Candida-Infektionen – Diagnose und Therapie

Clark TA, Hajjeh RA (2002) Recent trends in the epidemiology of invasive mycoses. Curr Opin Infect Dis 15: 569–5674 Maertens J, Vrebos M, Boogaerts M (2001) Assessing risk factors for systemic fungal infection. Eur J Cancer Care 10: 56–62 Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond RB (2004) Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 39: 309–317 Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D (2003) Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically-ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 685–702 Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kaufman CA, Freifeld A, Anaissie EJ, Brumble LM, Herwaldt L, Ito J, Kontoyiannis DP, Lyon GM, Marr KA, Morrison VA, Park BJ, Patterson TF, Perl TM, Oster RA, Schuster MG, Walker R, Walsh TJ, Wannemuehler KA, Chiller TM (2010) Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis 50: 1101–1111 Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, Alexander BD, Anaissie EJ, Walsh TJ, Ito J, Andes DR, Baddley JW, Brown JM, Brumble LM, Freifeld AG, Hadley S, Herwaldt LA, Kauffman CA, Knapp K, Lyon GM; Morrison VA, Papanicolaou G, Patterson TF, Perl TM, Schuster MG, Walker R, Wannemuehler KA, Wingard JR, Chiller TM, Pappas PG (2010) Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoetic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001–2006: Overview of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 50: 1091–1100 Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Jones RN, Messer SA, Hollis RJ. (2002) Trends in antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from pediatric and adult patients with bloodstream infections: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997 to 2000. J Clin Microbiol 40: 852–856 Tortorano AM, Peman J, Bernhardt H, Klingspor L, Kibbler CC, Faure O, Biraghi E, Canton E, Zimmermann K, Seaton S, Grillot R (2004) Epidemiology of candidemia in Europe: results of 28-month Europe Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) hospital-based surveillance study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 23: 317–322 Diekema DJ, Messer SA, Brueggemann AB, Coffman SL, Doern GV, Herwaldt LA, Pfaller MA (2002) Epidemiology of candidemia: 3-year results from the emerging infections and the epidemiology of Iowa Organisms Study. J Clin Microbiol 40: 1298–1302 Presterl E, Daxböck F, Graninger W, Willinger B (2007) Changing pattern of candidemia 2001–2006 and use of antifungal therapy at the University Hospital of Vienna, Austria. Clin Microbiol Infect 13: 1072–1076 Falagas ME, Apostolou KE, Pappas VD (2006) Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25: 419–425 Ruhnke M (2003) Pilzinfektionen bei immunsupprimierten Patienten, 1. Aufl. UNI-MED, Bremen Meersseman W, Lagrou K, Spriet I, Maertens J, Verbeken E, Peetermans WE, Van Wijngaerden E (2009) Significance of Candida species from airway samples in critically ill patients: a prospective autopsy study. Intensive Care Med 35: 1526–1531 Bodey G, Bueltmann B, Duguid W, Gibbs D, Hanak H, Hotchi M, Mall G, Martino P, Meunier F, Milliken S (1992) Fungal infections in cancer patients: an international autopsy survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11: 99–109 Morrell M, Fraser FJ, Kollef MH (2005) Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:3640–3645 Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auckenthaler R (1994) Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 220: 751–758 Charles PE, Dalle F, Aube H, Doise JM, Quenot JP, Aho LS, Chavanet P, Blettery B (2005) Candida spp. colonization significance in critically ill patients: a prospective study. Intensive Care Med 31: 393–400 Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Almirante B, Nolla-Salas J, Alvarez-Lerma F, Garnacho-Montero J, Leon MA (2006) A bedside scoring system "Candida score" for early antifungal treatment in non-neutropenic critically-ill patients with Candida colonization Crit Care Med 34: 730–737 Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Leon MA, Nolla J, Jorda R, Saavedra P, Palomar M (2009) Usefulness of the "Candida score" for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically-ill patients: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med 37: 1624–1633 Berenguer J, Buck M, Witebsky F, Stock F, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ (1993) Lysis-centrifugation blood cultures in the detection of tissue-proven invasive candidiasis: disseminated versus single-organ infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 7: 103–109 Sendid B, Tabouret M, Poirot JL, Mathieu D, Fruit J, Poulain D (1999) New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: Useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1510–1517 Lass-Flörl C, Thalhammer F, Geltner C, Krause R, Kulier A, Presterl E, Wenisch C (2009) Consensus-Statement: Antimykotische Therapie: Invasive Candidiasis und invasive Aspergillose. Österreichische Ärztezeitung [Suppl] 1–11 Pappas, PG, Kauffmann CA, Andes D, Benjamin DK, Calandra TF, Edwards JE, Filler SG, Fisher JF, Kullberg BJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD (2009) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 48: 503–535 Rex JH, Bennet JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, Serody J, Edwards JE, Washburn RG (1995) Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 21: 994–996 Bal AM (2010) The echinocandins: three useful choices or three too many? Int J Antimicrob Agents 35: 13–18 Imhof A, Walter RB, Schaffner A (2003) Continuous infusion of escalated doses of amphtericin B deoxycholate: an open label observational study. Clin Infect Dis 36: 943–951 Dupont B (2002) Overview of the lipid formulations of amphotericin B. J Antimicrob Chemother 49 [Suppl S1]: 31–36 Wingard JR, White MH, Anaissie E, Raffalli J, Goodman J, Arrieta A (2000) A randomized double-blind comparative trail evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutopenia. Clin Infect Dis 31: 1155–1163 Saliba F, Dupont B (2008) Renal impairment and amphotericin B lipid formulations in patients with invasive fungal infections. Med Mycol 46: 97–112 Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R, Levenstein MJ, Schoch HG, Feldman AR, Meyers JD, Bowden RA (1995) Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation-a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 171: 1545–1552