Carbonation of Stainless Steel Slag as a Process for CO2 Storage and Slag Valorization

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development): Iron and steel industry report 2000. OECD, Paris (2002)

Rynikiewicz, C.: The climate change challenge and transitions for radical changes in the European steel industry. J. Clean. Prod. 16, 781–789 (2008)

Proctor, D.M., Fehling, K.A., Shay, E.C., et al.: Physical and chemical characteristics of blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace, and electric arc furnace steel industry slags. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 1576–1582 (2000)

Federacciai (Federation of Italian Steel Companies).: The Italian steel industry key statistics 2009. http://www.federacciai.it/MenuSx/siderurgia2009.pdf . Accessed 6 Sep 2010

Motz, H., Geiseler, J.: Products of steel slags an opportunity to save natural resources. Waste Manage. 21, 285–293 (2001)

Shen, H., Forssberg, E.: An overview of recovery of metals from slags. Waste Manage. 23, 933–949 (2003)

Costa, G., Baciocchi, R., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Hills, C.D., Carey, P.J.: Current status and perspectives of accelerated carbonation processes on municipal waste combustion residues. Environ. Monit. Assess. 135, 55–75 (2007)

Van Gerven, T., Van Keer, E., Arickx, S., Jaspers, M., Wauters, G., Vandecasteele, C.: Carbonation of MSWI—bottom ash to decrease heavy metal leaching in view of recycling. Waste Manage. 25, 291–300 (2005)

Johnson, D.C., Macleod, C.L., Hills, C.D.: Solidification of stainless steel slag by accelerated carbonation. Environ. Technol. 24, 671–678 (2003)

Chen, Q., Johnson, D.C., Zhu, L., Yuan, M., Hills, C.D.: Accelerated carbonation and leaching behaviour of the slag from iron and steel making industry. J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing 14, 297–301 (2007)

Lackner, K.S., Wendt, C.H., Butt, D.P., Joyce, E.L., Sharp, D.H.: Carbon dioxide disposal in carbonate minerals. Energy 20, 1153–1170 (1995)

Huijgen, W.J.J., Comans, R.N.J.: Carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation, literature review. ECN-C-03-016, Petten (2003)

Sipilä, J., Teir, S., Zevenhoven, R.: Carbon dioxide sequestration by mineral carbonation, literature review update 2005–2007. Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Technology, Heat Engineering Laboratory report VT 2008-1 (2008)

Reddy, K.J., Gloss, S.P., Wang, L.: Reaction of CO2 with alkaline solid wastes to contaminant mobility. Water Res. 28, 1377–1382 (1994)

Tawfic, T.A., Reddy, K.J., Gloss, S.P.: Reaction of CO2 with clean coal technology ash to reduce trace element mobility. Water Air Soil Poll. 84, 385–398 (1995)

Jia, L., Anthony, E.J.: Pacification of FBC ash in a pressurized TGA. Fuel 79, 1109–1114 (2000). (21)

Johnson, D.C.: Accelerated carbonation of waste calcium silicate materials. SCI Lecture Papers Series (2000)

Montes-Hernandez, G., Pérez-López, R., Renard, F., Nieto, J.M., Charlet, L.: Mineral sequestration of CO2 by aqueous carbonation of coal combustion fly-ash. J. Hazard. Mater. 161, 1346–1354 (2009)

Gunning, P.J., Hills, C.D., Carey, P.J.: Accelerated carbonation treatment of industrial wastes. Waste Manage. 30, 1081–1090 (2010)

Reddy, K.J., Drever, J.I., Hausfurther, V.R.: Effects of a CO2 pressure process on the solubilities of major and trace elements in oil shale solid wastes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1466–1469 (1991)

Uibu, M., Uus, M., Kuusik, R.: CO2 mineral sequestration in oil-shale wastes from Estonian power production. J. Environ. Manage. 90, 1253–1260 (2009)

Back, M., Kuehn, M., Stanjeck, H., Peiffer, S.: Reactivity of alkaline lignite fly ashes towards CO2 in water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 4520–4526 (2008)

Pérez-López, R., Montes-Hernandez, G., Nieto, J.M., Renard, F., Charlet, L.: Carbonation of alkaline paper mill waste to reduce CO2 greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Appl. Geochem. 23, 2292–2300 (2008)

Huntzinger, D.N., Gierke, J.S., Kawatra, S.K., Eisele, T.C., Sutter, L.L.: Carbon dioxide sequestration in cement kiln dust through mineral carbonation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 1986–1992 (2009)

Fernández Bertos, M., Li, X., Simons, S.J.R., Hills, C.D., Carey, P.J.: Investigation of accelerated carbonation for the stabilization of MSW incinerator ashes and the sequestration of CO2. Green Chem. 6, 428–436 (2004)

Prigiobbe, V., Polettini, A., Baciocchi, R.: Gas–solid carbonation kinetics of air pollution control residues for CO2 storage. Chem. Eng. J. 148, 270–278 (2009)

Baciocchi, R., Costa, G., Di Bartolomeo, E., Polettini, A., Pomi, R.: The effects of accelerated carbonation on CO2 uptake and metal release from incineration APC residues. Waste Manage. 29, 2994–3003 (2009)

Baciocchi, R., Costa, G., Lategano, E., Marini, C., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Postorino, P., Rocca, S.: Accelerated carbonation of different size fractions of bottom ash from RDF incineration. Waste Manage. 30, 1310–1317 (2010)

Iizuka, A., Fujii, M., Yamasaki, A., Yanagisawa, Y.: Development of a new CO2 sequestration process utilizing the carbonation of waste cement. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43, 7880–7887 (2004)

Shtepenko, O.L., Hills, C.D., Coleman, N.J., Brough, A.: Characterization and preliminary assessment of a sorbent produced by accelerated mineral carbonation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 345–354 (2005)

Huijgen, W.J.J., Witkamp, G.J., Comans, R.N.J.: Mineral CO2 sequestration by steel slag carbonation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 9676–9682 (2005)

Teir, S., Eloneva, S., Fogelholm, C.J., Zevenhoven, R.: Dissolution of steelmaking slags in acetic acid for precipitated calcium carbonate production. Energy 32, 528–539 (2007)

Eloneva, S., Teir, S., Salminen, J., Fogelholm, C.J., Zevenhoven, R.: Steel converter slag as raw material for precipitation of pure calcium carbonate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47, 7104–7111 (2008)

Kodama, S., Nishimoto, T., Yamamoto, N., Yogo, K., Yamada, K.: Development of a new pH—swing CO2 mineralization process with a recyclable reaction solution. Energy 33, 776–784 (2008)

Lekakh, S.N., Rawlins, C.H., Robertson, D.G.C., Richards, V.L., Peaslee, K.D.: Kinetics of aqueous leaching and carbonization of steelmaking slag. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 39B, 125–134 (2008)

Bonenfant, D., Kharoune, L., Sauvé, S., Hausler, R., Niquette, P., Mimeault, M., Kharoune, M.: CO2 sequestration potential of steel slags at ambient pressure and temperature. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47, 7610–7616 (2008)

Young, J.F., Berger, R.L., Breese, J.: Accelerated curing of compacted calcium silicate mortars on exposure to CO2. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 57, 394–397 (1974)

Papadakis, V.G., Vayenas, C.G., Fardis, M.N.: Experimental investigation and mathematical modeling of the concrete carbonation problem. Chem. Eng. Sci. 46, 1333–1338 (1991)

Huijgen, W.J.J., Comans, R.N.J.: Carbonation of steel slag for CO2 sequestration: leaching of products and reaction mechanisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 2790–2796 (2006)

Baciocchi, R., Costa, G., Polettini, A., Pomi, R.: Influence of particle size on the carbonation of stainless steel slag for CO2 storage. Energy Proc. 1, 4859–4866 (2009)

Teir, S.: Fixation of carbon dioxide by producing carbonates from minerals and steelmaking slags. Doctoral dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology (2008)

Shi, C.: Steel slag—its production, processing, characteristics, and cementitious properties. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16, 230–236 (2004)

Gou, Z., Chang, J., Zhai, W.: Preparation and characterization of novel bioactive dicalcium silicate ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc 25(9), 1507–1514 (2005)

Lopatin, D.V., Chizhikova, V.M.: Crystal-chemical stabilization of dicalcium silicate. Steel Transl 37, 191–195 (2007)

Reddy, A.S., Pradhan, R.K., Chandra, S.: Utilization of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag in the production of a hydraulic cement binder. Int. J. Miner. Process. 79, 98–105 (2006)

Shtepenko, O.L., Hills, C.D., Brough, A., Thomas, M.: The effect of carbon dioxide on β-dicalcium silicate and Portland cement. Chem. Eng. J. 118, 107–118 (2006)

Suer, P., Lindqvist, J.E., Arm, M., Frogner-Kockum, P.: Reproducing ten years of road ageing—accelerated carbonation and leaching of EAF steel slag. Sci. Total Environ. 407, 5110–5118 (2009)