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Liệu Các Loài Xâm Nhập Có Thể Hỗ Trợ Các Loài Bản Địa? Bằng Chứng Về Cách Thức, Thời Điểm Và Tại Sao Những Tác Động Này Xảy Ra
Tóm tắt
Mặc dù các tác động săn mồi và cạnh tranh của sự xâm lấn sinh học đã được ghi nhận rõ ràng, nhưng việc các loài không bản địa hỗ trợ sự phát triển của các loài bản địa thường bị bỏ qua. Một cuộc khảo sát qua tài liệu sinh thái gần đây cho thấy các tương tác hỗ trợ giữa các loài xâm lấn và các loài bản địa xảy ra trong một loạt các môi trường sống, có thể tạo ra những tác động lan tỏa qua các cấp độ dinh dưỡng, có thể tái cấu trúc các cộng đồng, và có thể dẫn đến những thay đổi tiến hóa. Đây là những phát hiện quan trọng mà, cho đến nay, chủ yếu chưa được đề cập trong các phân tích về tác động sinh thái của sự xâm lấn sinh học. Ở đây, tôi trình bày bằng chứng cho một số cơ chế minh họa cách mà các loài ngoại lai có thể hỗ trợ các loài bản địa. Các cơ chế này bao gồm thay đổi môi trường sống, trợ cấp dinh dưỡng, thụ phấn, giải phóng cạnh tranh và giải phóng săn mồi. Thay đổi môi trường sống là cơ chế thường xuyên được ghi nhận nhất, phản ánh những thay đổi mạnh mẽ do sự xâm lấn của các kỹ sư sinh thái mới lạ về chức năng. Hơn nữa, tôi dự đoán rằng các tác động hỗ trợ đến các loài bản địa sẽ xảy ra nhiều nhất khi các loài xâm lấn cung cấp nguồn tài nguyên hạn chế, gia tăng độ phức tạp của môi trường sống, thay thế một loài bản địa về chức năng, hoặc làm giảm áp lực săn mồi hoặc cạnh tranh. Cuối cùng, ba loại hỗ trợ (mới, thay thế và gián tiếp) đã xác định tại sao các loài ngoại lai có thể dẫn đến việc hỗ trợ các loài bản địa. Rõ ràng rằng việc hiểu về sự xâm lấn sinh học ở cấp độ cộng đồng và hệ sinh thái sẽ chính xác hơn nếu chúng ta tích hợp các tương tác hỗ trợ vào nghiên cứu sinh thái trong tương lai. Vì các tác động hỗ trợ của sự xâm lấn sinh học có thể xảy ra với các loài bản địa có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng, và có thể có những tác động rộng rãi, những kết quả này cũng có những hàm ý quan trọng cho việc quản lý, tiêu diệt và phục hồi.
Từ khóa
#sự xâm lấn sinh học #các loài xâm lấn #các loài bản địa #hỗ trợ sinh thái #thay đổi môi trường sống #cạnh tranh #săn mồi #tiến hóaTài liệu tham khảo
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