Carbohydrate taste, appetite, and obesity: An overview

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews - Tập 11 - Trang 131-153 - 1987
Anthony Sclafani1
1Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College and the Graduate School City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210 USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Allen, 1966, Some effects of dietary dextrose, fructose, liquid glucose and sucrose in the adult male rat, Br J Nutr, 20, 339, 10.1079/BJN19660034 Anderson, 1984, Brain mechanisms and the quantative and qualitative aspects of food intake, Brain Res Bull, 12, 167, 10.1016/0361-9230(84)90185-0 Aravich, 1980, Dietary preference behavior in rats fed bitter tasting quinine and sucrose octa acetate adulterated diets, Physiol Behav, 25, 157, 10.1016/0031-9384(80)90200-0 Ashley, 1985, Factors affecting the selection of protein and carbohydrate from a dietary choice, Nutr Res, 5, 555, 10.1016/S0271-5317(85)80164-0 Bacon, 1962, Saccharine preference in satiated and deprived rats, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 55, 112, 10.1037/h0049329 Beck, 1972, Sucrose preferences of hungry and thirsty rats as a function of duration of stimulus presentation, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 78, 40, 10.1037/h0032294 Beebe-Center, 1948, Relative per diem consumption as a measure of preference in the rat, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 41, 239, 10.1037/h0058409 1982, 25 Beidler, 1984, Multiple sweet receptor sites, 47 Bender, 1972, Some effects of dietary sucrose, World Rev Nutr Diet, 15, 104, 10.1159/000393577 Berdanier, 1974, Metabolic characteristics of the carbohydrate-sensitive BHE strain of rats, J Nutr, 104, 1246, 10.1093/jn/104.10.1246 Berdanier, 1980, Effect of adrenalectomy on the responses of BHE rats to either a sucrose or starch diet, J Nutr, 110, 298, 10.1093/jn/110.2.298 Berridge, 1981, Relation of consummatory responses and preabsorptive insulin release to palatability and learned taste aversions, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 95, 363, 10.1037/h0077782 Berridge, 1985, Trigeminal-taste interaction in palatability processing, Science, 228, 747, 10.1126/science.3992242 Birch, 1973, Short-term effects of feeding rats with glucose syrup fractions and dextrose, Br J Nutr, 29, 87, 10.1079/BJN19730080 Bolles, 1981, Conditioned taste preferences based on caloric density, J Exp Psychol [Anim Behav], 7, 59, 10.1037/0097-7403.7.1.59 Booth, 1972, Conditioned satiety in the rat, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 81, 457, 10.1037/h0033692 Booth, 1985, Food-conditioning eating preferences and aversions with interoceptive elements: conditioned appetites and satieties, Ann NY Acad Sci, 443, 22, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb27061.x Booth, 1972, Postingestive modulation of the sweetness preference gradient in the rat, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 78, 485, 10.1037/h0092970 Borer, 1968, Disappearance of preferences and aversions for sapid solutions in rats ingesting untasted fluids, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 65, 213, 10.1037/h0025568 Brand, 1982, Chemical senses in the release of gastric and pancreatic secretions, Annu Rev Nutr, 2, 249, 10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.001341 Bukowiecki, 1983, Effects of sucrose, caffeine, and cola beverages on obesity, cold resistance, and adipose tissue cellularity, Am J Physiol, 244, 500 Cabanac, 1983, Analysis of a conflict between palatability and cold exposure in rats, Physiol Behav, 31, 249, 10.1016/0031-9384(83)90128-2 Cagan, 1974, Taste of sugars: Brief exposure single-stimulus behavioral method, J Comp Physiol, 87, 47 Cantor, 1977, Sweetness—A supernormal reinforcer, Chemtech, 7, 214 Capretta, 1962, Saccharin consumption under varied conditions of hunger drive, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 55, 656, 10.1037/h0041275 Carpenter, 1958, A comparison of stimulus-presentation procedures in taste-preference experiments, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 51, 561, 10.1037/h0048542 Carper, 1953, A comparison of the reinforcing value of a nutritive and a non-nutritive substance under conditions of specific and general hunger, Am J Psychol, 66, 270, 10.2307/1418732 Carper, 1953, A comparison of the intake of glucose and saccharin solutions under conditions of caloric need, Am J Psychol, 66, 479, 10.2307/1418243 Castonguay, 1986, Diet balancing: some limitations, Nutr Behav, 3, 43 Castonguay, 1981, Palatability of sugar solutions and dietary selection?, Physiol Behav, 27, 7, 10.1016/0031-9384(81)90292-4 Castonguay, 1985, Sucrose procurement cost and dietary selection, Nutr Behav, 2, 201 Castonguay, 1985, Nutritional influences on dietary selection patterns of obese and lean Zucker rats, Brain Res Bull, 14, 625, 10.1016/0361-9230(85)90112-1 Cohen, 1972, Sucrose-water preference reversal in the water-deprived rat, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 79, 254, 10.1037/h0032546 Collier, 1962, Some properties of saccharin as a reinforcer, J Exp Psychol, 64, 184, 10.1037/h0048795 Collier, 1962, Consummatory and instrumental responding as functions of deprivation, J Exp Psychol, 64, 410, 10.1037/h0044157 Collier, 1968, Some determinants of intake of sucrose solutions, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 65, 379, 10.1037/h0025824 Collier, 1968, Hunger, thirst, and their interaction as determinants of sucrose consumption, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 66, 633, 10.1037/h0026538 Collier, 1961, Some relations between the incentive properties of the consummatory response and reinforcement, J Exp Psychol, 62, 484, 10.1037/h0041283 Collier, 1961, The loci of reinforcement, J Exp Psychol, 61, 57, 10.1037/h0048851 Collier, 1967, Saccharin as a sugar surrogate, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 64, 404, 10.1037/h0025203 Collier, 1971, Two-bar sucrose preference, Learn Motiv, 2, 190, 10.1016/0023-9690(71)90009-9 Collier, 1966, Two-bar sucrose performance, Psychon Sci, 6, 203, 10.3758/BF03328028 Corbit, 1969, Invariance of the rat's rate of drinking, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 69, 119, 10.1037/h0027943 Crapo, 1985, Simple versus complex carbohydrate use in the diabetic diet, Annu Rev Nutr, 5, 95, 10.1146/annurev.nu.05.070185.000523 1982 Davis, 1973, The effectiveness of some sugars in stimulating licking behavior in the rat, Physiol Behav, 11, 39, 10.1016/0031-9384(73)90120-0 Davis, 1976, Peripheral control of meal size: Interaction of gustatory stimulation and postingestional feedback, 395 Davis, 1977, A model for the control of ingestion, Psychol Rev, 84, 379, 10.1037/0033-295X.84.4.379 Deshaies, 1983, Serum lipids and cholesterol distribution in lipoproteins of exercise-trained female rats fed sucrose, Life Sci, 33, 75, 10.1016/0024-3205(83)90713-0 Dethier, 1978, Other tastes, other worlds, Science, 201, 224, 10.1126/science.663651 Deutsch, 1983, Dietary control and the stomach, Prog Neurobiol, 20, 313, 10.1016/0301-0082(83)90007-2 Deutsch, 1976, Conditioned taste aversion caused by palatable nontoxic nutrients, Behav Biol, 16, 161, 10.1016/S0091-6773(76)91268-2 Drewnowski, 1982, Carbohydrates, sweet taste, and obesity: Changing consumption patterns and health implications, 153 Dufour, 1966, Taste of saccharin as sufficient reward for performance, Psychol Rep, 19, 1293, 10.2466/pr0.1966.19.3f.1293 Dulloo, 1985, A comparative study of the effects of white sugar, unrefined sugar and starch on the efficiency of food utilization and thermogenesis, Am J Clin Nutr, 42, 214, 10.1093/ajcn/42.2.214 Enns, 1980, Taste and caloric requirements determine sucrose intake in obese and lean Zucker rats, 335 Fanselow, 1982, Flavor-flavor associations induce hedonic shifts in taste preference, Anim Learn Behav, 10, 223, 10.3758/BF03212274 Faust, 1978, Diet-induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats: a new model of obesity, Am J Physiol, 235, E279 Feigin, 1987, Species differences in polysaccharide and sugar taste preferences, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 231, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80031-3 Fernstrom, 1986, Effects of protein and carbohydrate ingestion on brain tryptophan levels and serotonin synthesis: putative relationship to appetite for specific nutrients, 395 Fisher, 1965, Dulcin and saccharin taste in squirrel monkeys, rats, and men, Science, 150, 506, 10.1126/science.150.3695.506 Geiselman, 1986, The roles of visceral and direct oral stimulation in short-term feeding: what distinctions can be made between appetite and hunger?, Nutr Behav, 3, 75 Geiselman, 1982, The role of carbohydrates in appetite, hunger and obesity, Appetite, 3, 203, 10.1016/S0195-6663(82)80017-2 Gilbert, 1970, Palatability-induced polydipsia: Saccharin, sucrose, and water intake in rats, with and without food deprivation, Psychol Rep, 27, 319, 10.2466/pr0.1970.27.2.319 Giza, 1983, Blood glucose selectively affects taste-evoked activity in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius, Physiol Behav, 31, 643 Giza, 1986, Intravenous glucose loads decrease sweet intensity judgements in behaving rats Granneman, 1983, Effect of sucrose overfeeding on brown adipose tissue lipogenesis and lipoprotein lipase activity in rats, Metabolism, 32, 202, 10.1016/0026-0495(83)90230-5 Greenwood, 1986, Polyunsaturated fat diets increase carbohydrate preference in rats, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 12, 795 Grill, 1985, Taste reactivity as a measure of the neural control of palatability, 1 Grill, 1984, Oral glucose is the prime elicitor of preabsorptive insulin secretion, Am J Physiol, 246, R88 Grill, 1978, The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats, Brain Res, 143, 263, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90568-1 Guttman, 1953, Operant conditioning, extinction, and periodic reinforcement in relation to concentration of sucrose used as reinforcing agent, J Exp Psychol, 46, 213, 10.1037/h0061893 Guttman, 1954, Equal-reinforcement values for sucrose and glucose solutions compared with equal-sweetness values, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 47, 358, 10.1037/h0062710 Hall, 1981, The ontogeny of feeding in rats: IV. Taste development as measured by intake and behavioral responses to oral infusions of sucrose and quinine, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 95, 240, 10.1037/h0077771 Hallfrisch, 1981, Effects of feeding rats sucrose in a high fat diet, J Nutr, 111, 531, 10.1093/jn/111.3.531 Hallfrisch, 1979, Insulin and glucose responses in rats fed sucrose of starch, Am J Clin Nutr, 32, 787, 10.1093/ajcn/32.4.787 Hammer, 1968, Relationship of reinforcement value to consummatory behavior, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 66, 667, 10.1037/h0026554 Harrison, 1986, Carbohydrate solution intake in young male cats Hausmann, 1933, The behavior of albino rats in choosing foods: II. Differentiation between sugar and saccharin, J Comp Psychol, 15, 419, 10.1037/h0074919 Hill, 1980, Taste or diet balancing?, Physiol Behav, 24, 765, 10.1016/0031-9384(80)90410-2 Hirsch, 1982, Sex differences in the effects of voluntary activity on sucrose-induced obesity, Physiol Behav, 29, 253, 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90012-9 Hirsch, 1982, Overeating, dietary selection patterns and sucrose intake in growing rats, Physiol Behav, 28, 819, 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90198-6 Hirsch, 1982, Effect of limited access to sucrose on overeating and patterns of feeding, Physiol Behav, 25, 129, 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90376-6 Holman, 1969, Intragastric reinforcement effect, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 69, 432, 10.1037/h0028233 Hood, 1982, Current concepts of starch structure, 217 Houpt, 1982, Gastrointestinal factors in hunger and satiety, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 6, 145, 10.1016/0149-7634(82)90052-5 Hughes, 1957, Saccharine reinforcement in a T maze, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 50, 431, 10.1037/h0044372 Jacobs, 1958, Studies on sugar preference: 1. The preference for glucose solutions and its modification by injections of insulin, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 51, 304, 10.1037/h0046679 Jacobs, 1962, Some physical, metabolic, and sensory components in the appetite for glucose, Am J Physiol, 203, 1043, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1962.203.6.1043 Jacobs, 1964, Observations on the ontogeny of saccharine preference in the neonate rat, Psychon Sci, 1, 105, 10.3758/BF03342813 Jacobs, 1977, Comparative observations on the ontogeny of taste preference, 99 Jenkins, 1982, Lente carbohydrate: a newer approach to the dietary management of diabetes, Diabetes Care, 5, 634, 10.2337/diacare.5.6.634 Jenkins, 1986, Simple and complex carbohydrates, Nutr Rev, 44, 44, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1986.tb07585.x Jennings, 1970, Response effort as a determinant of instrumental performance in the rat: Effect of varying force requirements within subjects, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 72, 263, 10.1037/h0029473 Joyner, 1985, Stimulation of sham feeding in the rat by sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 11, 1223 Kanarek, 1985, Determinants of dietary self-selection in experimental animals, Am J Clin Nutr, 42, 940, 10.1093/ajcn/42.5.940 Kanarek, 1979, Developmental aspects of sucrose-induced obesity in rats, Physiol Behav, 23, 881, 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90195-1 Kanarek, 1982, Differential effects of sucrose, fructose, and glucose on carbohydrate-induced obesity in rats, J Nutr, 112, 1546, 10.1093/jn/112.8.1546 Kare, 1971, Comparative study of taste, 278, 10.1007/978-3-642-65245-5_13 Kenney, 1976, The effects of saccharin on the sucrose consumption of rats, J Nutr, 106, 388, 10.1093/jn/106.3.388 Khavari, 1970, Some parameters of sucrose and saline ingestion, Physiol Behav, 5, 663, 10.1016/0031-9384(70)90227-1 Knarr, 1962, Taste and consummatory activity in amount and gradient of reinforcement functions, J Exp Psychol, 63, 579, 10.1037/h0045175 Koopmans, 1978, The effects of specified chemical meals on food intake, Am J Clin Nutr, 31, S267, 10.1093/ajcn/31.10.S267 Koopmans, 1982, The effects of ileal transposition on food intake and body weight loss in VMH-obese rats, Am J Clin Nutr, 35, 284, 10.1093/ajcn/35.2.284 Kraeling, 1961, Analysis of amount of reward as a variable in learning, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 54, 560, 10.1037/h0040833 Kratz, 1979, Dietary obesity: Differential effects with self-selection and composite dietary feeding techniques, Physiol Behav, 22, 245, 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90083-0 Kunstyr, 1976, Investigations on the function of the rat forestomach, Lab Anim Sci, 26, 166 Lakshmanan, 1981, Response of two strains of rats to a high-protein diet containing sucrose or cornstarch (41154), 167, 224 Laube, 1976, Insulin secretion and biosynthesis in sucrose fed rats, Diabetologia, 12, 441, 10.1007/BF01219507 Le Magnen, 1971, Advances in studies on the physiological control and regulation of food intake, 203 Lea, 1980, Supply as a factor in motivation, 153 Li, 1982, Meal composition influences subsequent food selection in the young rat, Physiol Behav, 29, 779, 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90324-9 Louis-Sylvestre, 1983, Vagotomy abolishes the differential palatability of food, Appetite, 4, 295, 10.1016/S0195-6663(83)80022-1 Louis-Sylvestre, 1980, Palatability and preabsorptive insulin release, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 4, 43, 10.1016/0149-7634(80)90047-0 McCleary, 1953, Taste and post-ingestion factors in specific-hunger behavior, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 46, 411, 10.1037/h0059419 McCusker, 1983, Effect of sucrose or starch feeding on the hepatic mitochondrial activity of BHE and Wistar rats, J Nutr, 113, 1327, 10.1093/jn/113.7.1327 Marshall, 1969, Effects of types and levels of carbohydrates and proteins on carcass composition of adult rats, 132, 227 Mather, 1978, Compensatory and conditioned feeding responses to scheduled glucose infusions in the rat, Nature, 273, 461, 10.1038/273461a0 Mattes, 1985, Gustation as a determinant of ingestion: methodological issues, Am J Clin Nutr, 41, 672, 10.1093/ajcn/41.4.672 Mehiel, 1984, Learned flavor preferences based on caloric outcome, Anim Learn Behav, 12, 421, 10.3758/BF03199989 Michaelis, 1981, Effect of dietary carbohydrate on systolic blood pressure of normotensive and hypertensive rats, Nutr Rep Int, 23, 261 Mintz, 1985 Mook, 1963, Oral and postingestional determinants of the intake of various solutions in rats with esophageal fistulas, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 56, 645, 10.1037/h0044824 Mook, 1981, Taste-evoked drinking in the rat: The influence of maintenance diet, Physiol Behav, 26, 595, 10.1016/0031-9384(81)90130-X Mook, 1983, Glucose solution intake in the rat: The specificity of postingestive satiety, Appetite, 4, 1, 10.1016/S0195-6663(83)80039-7 Mook, 1980, Release of feeding by the sweet taste in rats: oropharyngeal satiety, Appetite, 1, 299, 10.1016/S0195-6663(80)80041-9 Mook, 1981, Release of feeding by the sweet taste in rats: The specificity of oral satiety, Appetite, 2, 267, 10.1016/S0195-6663(81)80016-5 Morrison, 1974, Alterations in palatability of nutrients for the rat as a result of prior tasting, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 86, 56, 10.1037/h0035961 Muto, 1972, Eating behavior of young rats: experiment on selective feeding on diet and sugar solution, Br J Nutr, 28, 327, 10.1079/BJN19720042 Nicol, 1980, Sucrose in food systems, 151 Nissenbaum, 1984, Atropine inhibition of sham feeding: temporal factors, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 10, 1008 Nissenbaum, 1987, Qualitative differences in polysaccharide and sugar tastes in the rat: A two-carbohydrate taste model, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 187, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80025-8 Nissenbaum, 1987, Sham-feeding response of rats to Polycose and sucrose, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 215, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80029-5 Noma, 1971, The relative taste effectiveness of various sugars and sugar alcohols for the rat, Kumammoto Med J, 24, 1 Panksepp, 1973, The ventromedial hypothalamus and metabolic adjustments of feeding behavior, Behav Biol, 9, 65, 10.1016/S0091-6773(73)80169-5 Panksepp, 1977, Effects of insulin and hypothalamic lesions on glucose preference in rats, 343 Pfaffmann, 1969, Taste preference and reinforcement, 215 Pfaffmann, 1975, Phylogenetic origins of sweet sensitivity, 3 Pfaffmann, 1982, Taste: A model of incentive motivation, 61 Powley, 1985, Diet and cephalic phase insulin responses, Am J Clin Nutr, 42, 991, 10.1093/ajcn/42.5.991 Puerto, 1976, Rapid rewarding effects of intragastric injections, Behav Biol, 18, 123, 10.1016/S0091-6773(76)91796-X Ramirez, 1987, When does sucrose increase appetite and adiposity?, Appetite, 10.1016/0195-6663(87)90049-3 Rattigan, 1984, Effect of sucrose solution drinking option on the development of obesity in rats, J Nutr, 114, 1971, 10.1093/jn/114.10.1971 Reiser, 1982, Health implications of food carbohydrates: Heart disease and diabetes, 170 Reiser, 1977, Insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue weight of rats fed starch or sucrose diets ad libitum or in meals, J Nutr, 107, 147, 10.1093/jn/107.1.147 Reiser, 1986, Effect of the type of dietary carbohydrate on small intestine functions, Prog Biochem Pharmacol, 21, 135 Revusky, 1971, Flavor preference: Effects of ingestion-contingent intravenous saline or glucose, Physiol Behav, 6, 341, 10.1016/0031-9384(71)90165-X Richter, 1940, Taste thresholds and taste preference of rats for five common sugars, J Nutr, 20, 31, 10.1093/jn/20.1.31 Robbins, 1983 Rolls, 1983, Variety in the diet enhances intake in a meal and contributes to the development of obesity in the rat, Physiol Behav, 31, 21, 10.1016/0031-9384(83)90091-4 Ross Laboratories, 1977 Rothwell, 1984, Influence of alcohol and sucrose consumption on energy balance and brown fat activity in the rat, Metabolism, 33, 768, 10.1016/0026-0495(84)90220-8 Rozin, 1982, Human food selection: The interaction of biology, culture, and individual experience, 225 Samson, 1984, Comparison of sucrose-sucrose to sucrose-ethanol concurrent responding in the rat: Reinforcement schedule and fluid concentration effects, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 20, 973, 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90025-X Schwartz, 1984, Relationship between taste reactivity and intake in the neurologically intact rat, Chem Senses, 9, 249, 10.1093/chemse/9.3.249 Sclafani, 1987, Carbohydrate-induced hyperphagia and obesity in the rat: Effects of saccharide type, form, and taste, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 155, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80020-9 Sclafani, 1986, Rats show only a weak preference for the artificial sweetener aspartame, Physiol Behav, 37, 253, 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90228-3 Sclafani, 1987, Hedonic response of rats to polysaccharide and sugar solutions, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 173, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80023-4 Sclafani, 1987, Influence of saccharin on Polycose, sucrose, and glucose intake and preference in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 223, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80030-1 Sclafani, 1987, Sex differences in polysaccharide and sugar preferences in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 241, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80032-5 Sclafani, 1987, Influence of saccharide length on polysaccharide appetite in the rat, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 197, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80026-X Sclafani, 1985, Influence of taste and nutrition on the sugar appetite of rats, Nutr Behav, 3, 57 Sclafani, 1983, Dietary selection in vagotomized rats, J Auton Nerv Syst, 9, 247, 10.1016/0165-1838(83)90145-5 Sclafani, 1985, On the role of the mouth and gut in the control of saccharin and sugar intake: A reexamination of the sham-feeding preparation, Brain Res Bull, 14, 569, 10.1016/0361-9230(85)90106-6 Sclafani, 1987, Taste preference thresholds for Polycose, maltose and sucrose in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 181, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80024-6 Sclafani, 1987, Oral versus postingestive origin of polysaccharide appetite in the rat, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 169, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80022-2 Sclafani, 1987, Starch preference in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 253, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80033-7 Sclafani, 1987, Effects of SOA and saccharin adulteration on Polycose preference in rats, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 163, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80021-0 Sclafani, 1981, Atropine fails to block the overconsumption of sugar solutions by hypothalamic hyperphagic rats, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 95, 708, 10.1037/h0077829 Sclafani, 1984, Influence of diet form on the hyperphagia-promoting effect of polysaccharide in rats, Life Sci, 34, 1253, 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90548-4 Sclafani, 1984, Sucrose and polysaccharide induced obesity in the rat, Physiol Behav, 32, 169, 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90125-2 Shallenberger, 1974, Occurrence of various sugars in foods, 67 Sheffield, 1950, Reward value of a nonnutritive taste, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 43, 471, 10.1037/h0061365 Sheffield, 1954, Drive reduction versus consummatory behavior as determinants of reinforcement, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 47, 349, 10.1037/h0054471 Sherman, 1983, Preferences and aversions for stimuli paired with ethanol in hungry rats, Anim Learn Behav, 11, 101, 10.3758/BF03212315 Shuford, 1959, Palatability and osmotic pressure of glucose and sucrose solutions as determinants of intake, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 52, 150, 10.1037/h0044382 Smith, 1980, Some determinants of intake of glucose + saccharin solutions, Physiol Behav, 25, 127, 10.1016/0031-9384(80)90192-4 Smith, 1982, The synergistic properties of pairs of sweeteners, 123 Smith, 1978, Methodology of behavioral testing associated with development in animal foods, 19 Smith, 1976, Rapid oral mixing of glucose and saccharin by rats, Science, 191, 304, 10.1126/science.1246616 Smith, 1957, Evidence for a dual reinforcing effect of sugar, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 50, 242, 10.1037/h0040642 Smith, 1957, Consumption of sucrose and saccharine by hungry and satiated rats, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 50, 65, 10.1037/h0041824 Smith, 1956, Effects of drive level and experience on the reward value of saccharine solutions, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 49, 553, 10.1037/h0048860 Soulairac, 1944, Action de l'insuline sur la consummation de differents glucides chez la souris, C R Soc Biol (Paris), 138, 119 Soulairac, 1967, Control of carbohydrate intake, 387 Spector, 1984, A detailed analysis of sucrose drinking in the rat, Physiol Behav, 33, 127, 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90023-4 Strickler, 1982, Corn syrup selections in food applications, 12 Strouthes, 1970, Long-range two-choice saccharin and water consumption in rats, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 73, 123, 10.1037/h0030019 Teague, 1981, Effect of diet on the weight of brown adipose tissue in rodents, Life Sci, 29, 1531, 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90253-8 Tordoff, 1986, Hepatic-portal glucose infusions decrease food intake and increase food preference, Am J Physiol, 251, R192 Trout, 1978, Dietary regimens for inducing mild hyperphagia, obesity and hyperinsulinemia in rats, Nutr Rep Int, 18, 227 Valenstein, 1967, Selection of nutritive and nonnutritive solutions under different conditions of need, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 63, 429, 10.1037/h0024615 Valenstein, 1967, Further studies on sex differences in taste preferences with sweet solutions, Psychol Rep, 20, 1231, 10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3c.1231 Valenstein, 1967, Polydipsia elicited by the synergistic action of a saccharin and glucose solution, Science, 157, 552, 10.1126/science.157.3788.552 Valenstein, 1967, Sex differences in taste preference for glucose and saccharin solutions, Science, 156, 942, 10.1126/science.156.3777.942 Van Vort, 1983, The relationship between the positive reinforcing and satiating effects of a meal in the rat, Physiol Behav, 30, 279, 10.1016/0031-9384(83)90019-7 Vance, 1967, Hypogeusia and taste preference behavior in the rat, Life Sci, 6, 743, 10.1016/0024-3205(67)90130-0 Vasselli, 1982, Effects of acarbose (Bay g 5421) on body weight, insulin, and oral glucose and sucrose tolerance in sucrose-consuming rats, Nutr Behav, 1, 21 Vigorito, 1986, Effects of vagotomy on sucrose intake in rats, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 12, 1295 Vigorito, 1987, Effects of anosmia on Polycose appetite in the rat, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 211, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80028-3 Vigorito, 1987, Effects of gustatory deafferentation on Polycose and sucrose appetite in the rat, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 11, 201, 10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80027-1 Wade, 1976, Sex hormones, regulatory behaviors, and body weight, 201, 10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60085-6 Wagner, 1971, Comparative rodent preferences for artificial sweeteners, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 75, 483, 10.1037/h0030935 Wahqvist, 1978, The effect of chain length on glucose absorption and the related metabolic response, Am J Clin Nutr, 31, 1998, 10.1093/ajcn/31.11.1998 Walker, 1983, Does sugar cause or promote obesity?, S Afr J Sci, 79, 43 Weingarten, 1982, Effects of atropine methyl nitrate on sham feeding in the rat, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 17, 863, 10.1016/0091-3057(82)90374-4 Weingarten, 1982, Sham feeding as a procedure for assessing the influence of diet palatability on food intake, Physiol Behav, 28, 401, 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90131-7 Wetzel, 1959, The effect of experience with a taste reward, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 52, 267, 10.1037/h0045466 Williams, 1983, Effect of dietary carbohydrates on food efficiency and body composition in adult male rats during normal growth and during recovery from food restriction, Nutr Res, 5, 457, 10.1016/S0271-5317(83)80007-4 Wurtman, 1983, Prior carbohydrate consumption affects the amount of carbohydrate that rats choose to eat, J Nutr, 113, 70, 10.1093/jn/113.1.70 Wurtman, 1979, Drugs that enhance central serotoninergic transmission diminish elective carbohydrate consumption by rats, Life Sci, 24, 895, 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90339-4 Yamamoto, 1985, Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in rats. III. Neural and behavioral measures compared, J Neurophysiol, 53, 1370, 10.1152/jn.1985.53.6.1370 Young, 1933, Relative food preferences of the white rat. II, J Comp Psychol, 15, 149, 10.1037/h0075395 Young, 1963, Preferences of the white rat for solutions of sucrose and quinine hydrochloride, Am J Psychol, 76, 205, 10.2307/1419157 Young, 1953, Quantity of food ingested as a measure of relative acceptability, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 46, 288, 10.1037/h0061302 Young, 1953, Relative acceptability of saccharine solutions as revealed by different methods, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 46, 295, 10.1037/h0056212 Young, 1963, Individual isohedons in sucrose-sodium chloride and sucrose-saccharin gustatory areas, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 56, 903, 10.1037/h0047364 Young, 1955, Quantitative control of motivation through sucrose solutions of different concentrations, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 48, 114, 10.1037/h0045576 Young, 1964, Activity contour maps as related to preference in four gustatory stimulus areas of the rat, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 58, 68, 10.1037/h0044823 Zeigler, 1985, Trigeminal orosensation and ingestive behavior in the rat, 63