Can rainwater harvesting replace conventional irrigation for winter wheat production in dry semi-humid areas in China?

Araki, 2012, Waterlogging at jointing and/or after anthesis in wheat induces early leaf senescence and impairs grain filling, Field Crops Res., 137, 27, 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.006 Bakeman, 2005, Recommended effect size statistics for repeated measures designs, Behav. Res Methods, 37, 379, 10.3758/BF03192707 Bao, 2019, Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis Bates, 2015, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4, J. Stat. Softw., 67, 1, 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 Bu, 2013, The effects of mulching on maize growth, yield and water use in a semi-arid region, Agric. Water Manag., 123, 71, 10.1016/j.agwat.2013.03.015 Daryanto, 2017, Can ridge-furrow plastic mulching replace irrigation in dryland wheat and maize cropping systems?, Agric. Water Manag., 190, 1, 10.1016/j.agwat.2017.05.005 Du, 2022, Increasing temperature during early spring increases winter wheat grain yield by advancing phenology and mitigating leaf senescence, Sci. Total Environ., 812, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152557 Feng, 2013, Evaluation of groundwater depletion in North China using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and ground-based measurements, Water Resour. Res., 49, 2110, 10.1002/wrcr.20192 Fernández, 2020, Water use indicators and economic analysis for on-farm irrigation decision: A case study of a super high density olive tree orchard, Agric. Water Manag., 237 Ferrand, 2014, Potential of rainwater harvesting in a thirsty world: a survey of ancient and traditional rainwater harvesting applications, Geogr. Compass, 8, 395, 10.1111/gec3.12135 Fischer, 2008, The importance of grain or kernel number in wheat: a reply to Sinclair and Jamieson, Field Crops Res., 105, 15, 10.1016/j.fcr.2007.04.002 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 2016. Coping with Water Scarcity. Challenge of the 21st Century, Working Papers. Gan, 2013, Ridge-furrow mulching systems—an innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments, Adv. Agron., 118 García, 2015, High night temperatures during grain number determination reduce wheat and barley grain yield: a field study, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 4153, 10.1111/gcb.13009 Geng, 2013, Dry/wet climate zoning and delimitation of arid areas of Northwest China based on a data-driven fashion, J. Arid Land, 6, 287, 10.1007/s40333-013-0206-7 Gu, 2019, Ridge-furrow full film mulching: an adaptive management strategy to reduce irrigation of dryland winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in northwest China, Agr. For. Meteor., 266–267, 119, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.12.009 Guo, 2012, Winter wheat grain yield associated with precipitation distribution under long-term nitrogen fertilization in the semiarid Loess Plateau in China, Geoderma, 189–190, 442, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.06.012 He, 2021, Impact of food consumption patterns change on agricultural water requirements: An urban-rural comparison in China, Agric. Water Manag., 243 Hoad, 2001, The management of wheat, barley, and oat root systems, Adv. Agron., 74, 193, 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)74034-5 Hothorn, 2008, Simultaneous inference in general parametric models, Biom. J., 50, 346, 10.1002/bimj.200810425 Ji, 2010, Importance of pre-anthesis anther sink strength for maintenance of grain number during reproductive stage water stress in wheat, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 926, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02130.x Kasirajan, 2012, Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: a review, Agron. Sustain Dev., 32, 501, 10.1007/s13593-011-0068-3 Lenth, R.V., 2021. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.6.2–1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans. Li, 2016, Towards the highly effective use of precipitation by ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching instead of relying on irrigation resources in a dry semi-humid area, Field Crops Res., 188, 62, 10.1016/j.fcr.2016.01.013 Li, 2017, Ridge–furrow with plastic film mulching practice improves maize productivity and resource use efficiency under the wheat–maize double–cropping system in dry semi–humid areas, Field Crops Res., 203, 201, 10.1016/j.fcr.2016.12.029 Li, 2019, Optimized ridge–furrow with plastic film mulching system to use precipitation efficiently for winter wheat production in dry semi–humid areas, Agric. Water Manag., 218, 211, 10.1016/j.agwat.2019.03.048 Liu, 2002, Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter, Agr. For. Meteor., 111, 109, 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00015-1 Liu, 2020, Ridge-furrow mulching system regulates hydrothermal conditions to promote maize yield and efficient water use in rainfed farming area, Agric. Water Manag., 232 Liu, 2020, Appropriate ridge-furrow ratio can enhance crop production and resource use efficiency by improving soil moisture and thermal condition in a semi-arid region, Agric. Water Manag., 240, 0378, 10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106289 Liu, 2021, Physiological response of flag leaf and yield formation of winter wheat under different spring restrictive irrigation regimes in the Haihe Plain, China, J. Integr. Agric., 20, 2343, 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63352-4 Liu, 2010, Growth and development of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to different field water management practices: resource capture and use efficiency, Agr. For. Meteor., 150, 606, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.02.003 Liu, 2013, Effects of conservation tillage on grain filling and hormonal changes in wheat under simulated rainfall conditions, Field Crops Res., 144, 43, 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.01.009 Liu, 2020, Ridge-furrow planting promotes wheat grain yield and water productivity in the irrigated sub-humid region of China, Agric. Water Manag., 231 Mo, 2017, Ridge-furrow plastic-mulching with balanced fertilization in rainfed maize ( Zea mays L.): An adaptive management in east African Plateau, Agr. For. Meteor., 236, 100, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.01.014 Mueller, 2012, Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management, Nature, 490, 254, 10.1038/nature11420 Olesen, 2000, Irrigation strategy, nitrogen application and fungicide control in winter wheat on a sandy soil. I. Yield, yield components and nitrogen uptake, J. Agric. Sci., 134, 13, 10.1017/S0021859699007285 Qiu, 2008, Water use efficiency and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and its response to irrigation regime in the north China plain, Agr. For. Meteor., 148, 1848, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.06.010 Ren, 2009, Ridge and furrow method of rainfall concentration for fertilizer use efficiency in farmland under semiarid conditions, Appl. Eng. Agric., 25, 905, 10.13031/2013.29239 Sun, 2020, An overview of the use of plastic film mulching in China to increase crop yield and water use efficiency, Natl. Sci. Rev., 10, 1523, 10.1093/nsr/nwaa146 Tang, 2015, Technical and allocative efficiency of irrigation water use in the Guanzhong Plain, China, Food Policy, 50, 43, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.10.008 Ungureanu, 2020, Water scarcity and wastewater reuse in crop irrigation, Sustainability, 12 United Nations Educational_(UNE), 2015. World Water Development Report 2015: water in a sustainable world. Winpenny, J., Heinz, I., Koo-Oshima, S., Salgot, M., Collado, J., Hernandez, F., Torricelli, R., 2010. The wealth of waste: the economics of wastewater use in agriculture. Water Reports. Wu, 2022, Soil warming and straw return impacts on winter wheat phenology, photosynthesis, root growth, and grain yield in the North China Plain, Field Crops Res., 283 Xu, 2003, Innovation and progress of agricultural water-saving science and technology in China, Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng., 019, 5 Zadoks, 1974, A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals, Weed Res., 14, 415, 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x Zhang, 2018, A regional evaluation of plastic film mulching for improving crop yields on the Loess Plateau of China, Agr. For. Meteor., 248, 458, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.10.030 Zhang, 2017, Plastic-film mulching for enhanced water-use efficiency and economic returns from maize fields in semiarid China, Front. Plant Sci., 8 Zhang, 2013, Water use efficiency of dryland wheat in the Loess Plateau in response to soil and crop management, Field Crops Res., 151, 9, 10.1016/j.fcr.2013.07.005 Zhang, 2021, Spike growth affects spike fertility through the number of florets with green anthers before floret abortion in wheat, Field Crops Res., 260 Zhao, 2020, Response of winter-wheat grain yield and water-use efficiency to irrigation with activated water on Guanzhong Plain in China, Irrig. Sci., 39, 263, 10.1007/s00271-020-00706-y Zheng, 2021, Evapotranspiration partitioning and water productivity of rainfed maize under contrasting mulching conditions in Northwest China, Agric. Water Manag., 243