Carcinogenic assessment of cobalt-containing alloys in medical devices or cobalt in occupational settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of overall cancer risk from published epidemiologic studies

Authors/Task Force, 2014, Eur. Heart J., 35, 2541, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu278 Ayubi, 2021, Association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of bone fractures in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin. Exp. Pediatr., 64, 96, 10.3345/cep.2019.01466 Bonaventura, 2017, Coronary stenting: a matter of revascularization, World J. Cardiol., 9, 207, 10.4330/wjc.v9.i3.207 Breslow, 1980, 36 Brewster, 2013, Risk of cancer following primary total hip replacement or primary resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip: a retrospective cohort study in Scotland, Br. J. Canc., 108, 1883, 10.1038/bjc.2013.129 Brophy, 2003, Evidence for use of coronary stents. A hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis, Ann. Intern. Med., 138, 777, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-10-200305200-00005 Chhabra, 2020 2020, Official Journal of the European Union Davis, 2003, Chapter 3. Metallic materials, 21 DerSimonian, 1986, Meta-analysis in clinical trials, Contr. Clin. Trials, 7, 177, 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 Doll, 1981, The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 66, 1191, 10.1093/jnci/66.6.1192 Eichenbaum, 2021 Ekman, 2018, Midterm risk of cancer with metal-on-metal hip replacements not increased in a Finnish population, Acta Orthop., 89, 575, 10.1080/17453674.2018.1487202 Zhou, 2016, Off-hour admission and mortality risk for 28 specific diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 251 cohorts, J. Am. Heart Assoc., 5, 10.1161/JAHA.115.003102 Ethgen, 2004, Health-related quality of life in total hip and total knee arthroplasty. A qualitative and systematic review of the literature, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 86, 963, 10.2106/00004623-200405000-00012 European Chemicals Agency Committee for Risk Assessment, RAC. Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at EU level of cobalt. EC Number: 231-158-0. CAS Number: 7440-48-4. CLH-O-0000001412-86-172/F. Adopted 22 September 2017. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/b7316b11-ae65-1dd0-2e64-bb6ad3efbd82. (Accessed 22 June 2019). Fryzek, 1999, Cancer risk among patients with finger and hand joint and temporo-mandibular joint prostheses in Denmark, Int. J. Canc., 81, 723, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990531)81:5<723::AID-IJC9>3.0.CO;2-R Gillespie, 1988, The incidence of cancer following total hip replacement, J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 70, 539, 10.1302/0301-620X.70B4.3403594 Gillespie, 1996, Development of hematopoietic cancers after implantation of total joint replacement, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 329, S290, 10.1097/00003086-199608001-00026 Goldacre, 2005, Cancer following hip and knee arthroplasty: record linkage study, Br. J. Canc., 92, 1298, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602511 Gomes, 2017, Advantages and limitations of national arthroplasty registries. The need for multicenter registries: the Rempro-SBQ, Rev. Bras. Ortop., 52, 3, 10.1016/j.rbo.2017.06.005 Grimsrud, 2005, Can lung cancer risk among nickel refinery workers be explained by occupational exposures other than nickel?, Epidemiology, 16, 146, 10.1097/01.ede.0000152902.48916.d7 Guyatt, 2011, GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence--imprecision, J. Clin. Epidemiol., 64, 1283, 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012 Hailer, 2020, No generally increased risk of cancer after total hip arthroplasty performed due to osteoarthritis, Int. J. Canc., 147, 76, 10.1002/ijc.32711 Higgins, 2002, Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis, Stat. Med., 21, 1539, 10.1002/sim.1186 Higgins, 2003, Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses, BMJ, 327, 557, 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 Holy, 2021 Huang, 2019, Increased spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and stroke incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., 28, 104260, 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.06.018 Hunt, 2017, The main cause of death following primary total hip and knee replacement for osteoarthritis: a cohort study of 26,766 deaths following 332,734 hip replacements and 29,802 deaths following 384,291 knee replacements, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 99, 565, 10.2106/JBJS.16.00586 Hunt, 2018, The risk of developing cancer following metal-on-metal hip replacement compared with non metal-on-metal hip bearings: findings from a prospective national registry "The National Joint Registry of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, PloS One, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0204356 1999, Surgical implants and other foreign bodies, vol. 74 IntHout, 2014, The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method, BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14, 25, 10.1186/1471-2288-14-25 Kirkup, 2004, The history and evolution of surgical instruments. Part XII: complex, auxiliary and subsidiary instruments, Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 86, 202, 10.1308/003588404323043355 Kovochich, 2021 Lalmohamed, 2013, Patterns of risk of cancer in patients with metal-on-metal hip replacements versus other bearing surface types: a record linkage study between a prospective joint registry and general practice electronic health records in England, PloS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0065891 Lehil, 2014, Trends in total hip arthroplasty implant utilization in the United States, J. Arthroplasty, 29, 1915, 10.1016/j.arth.2014.05.017 Levasic, 2018, Risk of cancer after primary total hip replacement: the influence of bearings, cementation and the material of the stem, Acta Orthop., 89, 234, 10.1080/17453674.2018.1431854 Makela, 2014, Cancer incidence and cause-specific mortality in patients with metal-on-metal hip replacements in Finland, Acta Orthop., 85, 32, 10.3109/17453674.2013.878830 Marsh, 2017, Mortality among hardmetal production workers: US cohort and nested case-control studies, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, e306, 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001075 McElvenny, 2017, Mortality among hardmetal production workers: UK cohort and nested case-control studies, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, e275, 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001036 Moher, 2009, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, BMJ, 339, b2535, 10.1136/bmj.b2535 Monnot, 2021 Morfeld, 2017, Mortality among hardmetal production workers: German historical cohort study, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, e288, 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001061 Moulin, 2000, Risk of lung cancer in workers producing stainless steel and metallic alloys, Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 73, 171, 10.1007/s004200050024 Moulin, 1993, A mortality study of cobalt production workers: an extension of the follow-up, Am. J. Ind. Med., 23, 281, 10.1002/ajim.4700230205 Moulin, 1998, Lung cancer risk in hard-metal workers, Am. J. Epidemiol., 148, 241, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009631 Naafs, 2020, Cognitive outcome in congenital central hypothyroidism: a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual patient data, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 182, 351, 10.1530/EJE-19-0874 Nadler, 2014, Estimating cancer latency times using a weibull model, Advances in Epidemiology, 10.1155/2014/746769 Olsen, 1999, Hip and knee implantations among patients with osteoarthritis and risk of cancer: a record-linkage study from Denmark, Int. J. Canc., 81, 719, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990531)81:5<719::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-D Onega, 2006, Cancer after total joint arthroplasty: a meta-analysis, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 15, 1532, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0127 Paavolainen, 1999, Cancer incidence after total knee arthroplasty: a nationwide Finnish cohort from 1980 to 1996 involving 9,444 patients, Acta Orthop. Scand., 70, 609, 10.3109/17453679908997851 Paavolainen, 2002, Causes of death after total hip arthroplasty: a nationwide cohort study with 24,638 patients, J. Arthroplasty, 17, 274, 10.1054/arth.2002.30774 Paustenbach, 2013, A review of the health hazards posed by cobalt, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 43, 316, 10.3109/10408444.2013.779633 Robertsson, 2010, Knee arthroplasty in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. A pilot study from the nordic arthroplasty register association, Acta Orthop., 81, 82, 10.3109/17453671003685442 Sauni, 2017, Cancer incidence among Finnish male cobalt production workers in 1969-2013: a cohort study, BMC Canc., 17, 340, 10.1186/s12885-017-3333-2 Signorello, 2001, Nationwide study of cancer risk among hip replacement patients in Sweden, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 93, 1405, 10.1093/jnci/93.18.1405 Simon, 2015, Incidence of malignancy in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis, Arthritis Res. Ther., 17, 212, 10.1186/s13075-015-0728-9 Stopford, 2003, Bioaccessibility testing of cobalt compounds, J. Environ. Monit., 5, 675, 10.1039/b302257a Suissa, 2007, Primer: administrative health databases in observational studies of drug effects--advantages and disadvantages, Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol., 3, 725, 10.1038/ncprheum0652 Svartengren, 2017, Cancer incidence among hardmetal production workers: the Swedish cohort, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, e365, 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001185 Tuchsen, 1996, Incidence of lung cancer among cobalt-exposed women, Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health, 22, 444, 10.5271/sjweh.166 Visuri, 2010, A retrospective comparative study of mortality and causes of death among patients with metal-on-metal and metal-on-polyethylene total hip prostheses in primary osteoarthritis after a long-term follow-up, BMC Muscoskel. Disord., 11, 78, 10.1186/1471-2474-11-78 Visuri, 2016, Long-term mortality and causes of death among patients with a total knee prosthesis in primary osteoarthritis, Knee, 23, 162, 10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.002 Visuri, 1996, Cancer risk after metal on metal and polyethylene on metal total hip arthroplasty, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 329, S280, 10.1097/00003086-199608001-00025 Visuri, 2010, Cancer risk is not increased after conventional hip arthroplasty, Acta Orthop., 81, 77, 10.3109/17453671003667150 Wagner, 2011, Increased cancer risks among arthroplasty patients: 30 year follow-up of the Swedish Knee Arthroplasty Register, Eur. J. Canc., 47, 1061, 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.11.023 Wallner, 2017, Mortality among hardmetal production workers: a retrospective cohort study in the Austrian hardmetal industry, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, e282, 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001046 Wells Westberg, 2017, Mortality among hardmetal production workers: the Swedish cohort, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 59, e263, 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001054