Calculating evacuation times for tall buildings

1985 Harrison, 1974, The high-rise fire problem, CRC Critical Rev. Environ. Control, 4, 483, 10.1080/10643387409381622 Accident Facts, National Safety Council, 1985 edn., Chicago. Karter, 1986, Fire loss in the United States during 1984, Fire J., 80, 35 1982 Pauls, 1984, Development of knowledge about means of egress, Fire Technol., 20, 28, 10.1007/BF02384148 Paulsen, 1981 Stahl, 1977 Stahl, 1982, Time-based Capabilities of Occupants to Escape Fires in Public Buildings: a Review of Code Provisions and Technical Literature 1935 1952 Togawa, 1955, Study of Fire Escapes Basing on the Observation of Multitude Currents Predtechenskii, 1969 Roytman, 1969 Kendik, 1983, Determination of the evacuation time pertinent to the factor in the event of total evacuation of high-rise office buildings via staircases, Fire Safety J., 5, 223, 10.1016/0379-7112(83)90020-6 Kendik, 1985, Assessment of Escape Routes in Buildings and a Design Method for Calculating Pedestrian Movement Kendik, 1986, Methods of design of means of egress: towards a quantitative comparison of national code requirements, 497 1958 Hankin, 1959, Passenger flow in subways, Operational Res. Q., 9, 81, 10.1057/jors.1958.9 Fruin, 1971 Fruin, 1985, Building circulation: the horizontal interface, Elevator World, 33, 52 Galbreath, 1969, Time of Evacuation by Stairs in High Buildings Melinek, 1975, An Analysis of Evacuation Times and the Movement of Crowds in Buildings Melinek, 1975, Evacuation of Buildings — Some Effects of Changes in Performance Standards Pauls, 1977, Movement of people in building evacuations, 281 Pauls, 1977, Management and movement of building occupants in emergencies, 103 Pauls, 1978, Evacuation of high-rise office buildings, Buildings, 72, 84 Pauls, 1980, Building evacuation: research findings and recommendations, 251 Pauls, 1980, Effective-width model for evacuation flow, 215 Pauls, 1982, Effective-width model for crowd evacuation flow on stairs, 295 Pauls, 1984, The movement of people in buildings and design solutions for means of egress, Fire Technol., 20, 27, 10.1007/BF02390046 Pauls, 1980, Building evacuation: research methods and case studies, 227 1985, 232 1985 ITE Technical Council Committee 5-R, 1976, Characteristics and service requirements of pedestrians and pedestrian facilities, Traffic Eng., 34 Wood, 1972, The Behaviour of People in Fires Wood, 1980, A survey of behaviour in fires, 83 Bryan, 1977, Smoke as a Determinant of Human Behaviour in Fire Situations, (Project People) Bryan, 1980, The Determination of Behaviour Response Patterns in Fire Situations, Project People II Bryan, 1985, Convergence clusters: a phenomenon of human behavior seen in selected high-rise building fires, Fire J., 79, 27 Bryan, 1985, Convergence cluster: a phenomenon of human behavior seen in selected high-rise building fires, Fire J., 79, 86 Swartz, 1979, Human behavior in the Beverly Hills fire, Fire J., 73 Swartz, 1979, Human behavior in the Beverly Hills fire, Fire J., 73, 74 Swartz, 1979, Human behavior in the Beverly Hills fire, Fire J., 73, 108 Bryan, 1982, An Examination and Analysis of the Dynamics of the Human Behavior in the MGM Grand Hotel Fire Sime, 1984, Escape from building fires: ‘panic’ or affiliation? Sime, 1985, The outcome of escape behaviour in the Summerland fire: panic or affiliation?, 81 Canter, 1980 Canter, 1985, Studies of Human Behaviour in Fire: Empirical Results and their Implications for Education and Design Seeger, 1980, Evacuation tests in high-rise office buildings and in large two-story school buildings, 221 Horiuchi, 1980, An experimental study on exit choice behavior of occupant in an evacuation under building fire, 173 Kobayashi, 1980, Analysis of occupant behavior in an office building under fire, 187 Horiuchi, 1986, A case study of fire and evacuation in a multi-purpose office building, Osaka, Japan, 523 Kagawa, 1986, Movement of people on stairs during a fire evacuation drill — Japanese experience in a high-rise office building, 533 Jones, 1986, Leadership and group formation in highrise building evacuation, 513 Ericson, 1984 MacLennan, 1985, The problem with estimating the safe time required for egress, ASHRAE Trans., 91 MacLennan, 1986, Towards an integrated egress/evacuation model using an open systems approach, 581 Groner, 1982, A Matter of Time — A Comprehensive Guide to Fire Emergency Planning for Board and Care Homes Groner, 1981, Measuring evacuation difficulty in board and care homes, Fire J., 75, 44 Groner, 1981, Measuring evacuation difficulty in board and care homes, Fire J., 75, 109 Johnson, 1983, Evacuation Techniques for Disabled Persons: Research Summary and Guidelines Pearson, 1983, Egress Behavior Response Times of Handicapped and Elderly Subjects to Simulated Residential Fire Situations Boyce, 1985, Movement under emergency lighting: the effect of illuminance, Lighting Res. Technol., 17, 51, 10.1177/14771535850170020401 Boyce, 1985, Movement under Emergency Lighting: 2. The Effects of Changeover from Normal Lighting Webber, 1985, Emergency lighting recommendations, 61 Webber, 1987, Emergency lighting and movement through corridors and stairways Nelson, 1982, Emergency evacuation flow models, 282 Francis, 1979, A Simple Graphical Procedure to Estimate the Minimum Time to Evacuate a Building Kisko, 1983, EVACNET+: a Computer Program to Determine Optimal Building Evacuation Plans Chalmet, 1982, Network models for building evacuation, Management Sci., 28, 86, 10.1287/mnsc.28.1.86 Stahl, 1980, BFIRES/Version 2: Documentation of Program Modifications Stahl, 1980, An examination of the BFIRES/VERSION I computer program: comparing simulated with actual fire events, Architect. Sci. Rev., 23, 85, 10.1080/00038628.1980.9696450 Alvord, 1985, Status Report on the Escape and Rescue Model and the Fire Emergency Evacuation Simulation for Multifamily Buildings Watts, 1987, Computer models for evacuation analysis, Fire Safety J., 12, 237, 10.1016/0379-7112(87)90008-7 Cooper, 1980, Life safety through designed safe egress — a framework for research, development and implementation Sato, 1986, Computer simulation for total firesafety design of the new Japanese Sumo Wrestling Headquarters and Stadium (Kokugikan), 541 1983, Vol. 2, 51 Johnson, 1977, Study of personnel movement in office buildings Glass, 1979 Webber, 1983, Vols. I and II