Candida species causing fungal keratitis: molecular identification, antifungal susceptibility, biofilm formation, and clinical aspects

Bezerra FM, Höfling-Lima AL, de Oliveira LA (2020) Fungal keratitis management in a referral cornea center in Brazil. Rev Bras Oftalmol 79:315–319. https://doi.org/10.5935/0034-7280.20200067

Höfling-Lima AL, Forseto A, Duprat JP, Andrade A, Souza LB, Godoy P et al (2005) Laboratory study of the mycotic infectious eye diseases and factors associated with keratitis. Arq Bras Oftalmol 68:21–27. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27492005000100005

Keay LJ, Gower EW, Iovieno A, Oechsler RA, Alfonso EC, Matoba A et al (2011) Clinical and microbiological characteristics of fungal keratitis in the United States, 2001–2007: a multicenter study. Ophthalmology 118:920–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.09.011

Agrawal V, Biswas J, Madhavan HN, Mangat G, Reddy MK, Saini JS et al (1994) Current perspectives in infectious keratitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 42:171–192

Tanure MAG, Cohen EJ, Sudesh S, Rapuano CJ, Laibson PR (2000) Spectrum of fungal keratitis at Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Cornea 19:307–312. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200005000-00010

Jastaneiah SS, Al-Rajhi AA, Abbott D (2011) Ocular mycosis at a referral center in Saudi Arabia: a 20-year study. Saudi J Ophthalmol 25:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2011.04.004

Rizvi Y, Agarwal PM, Mishra PP, Dokania A (2016) Microbiological pattern and epidemiologic trends of fungal keratitis in North India. Jebmh 3:2445–2450. https://doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2016/537

Ansari Z, Miller D, Galor A (2013) Current thoughts in fungal keratitis: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 7:209–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12281-013-0150-110.1007/s12281-013-0150-1

Qiao GL, Ling J, Wong T, Yeung SN, Iovieno A (2020) Candida keratitis: epidemiology, management, and clinical outcomes. Cornea. 39:801–805. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000002306

Merseguel KB, Nishikaku AS, Rodrigues AM, Padovan AC, e Ferreira RC, de Azevedo Melo AS et al (2015) Genetic diversity of medically important and emerging Candida species causing invasive infection. BMC Infect Dis 15:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0793-3

Desai JV, Mitchell AP, Andes DR (2014) Fungal biofilms, drug resistance, and recurrent infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 4:a019729. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019729

Melo AS, Bizerra FC, Freymüller E, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Colombo AL (2011) Biofilm production and evaluation of antifungal susceptibility amongst clinical Candida spp. isolates, including strains of the Candida parapsilosis complex. Med Mycol 49:253–262. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2010.530032

CLSI. Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 1st ed. CLSI supplement M60. Wayne PA: CLSI; 2017.

Jin Y, Yip HK, Samaranayake YH, Yau JY, Samaranayake LP (2003) Biofilm-forming ability of Candida albicans is unlikely to contribute to high levels of oral yeast carriage in cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 41:2961–2967. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.7.2961-2967.2003

Iturrieta-González IA, Padovan ACB, Bizerra FC, Hahn RC, Colombo AL (2014) Multiple species of Trichosporon produce biofilms highly resistant to triazoles and amphotericin B. PLOS ONE 9:e109553. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109553

CLSI. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. 4th ed. CLSI M27. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2017.

Cariello AJ, Passos RM, Yu MC, Hofling-Lima AL (2011) Microbial keratitis at a referral center in Brazil. Int Ophthalmol 31:197–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-011-9441-0

Weems JJ Jr (1992) Candida parapsilosis: epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical manifestations, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 14:756–766. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/14.3.756

Strausbaugh LJ, Sewell DL, Ward TT, Pfaller MA, Heitzman T, Tjoelker R (1994) High frequency of yeast carriage on hands of hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiol 32:2299–2300. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.32.9.2299-2300.1994

Sun RL, Jones DB, Wilhelmus KR (2007) Clinical characteristics and outcome of Candida keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 143:1043–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2007.02.016

Bourcier T, Touzeau O, Thomas F, Chaumeil C, Baudrimont M, Borderie V et al (2003) Candida parapsilosis keratitis. Cornea 22:51–55. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003226-200301000-00012

Pereira R, dos Santos Fontenelle RO, de Brito EHS, de Morais SM (2021) Biofilm of Candida albicans: formation, regulation and resistance. J Appl Microbiol 131:11–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14949

Tits J, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K (2020) Combination therapy to treat fungal biofilm-based infections. Int J Mol Sci 21:8873. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228873

Kuhn DM, George T, Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Ghannoum MA (2002) Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:1773–1780. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.6.1773-1780.2002

Chandra J, Mukherjee PK, Leidich SD, Faddoul FF, Hoyer LL, Douglas LJ et al (2001) Antifungal resistance of Candidal biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro. J Dent Res 80:903–908. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345010800031101

Muzny CA, Schwebke JR (2015) Biofilms: an underappreciated mechanism of treatment failure and recurrence in vaginal infections. Clin Infect Dis 61:601–606. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ353

Kumamoto CA (2002) Candida biofilms. Curr Opin Microbiol 5:608–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(02)00371-5

Ramage G, Saville SP, Thomas DP, López-Ribot JL (2005) Candida biofilms: an update. Eukaryot Cell 4:633–638. https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.4.4.633-638.2005

Chamilos G, Lewis RE, Albert N, Kontoyiannis DP (2007) Paradoxical effect of echinocandins across Candida species in vitro: evidence for echinocandin-specific and Candida species-related differences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51:2257–2259. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00095-07

Bizerra FC, Melo ASA, Katchburian E, Freymüller E, Straus AH, Takahashi HK et al (2011) Changes in cell wall synthesis and ultrastructure during paradoxical growth effect of caspofungin on four different Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55:302–310. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00633-10

Pate JC, Jones DB, Wilhelmus KR (2006) Prevalence and spectrum of bacterial co-infection during fungal keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol 90:289–292. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.081869