified albumin”, a new biochemical marker of myocardial ischaemia, in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes, Emerg. Med. J., 21, 29, 10.1136/emj.2003.006007

Spector, 1975, Fatty acid binding to plasma albumin, J. Lipid Res., 16, 165, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)36723-7

Hendrickson, 1997, Free fatty acid metabolism during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, Mol. Cell. Biochem., 166, 85, 10.1023/A:1006886601825

Kleinfeld, 2002, Serum levels of unbound free fatty acids reveal high sensitivity for early detection of acute myocardial infarction in patients samples from the TIMI II trial, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 39, 312A, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)81400-0

Adams, 2002, Measurement of levels of unbound free fatty acid allows the early identification of patients with acute coronary syndrome, Circulation, 106

Jouven, 2001, Circulating nonesterified fatty acid level as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in the population, Circulation, 104, 756, 10.1161/hc3201.094151

Wodzig, 1997, One-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for plasma fatty acid-binding protein, Ann. Clin. Biochem., 34, 263, 10.1177/000456329703400307

Storch, 2000, The fatty acid transport function of fatty acid-binding proteins, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1486, 28, 10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00046-9

Alhadi, 2004, Do we need additional markers of myocyte necrosis: the potential value of heart fatty-acid-binding protein, QJM, 97, 187, 10.1093/qjmed/hch037

Glatz, 1998, Fatty acid-binding protein and the early detection of acute myocardial infarction, Clin. Chim. Acta, 272, 87, 10.1016/S0009-8981(97)00255-6

Okamoto, 2000, Human heart-type cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical evaluation of H-FABP in comparison with myoglobin and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 38, 231, 10.1515/CCLM.2000.034

Ishii, 2005, Prognostic value of serum concentration of heart-type fatty acid-binding protein relative to cardiac troponin T on admission in the early hours of acute coronary syndrome, Clin. Chem., 51, 1397, 10.1373/clinchem.2004.047662

Kilcullen, 2005, Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein predicts long-term mortality in troponin-negative patients with acute coronary syndrome, Circulation, 112, II-388

O'Donoghue, 2006, Prognostic utility of heart-type fatty acid binding protein in patients with acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, 114, 550, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.641936

McIntyre, 1974, Determinants of right ventricular function and hemodynamics after pulmonary embolism, Chest, 65, 534, 10.1378/chest.65.5.534

Konstantinides, 2005, Pulmonary embolism: impact of right ventricular dysfunction, Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 20, 496, 10.1097/01.hco.0000179818.65329.bb

Puls, 2007, Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein permits early risk stratification of pulmonary embolism, Eur. Heart J., 28, 224, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl405

Hermens, 1998, Mechanisms of protein release from injured heart muscle, Dev. Cardiovasc. Med., 205, 85, 10.1007/978-94-017-2380-0_8

Van Nieuwenhoven, 1995, Discrimination between myocardial and skeletal muscle injury by assessment of the plasma ratio of myoglobin over fatty acid-binding protein, Circulation, 92, 2848, 10.1161/01.CIR.92.10.2848

Gorski, 1997, Increased fatty acid-binding protein concentration in plasma of patients with chronic renal failure, Clin. Chem., 43, 193, 10.1093/clinchem/43.1.193a

Zschiesche, 1995, Histochemical localization of heart-type fatty-acid binding protein in human and murine tissues, Histochem. Cell Biol., 103, 147, 10.1007/BF01454012

Mair, 2005, Markers for perioperative myocardial ischemia: what both interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons need to know, Heart Surg. Forum, 8, E319, 10.1532/HSF98.20051123

Wu, 2004, Evaluation of a point-of-care assay for cardiac markers for patients suspected of acute myocardial infarction, Clin. Chim. Acta, 346, 211, 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.03.036

Ordonez-Llanos, 2006, Risk stratification of chest pain patients by point-of-care cardiac troponin T and myoglobin measured in the emergency department, Clin. Chim. Acta, 365, 93, 10.1016/j.cca.2005.07.035

James, 2004, A rapid troponin I assay is not optimal for determination of troponin status and prediction of subsequent cardiac events at suspicion of unstable coronary syndromes, Int. J. Cardiol., 93, 113, 10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00157-8

Agewall, 2003, Evaluation of point-of-care test systems using the new definition of myocardial infarction, Clin. Biochem., 36, 27, 10.1016/S0009-9120(02)00417-4

Cramer, 2007, Lack of concordance between a rapid bedside and conventional laboratory method of cardiac troponin testing: impact on risk stratification of patients suspected of acute coronary syndrome, Clin. Chim. Acta, 381, 164, 10.1016/j.cca.2007.03.001

Sluss, 2006, Cardiac markers: current technologies for their measurement at point of care, J. Near-Patient Test Tech., 5, 38, 10.1097/00134384-200603000-00009

McBride, 2008, A high sensitivity assay for the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein employing acoustic biosensing, J. Nano Biotechnology, 6, 5

Rathore, 2008, Is it safe to discharge patients from accident and emergency using a rapid point of care Triple Cardiac Marker test to rule out acute coronary syndrome in low to intermediate risk patients presenting with chest pain?, Eur. J. Intern. Med., 19, 537, 10.1016/j.ejim.2008.01.014

Alehagen, 2008, A clinician's experience of using the Cardiac Reader NT-proBNP point-of-care assay in a clinical setting, Eur. J. Heart Fail., 10, 260, 10.1016/j.ejheart.2008.01.005

Kurihara, 2008, Evaluation of cardiac assays on a benchtop chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay analyzer, PATHFAST, Anal. Biochem., 375, 144, 10.1016/j.ab.2007.12.030

Apple, 2006, Decreased patient charges following implementation of point-of-care cardiac troponin monitoring in acute coronary syndrome patients in a community hospital cardiology unit, Clin. Chim. Acta, 370, 191, 10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.011

S.A. Haq, M. Tavakol, S. Silber, et al. Enhancing the diagnostic performance of troponins in the acute care setting. J. Emerg. Med. 2008 (In press).

Renaud, 2008, Impact of point-of-care testing in the emergency department evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes, Acad. Emerg. Med., 15, 216, 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00069.x

Apple, 2007, Multiple biomarker use for detection of adverse events in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome, Clin. Chem., 53, 874, 10.1373/clinchem.2006.080192

Straface, 2008, A rapid point-of-care cardiac marker testing strategy facilitates the rapid diagnosis and management of chest pain patients in the emergency department, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 129, 788, 10.1309/9GGNMURLJWJD88W3

Möckel, 2008, Development of an optimized multimarker strategy for early risk assessment of patients with acute coronary syndromes, Clin. Chim. Acta, 393, 103, 10.1016/j.cca.2008.03.022

M. Kemmler, B. Koger, G. Sulz, et al. Compact point-of-care system for clinical diagnostics. Sensors and actuators B: Chemical, 2008 (In Press).

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health. CLIA Clinical laboratory improvement amendments. http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/clia/cliawaived.html;Retrieved October 27, 2008.

Nichols, 2007, Point of care testing, Clin. Lab. Med., 27, 893, 10.1016/j.cll.2007.07.003

Von Lode, 2005, Point-of-care immunotesting: approaching the analytical performance of central laboratory methods, Clin. Biochem., 38, 591, 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.03.008

Manolio, 2003, Novel risk markers and clinical practice, N. Engl. J. Med., 349, 1587, 10.1056/NEJMp038136

Kemp, 2004, Biochemical markers of myocardial injury, Br. J. Anaesth., 93, 63, 10.1093/bja/aeh148