Carbon isotope ratio of Cenozoic CO₂: A comparative evaluation of available geochemical proxies

Berggren, 1995, Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, 129, 10.2110/pec.95.04.0129

Berner, 1998, The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over Phanerozoic time: The role of land plants, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 353, 75, 10.1098/rstb.1998.0192

Berner, 2006, GEOCARBSULF: A combined model for Phanerozoic atmospheric O2 and CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 5653, 10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.032

Bibi, 2007, Dietary niche partitioning among fossil bovids in late Miocene C3 habitats: Consilience of functional morphology and stable isotope analysis, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 253, 529, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.014

Boersma, 1979, Carbon and oxygen isotope records at DSDP Site 384 (North Atlantic) and some Paleocene paleotemperatures and carbon isotope variations in the Atlantic Ocean, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 43, 695

Boisserie, 2005, Diets of modern and late Miocene hippopotamids: Evidence from carbon isotope composition and micro-wear of tooth enamel, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 221, 153, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.02.010

Broecker, 1992, The influence of air and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 315, 10.1029/92GB01672

Broecker, 1982, Tracers in the Sea

Broecker, 1985, The distribution of bomb radiocarbon in the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6953, 10.1029/JC090iC04p06953

Bump, 2007, Stable isotopes, ecological integration and environmental change: Wolves record atmospheric carbon isotope trend better than tree rings, Proc. R. Soc. B, 274, 2471, 10.1098/rspb.2007.0700

Cande, 1995, Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6093, 10.1029/94JB03098

Cerling, 1997, Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, Nature, 389, 153, 10.1038/38229

Christin, 2007, C4 photosynthesis evolved in grasses via parallel adaptive genetic changes, Curr. Biol., 17, 1241, 10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.036

Corliss, 1985, Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments, Nature, 314, 435, 10.1038/314435a0

Davies, 2001, Early Oligocene initiation of North Atlantic Deep Water formation, Nature, 410, 917, 10.1038/35073551

Deines, 1980, Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry: I. The Terrestrial Environment, 329

D'Hondt, 1993, On stable isotopic variation and earliest Paleocene planktonic foraminifera, Paleoceanography, 8, 527, 10.1029/93PA00952

D'Hondt, 1994, Stable isotopic signals and photosymbiosis in Late Paleocene planktic foraminifera, Paleobiology, 20, 391, 10.1017/S0094837300012847

Elsig, 2009, Stable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 461, 507, 10.1038/nature08393

Erez, 1983, Experimental paleotemperature equation for planktonic foraminifera, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1025, 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90232-6

Farquhar, 1989, Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 40, 503, 10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443

Feakins, 2005, Biomarker records of late Neogene changes in northeast Africa vegetation, Geology, 33, 977, 10.1130/G21814.1

Feakins, 2007, A comparison of biomarker records of northeast African vegetation from lacustrine and marine sediments (ca. 3.40 Ma), Org. Geochem., 38, 1607, 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.06.008

Follett, 2009, No-till corn after bromegrass: Effect on soil carbon and soil aggregates, Agron. J., 101, 261, 10.2134/agronj2008.0107

Fox, 2003, Tertiary history of C4 biomass in the Great Plains, USA, Geology, 31, 809, 10.1130/G19580.1

Fox, 2004, Carbon and oxygen isotopic variability in Neogene paleosol carbonates: Constraints on the evolution of the C4-grasslands of the Great Plains, USA, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 207, 305, 10.1016/S0031-0182(04)00045-8

Friedli, 1986, Ice core record of the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries, Nature, 324, 237, 10.1038/324237a0

Gröcke, 2002, The isotopic composition of ancient CO2 based on higher-plant organic matter, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 360, 633, 10.1098/rsta.2001.0965

Gruber, 1999, Spatiotemporal patterns of carbon-13 in the global surface oceans and the oceanic Suess effect, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 307, 10.1029/1999GB900019

Hilting, 2008, Variations in the oceanic vertical carbon isotope gradient and their implications for the Paleocene-Eocene biological pump, Paleoceanography, 23, 10.1029/2007PA001458

Holsten, 2004, Reconstructing benthic carbon oxidation rates using δ13C of benthic foraminifers, Mar. Micropaleontol., 53, 117, 10.1016/j.marmicro.2004.05.006

Hopley, 2007, Orbital forcing and the spread of C4 grasses in the late Neogene: Stable isotope evidence from South African speleothems, J. Hum. Evol., 53, 620, 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.03.007

Jahren, 2001, Terrestrial record of methane hydrate dissociation in the Early Cretaceous, Geology, 29, 159, 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0159:TROMHD>2.0.CO;2

Katz, 2003, Early Cenozoic benthic foraminiferal isotopes: Species reliability and interspecies correction factors, Paleoceanography, 18, 10.1029/2002PA000798

Katz, 2005, Biological overprint of the geological carbon cycle, Mar. Geol., 217, 323, 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.08.005

Kingston, 1994, Isotopic evidence for Neogene hominid paleoenvironments in the Kenya Rift Valley, Science, 264, 955, 10.1126/science.264.5161.955

Kleinert, 2001, Climate change in response to orographic barrier uplift: Paleosol and stable isotope evidence from the late Neogene Santa Maria basin, northwestern Argentina, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 113, 728, 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0728:CCIRTO>2.0.CO;2

Kroopnick, 1985, The distribution of 13C of ΣCO2 in the world oceans, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 32, 57, 10.1016/0198-0149(85)90017-2

Kump, 1999, Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Carbonates and organic matter, Chem. Geol., 161, 181, 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00086-8

Lai, 2006, Seasonal and interannual variations of carbon and oxygen isotopes of respired CO2 in a tallgrass prairie: Measurements and modeling results from 3 years with contrasting water availability, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 10.1029/2005JD006436

Leuenberger, 1992, Carbon isotope composition of atmospheric CO2 during the last ice age from an Antarctic core, Nature, 357, 488, 10.1038/357488a0

Levin, 2004, Isotopic evidence for Plio-Pleistocene environmental change at Gona, Ethiopia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 219, 93, 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00707-6

Liu, 2009, Global cooling during the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition, Science, 323, 1187, 10.1126/science.1166368

Lynch-Stieglitz, 1995, The influence of air-sea exchange on the isotopic composition of oceanic carbon: Observations and modeling, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 653, 10.1029/95GB02574

Marino, 1992, Glacial-to-interglacial variations in the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2, Nature, 357, 461, 10.1038/357461a0

Miller, 1987, Oligocene to Miocene benthic foraminiferal and abyssal circulation changes in the North Atlantic, Micropaleontology, 33, 97, 10.2307/1485489

Miller, 2005, The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change, Science, 310, 1293, 10.1126/science.1116412

Millero, 2006, Chemical Oceanography

Morgan, 1994, Carbon isotopic evidence for the emergence of C4 plants in the Neogene from Pakistan and Kenya, Nature, 367, 162, 10.1038/367162a0

Pagani, 1999, Miocene evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Paleoceanography, 14, 273, 10.1029/1999PA900006

Pagani, 2005, Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene, Science, 309, 600, 10.1126/science.1110063

Passey, 2002, Environmental change in the Great Plains: An isotopic record from fossil horses, J. Geol., 110, 123, 10.1086/338280

Passey, 2009, Strengthened East Asian summer monsoons during a period of high-latitude warmth? Isotopic evidence from Mio-Pliocene fossil mammals and soil carbonates from northern China, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 277, 443, 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.008

Pearson, 1993, Stable isotope paleoecology of Middle Eocene planktonic foraminifera and multi-species isotope stratigraphy, DSDP Site 523, South Atlantic, J. Foraminiferal Res., 23, 123, 10.2113/gsjfr.23.2.123

Pypker, 2008, Toward using δ13C of ecosystem respiration to monitor canopy physiology in complex terrain, Oecologia, 158, 399, 10.1007/s00442-008-1154-3

Ravizza, 1993, Variations of the 187Os/186Os ratio of seawater over the past 28 million years as inferred from metalliferous carbonates, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 118, 335, 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90177-B

Romanek, 1992, Carbon isotopic fractionation in synthetic aragonite and calcite effects of temperature and precipitation rate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 419, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90142-6

Royer, 2004, CO2 as a primary driver of Phanerozoic climate change, GSA Today, 14, 4, 10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:CAAPDO>2.0.CO;2

Schrag, 1999, Effects of diagenesis on the isotopic record of late Paleogene tropical sea surface temperatures, Chem. Geol., 161, 215, 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00088-1

Ségalen, 2006, Neogene climate change and emergence of C4 grasses in the Namib, southwestern Africa, as reflected in ratite 13C and 18O, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 244, 725, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.12.012

Sexton, 2006, Testing the Cenozoic multisite composite δ18O and δ13C curves: New monospecific Eocene records from a single locality, Demerara Rise (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 207), Paleoceanography, 21, 10.1029/2005PA001253

Sexton, 2006, Palaeoecology of late middle Eocene planktic foraminifera and evolutionary implications, Mar. Micropaleontol., 60, 1, 10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.02.006

Shackleton, 1987, Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, 26, 423

Shackleton, 1984, Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Leg 74 foraminifers, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 74, 599

Smith, 2007, Magnitude of the carbon isotope excursion at the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: The role of plant community change, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 262, 50, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.021

Smith, 1999, Dual modes of the carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum, Nature, 400, 248, 10.1038/22291

Spero, 1992, Do planktic foraminifera accurately record shifts in the carbon isotopic composition of seawater ΣCO2?, Mar. Micropaleontol., 19, 275, 10.1016/0377-8398(92)90033-G

Spero, 1993, Instraspecific stable isotope variability in the planktic foraminiferal Globigerinoides sacculifer: Results from laboratory experiments, Mar. Micropaleontol., 22, 221, 10.1016/0377-8398(93)90045-Y

Stott, 2000, Increased dissolved oxygen in Pacific intermediate waters due to lower rates of carbon oxidation in sediments, Nature, 407, 367, 10.1038/35030084

Taylor, 1982, An Introduction to Error Analysis

Thomas, 1996, Correlation of the Early Paleogene in Northwest Europe, 101, 401

Tipple, 2007, The early origins of terrestrial C4 photosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 35, 435, 10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140150

Tyrrell, 2004, History of carbonate ion concentration over the last 10 million years, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 68, 3521, 10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.018

van Bergen, 2002, Stable carbon isotopes of wood: A clue to palaeoclimate?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 182, 31, 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00451-5

Via, 2006, Evolution of Atlantic thermohaline circulation: Early Oligocene onset of deep-water production in the North Atlantic, Geology, 34, 441, 10.1130/G22545.1

Vicentini, 2008, The age of the grasses and clusters of origins of C4 photosynthesis, Global Change Biol., 14, 2963, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01688.x

Wade, 2004, Oligocene climate dynamics, Paleoceanography, 19, 10.1029/2004PA001042

Wang, 2010, Patterns and implications of plant-soil δ13C and δ15N values in African savanna ecosystems, Quat. Res., 73, 77, 10.1016/j.yqres.2008.11.004

Wright, 1993, The Antarctic Paleoenvironment: A Perspective on Global Change, Part 2, 60, 1, 10.1029/AR060p0001

Zachos, 2001, Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686, 10.1126/science.1059412

Zachos, 2008, An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451, 279, 10.1038/nature06588

Zazzo, 2000, Herbivore paleodiet and paleoenvironmental changes in Chad during the Pliocene using stable isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate, Paleobiology, 26, 294, 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0294:HPAPCI>2.0.CO;2

Zeebe, 2001, CO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes

Zhang, 1995, Carbon-isotope fractionation during gas-water exchange and dissolution of CO2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 107, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)91550-D