Canadian education: The legal position of religion

See A.N. Khan, “The Legal Context of Canadian Education”,Australia and New Zealand Journal of Law and Education 2/1 (1997), 25–58; A.N. Khan, “A View from Abroad: Legal Framework for Canadian Public Education”,Education, Public Law and the Individual 2/5 (1997), 84–85; F. Peters, “The Changing Face of Denominational Education in Canada”,Education Law Journal 7 (1996) 229–256; G.M. Dickinson and W.R. Dolmage, “Education, Religion and the Courts in Ontario”,Canadian Journal of Education 21 (1996), 363–383; Alberta Private School Funding Task Force, Discussion Paper (Edmonton: Alberta Education, 1997), and Final Report (1998). For historical information, see J. G. Wilsonet al., Canadian Education—A History (Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice Hull, 1970). See also J.L. Black-Branch,Rights and realities: the judicial impact of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on education, case law and political jurisprudence (Aldershot, U.K.: Brookfield, 1997); D. Stratas,The Charter of Rights in litigation: Directions from the Supreme Court of Canada (Aurora, Ont.: Canadian Law Book Co., 1998); C. Richter, “Separation and Equality: an argument for religious schools within the public system”,Ottawa Law Review 28 (1997), 1–44; J. Purdy, “Religion and Education”, in R. Gosh and D. Rays, eds.,Social Change and Education in Canada (Toronto: Harcourt-Brace, 1995), 113–125; K. Swinton, “Freedom of Religion”, in G.-A. Beaudoin and E. Mendes,The Canadian Charter of Rights ad Freedoms (Toronto: Carswell, 1996), 4.1–4.28 (chapter 4). As Anderson J., at first instance, inAdler v.Ontario (1992) 9 OR (3d) 675. For example, seeR. v.Edwards Books and Art [1986] 2 SCR 713. See P. Hogg,Constitutional Law (Toronto: Carswell, 1996). (R v.Big M Drug Mart [1985] I SCR 295,Edwards Books and Art [1986] 2 SCR 713) Madam Justice Wilson, inR. v.Morgentaler [1988] 1 SCR 30. SeeLee v.Weisman 112 S.Ct. 2649 (1992). The United States Court of Appeal for the 9th Circuit gave another controversial judgment inHarris v.Joint School District No. 241 41 F. 3d 447 (1994). According to D.A. Schmeiser, inCivil Liberties in Canada (London: Oxford University Press, 1964). A.N. Khan, “The Legal Context of Canadian Education”,Australia and New Zealand Journal of Law and Education 2(1) (1997), 25–58. Per Dickson J. (later Chief Justice of Canada) inR v.Big M Drug Mart [1985] I SCR 295. The Hope Commission, 1950. InR. v. Jones{1986} 2 SCR 284. See A.N. Khan, “Canadian Constitutional Guarantee of ‘liberty’ as it Affects Education and Children”,Journal of Law and Education 22(2), (1993), 335–350. (1988) 65 O.R. (2d) 641 (Ontario Court of Appeal). see C. A. Stephonson, “Religious Exercises and Instruction in Ontario Public Schools”,University of Toronto Faculty Law Review 49, (1991), 82–105. For example,Abington v.Schemp 347 US 203 (1963);Engel v.Vitale 370 US 421 (1962). Canadian Civil Liberties Association v.Ontario (Minister of Education) (1988) 64 O.R. (2d) 577. (1990) 71 O.R. (2d) 34. (1989) 62 DLR (4th) 709. Russow v.British Columbia (Attorney-General) (1989) BCLR (2d) 29 (BC CA). (1992) 5 WWR 749. See K.M. Sullivan, “Religion and Liberal Democracy”,University of Chicago Law Review 59 (1992), 195–223; S. Fish, “Children and the First Amendment”,Connecticut Law Review 29 (1997), 883–892; M. Schreck, “Balancing the Rights to Pray at Graduation and the Responsibility of Disestablishment”,Temple Law Review 68 (1995), 1869–1895. J. Lang and R. Magsino, “Legal issues in religion and education”,Education and Law Journal 4 (1993), 189–215, at 214. SeeEdwards Books, supra n. 5.and Art [1986] 2 SCR 713. InR. v.Big M Drug Mart, supra n. 18. The Hope Commission, 1950. Jacobi v.Newell No. 4 (County) (1994) 16 Alberta L.R. (3d) 373. The Privy Council, inHirsch v.Protestant Board of School Commissioners’ Trustees of Montreal [1928] A.C. 215 InAttorney-General of Quebec v.Greater Hull School Board et al (1984) 15 DLR (4th) 651. SeeCity of Winnipeg v.Barrett [1892] A.C. 445;Brophy et al v.Attorney-General of Manitoba [1895] A.C. 202;Ottawa Separate Schools Trustees v.Mackell [1917] A.C. 62;Separate Schools Trustees v.City of Ottawa [1916] A.C. 76;Ottawa Separate Schools Trustees v.City of Ottawa [1916] A.C. 76;Tiny Separate School Trustees v.The King [1928] A.C. 363. See A.N. Khan “Minority Language Rights in Canada”,Journal of Law and Education 23/3 (1994), 399–253. See E.L. Hurlbert and M.A. Hurlbert,School Law: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1992). [1996] 3 S.C.R. 609. Ontario Public School Boards’ Association v.Ontario (1997) 151 D.L.R. (4th) 346. See A.N. Khan, “Liberty and education”,Education and the Law 5/2 (1993), 95–106. For example, seeOntario Public School Boards’ Association v.Attorney-General of Ontario (1997) 45 C.R.R. (3d) 341;Islamic Schools Federation of Ontario v.Ottawa Board of Education (1997) 145 D.L.R. (4th) 659 (leave to appeal to the Supreme Court refused July 1997). InBal v.Ontario (1994) 21 O.R. (3d) 681 Supra n.40. [1996] 3 S.C.R. 609. See the Task Force’s Discussion Paper,Funding Private Schools in Alberta: Setting the Stage for Discussions (1997); Task Force’s Final Report,Setting a New Framework (1998). InAdler, supra. n.40 [1996] 3 S.C.R. 609. Bal et al v.Attorney General for Ontario (1997) 44 C.R.R. (2d) 356, affirmingBal et al v.Attorney General of Ontario (1994) 27 O.R. (3d) 681. K. Swinton, “Freedom of Religion”, in Beaudoin and Mendes,supra n. 2, at ch.4. For an example seeAhmad v.Inner London Education Authority [1978] 3 W.L.R. 396. For a full analysis, see A.N. Khan, “Canadian education authorities’ duty to make reasonable accommodation of religious beliefs”,Education and the Law 9/4 (1998), 307–319. SeeLarge v.Stratford (City) [1995] 3 S.C.R. 128. See also M.C. Crane, “Developments in Employment Law: The 1995–96 Term”,Supreme Court Review 8 (1996), 307–365, particularly part III on “The Bona Fide Occupational Requirement Defence”, at 343–356. InR. vVideoflicks Ltd (1984) 14 DLR (4th) 10 at 14. Renaud v.Central Okanagan School District No. 23 (1992) 95 D.L.R. (4th) 577. (1997) 43 C.R.R. (2d) 151. Khan,supra n.15.. R. vW. H. Smith (1983) 25 Alberta LR (2d) 238, at 258. SeeVideoflicks, supra n. 52 (1984) 14 DLR (4th) 10 at 14.