Can the Red Queen help? A new approach to explaining the formation of interest groups in the USA
Tóm tắt
This article uses the theory of Red Queen competition to predict patterns in the founding of nationally active interest groups in the USA. The theory of Red Queen competition holds that competition among groups in a population is history-dependent such that each organization’s competitiveness is a function of its historical experience. The theory predicts that: (1) a population relatively full of recently experienced incumbent organizations is extremely uninviting for newcomers; and (2) a population relatively devoid of recently experienced competitors (and thusly full of incumbents whose competitive experiences are either minimal or concentrated in the distant past) is relatively inviting for newcomers. We test these predictions against data from two group populations. Ultimately, we find strong support for the theory of Red Queen competition and its substantive predictions.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barnett, W.P. 2008. The Red Queen Among Organizations; How Competitiveness Evolves. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Barnett, W.P., and M.T. Hansen. 1996. The red queen in organizational evolution. Strategic Management Journal 17(S1): 139–157.
Barnett, W.P., and O. Sorenson. 2002. The red queen in organizational creation and development. Industrial and Corporate Change 11(2): 289–325.
Benz, J., J.H. Kirkland, V. Gray, D. Lowery, J. Sykes, and M. Deason. 2011. Mediated density: The indirect relationship between public policy and PACs. State Politics and Policy Quarterly 11(4): 440–459.
Berkhout, J., B.J. Carroll, C. Braun, A.W. Chalmers, T. Destrooper, D. Lowery, S. Otjes, and A. Rasmussen. 2015. Interest organizations across economic sectors: Explaining interest group density in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy 22(4): 462–480.
Carroll, G.R., and M.T. Hannan. 1995. Density-dependent evolution. In Organizations in Industry, ed. G.R. Carroll and M.T. Hannan. New York: Oxford University Press.
Carroll, G.R., and M.T. Hannan. 2000. The Demography of Corporations and Industries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cigler, A.J. 1991. Interest groups: A subfield in search of an identity. In Political Science: Looking to the Future, Volume 4, American Institutions, ed. W. Crotty. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
Cyert, R.M., and J.G. March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Fisker, H. 2013. Density dependence in corporate systems: Development of the population of Danish patient groups (1901–2011). Interest Groups and Advocacy 2(2): 119–138.
Gray, V., and D. Lowery. 1995. The demography of interest organization communities: Institutions, associations, and membership groups. American Politics Quarterly 23(1): 3–32.
Gray, V., and D. Lowery. 1996a. The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Gray, V., and D. Lowery. 1996b. A niche theory of interest representation. Journal of Politics 58(1): 91–111.
Gray, V., and D. Lowery. 1997. Life in a niche: Mortality anxiety among organized interests in the American states. Political Research Quarterly 50(1): 25–47.
Gray, V., and D. Lowery. 2001. The expression of density dependence in state communities of organized interests. American Politics Research 29(4): 374–391.
Halpin, D.R. 2014. The Organization of Political Interest Groups: Designing Advocacy. New York: Routledge.
Halpin, D., and G. Jordan. 2009. Interpreting environments: Interest group response to population ecology pressures. British Journal of Political Science 39(2): 243–265.
Hannan, M.T. 1995. Labor unions. In Organizations in Industry, ed. G.R. Carroll and M.T. Hannan. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hannan, M.T., and J. Freeman. 1984. Structural inertia and organizational change. American Sociological Review 49(2): 149–164.
Hardin, R. 1982. Collective Action. Baltimore, MD: Resources for the Future.
Hojnacki, M., D.C. Kimball, F.R. Baumgartner, J.M. Berry, and B.L. Leech. 2012. Studying organizational advocacy and influence: Reexamining interest group research. Annual Review of Political Science 15: 379–399.
Hojnacki, M. 1997. Interest groups’ decisions to join alliances or work alone. American Journal of Political Science 41(1): 61–87.
Hula, K. 1999. Lobbying Together: Interest Group Coalitions in Legislative Politics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia; or, why are there so many kinds of animals? The American Naturalist 93(870): 145–159.
Lizzi, R., and A. Pritoni. 2017. The size and shape of the Italian interest system between the 1980s and the present day. Italian Political Science Review 47(3): 291–312.
Lowery, D., and V. Gray. 1993. The density of state interest group systems. Journal of Politics 55(1): 191–206.
Lowery, D., V. Gray, J. Kirkland, and J.J. Harden. 2012. Generalist interest organizations and interest system density: A test of the competitive exclusion hypothesis. Social Science Quarterly 93(1): 21–41.
March, J.G. 1988. Decisions and Organizations. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell.
March, J.G. 1994. A Primer on Decision Making: How Decisions Happen. New York: Free Press.
March, J.G., and H.A. Simon. 1958. Organizations. New York: Wiley.
Minkoff, D.C. 1997. The sequencing of social movements. American Sociological Review 62(5): 779–799.
Moe, T.M. 1980. A calculus of group membership. American Journal of Political Science 24(4): 593–632.
Nownes, A.J. 2004. The Population ecology of interest group formation: Mobilizing for gay and lesbian rights in the United States, 1950–1998. British Journal of Political Science 34(1): 49–67.
Nownes, A.J. 2010. Density dependent dynamics in the population of transgender interest groups in the United States, 1964–2005. Social Science Quarterly 91(3): 689–703.
Nownes, A.J., and G. Neeley. 1996. Public interest group entrepreneurship and theories of group mobilization. Political Research Quarterly 49(1): 119–146.
Olson, M. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Salisbury, R.H. 1969. An exchange theory of interest groups. Midwest Journal of Political Science 13(1): 1–32.
Stinchcombe, A.L. 1965. Social structure and organizations. In Handbook of Organizations, ed. J. March. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Stretesky, P.B., S. Huss, M.J. Lynch, S. Zahran, and B. Childs. 2011. The founding of environmental justice organizations across U.S. counties during the 1990s and 2000s: Civil rights and environmental cross-movement effects. Social Problems 58(3): 330–360.
Tomz, M., J. Wittenberg, and G. King. 2003. CLARIFY: Software for interpreting and presenting statistical results. Journal of Statistical Software 8(1). http://j.mp/k3k0rx. Accessed 24 July 2016.
Van Valen, L. 1973. A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory 1(1): 1–30.
Walker, J.L. 1983. The origins and maintenance of interest groups in America. American Political Science Review 77(2): 390–406.
Walker, J.L. 1991. Mobilizing Interest Groups in America: Patrons, Professions, and Social Movements. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Wollebaek, D. 2009. Age, size and change in local voluntary associations. Acta Sociologica 52(4): 365–384.
Young, M. 2010. Developing Interests: Organizational Change and the Politics of Advocacy. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.