Calcretes from the Quaternary alluvial deposit of Purna basin, central India: Lithological and climatic controls

Achyuthan, 2003, Petrologic analysis and geochemistry of the Late Neogene-Early Quaternary hardpan calcretes of western Rajasthan, India, Quat. Int., 106–107, 3, 10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00158-1 Achyuthan, 2019, The Thar desert calcretes: a proxy for understanding Late Quaternary paleoclimate shifts, JIMD Reports, 45, 53 Achyuthan, 1998, Micromorphology of Quaternary calcrete around Didwana in Thar desert of Rajasthan, Ann. Arid Zone, 37, 25 Achyuthan, 2007, Stable isotope composition of pedogenic carbonates from the eastern margin of the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, India, Quat. Int., 162–163, 50, 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.031 Achyuthan, 2007, Late Quaternary-Holocene lake level changes in the eastern margin of the Thar Desert, India, J. Paleolimnol., 38, 493, 10.1007/s10933-006-9086-6 Achyuthan, 2010, Radiocarbon ages of carbonate nodules from Coimbatore region, Tamil Nadu. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 75, 791, 10.1007/s12594-010-0072-2 Achyuthan, 2004, Pedogenic calcrete from Coimbatore area; micromorphology, geochemistry and palaeoclimate significance, 1 Achyuthan, 2012, Geochemistry of calcretes (calcic palaeosols and hardpan), Coimbatore, Southern India: formation and palaeoenvironment, Quat. Int., 265, 155, 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.01.037 Alçiçek, 2014, Palustrine carbonates and pedogenic calcretes in the Çal basin of SW Anatolia: implications for the Plio-Pleistocene regional climatic pattern in the eastern Mediterranean, Catena, 112, 48, 10.1016/j.catena.2013.03.010 Alexander, 1961, 472 Alonso-Zarza, 2003, Palaeoenvironmental significance of palustrine carbonates and calcretes in the geological record, Earth Sci. Rev., 60, 261, 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00106-X Alonso-Zarza, 2004, Cenozoic calcretes from the Teruel graben, Spain: microstructure, stable isotope geochemistry and environmental significance, Sediment. Geol., 167, 91, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.02.001 Alonso-Zarza, 2002, Quaternary laminar calcretes with bee nests: evidences of small scale climatic fluctuations, eastern Canary Islands, Spain, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 178, 119, 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00405-9 Alonso-Zarza, 1998, Fan surface dynamics and biogenic calcrete development: interactions during ultimate phases of fan evolution in the semi-arid SE Spain (Murcia), Geomorphology, 24, 147, 10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00022-1 Alonso-Zarza, 2010, Calcretes, vol. 61, 226 Andrews, 1998, Do stable isotope data from calcrete record Late Pleistocene monsoonal climate variation in the Thar Desert of India?, Quat. Res., 50, 240, 10.1006/qres.1998.2002 Bansod, 2020, 276 Bhandari, 2005, Late Pleistocene alluvial plain sedimentation in lower Narmada valley, western India: palaeoenvironmental implications, J. Asian Earth Sci., 24, 433, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2003.12.011 Bhatt, 2003, Quaternary fluvial sequence of south Saurashtra, western India, Curr. Sci., 84, 1065 Blumel, 1982, Calcretes in Namibia and SE Spain relations to substratum, soil formation and geomorphic factors, Catena, 1, 67 Brasier, 2014, Carbon isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation in soils of the old red sandstone (silurian to devonian, south wales, UK), J. Geol. Soc. London, 171, 621, 10.1144/jgs2013-136 Burgees, 1958, 188 Bustillo, 2013, Root calcretes and uranium-bearing silcretes at sedimentary discontinuities in the Miocene of the Madrid Basin (Toledo, Spain), J. Sediment. Res., 83, 1130, 10.2110/jsr.2013.85 Calvet, 1975, Las rizocrecionesdelPleistoceno de Mallorca, Inst. Invest. Geol. Uni. Barcelona, 30, 35 Cailleau, 2014, Detection of active oxalate–carbonate pathway ecosystems in the Amazon basin: global implications of a natural potential C sink, Catena, 116, 132, 10.1016/j.catena.2013.12.017 Candy, 2009, The timing of Quaternary calcrete development in semi-arid southeast Spain: investigating the role of climate on calcrete genesis, Sediment. Geol., 218, 6, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.03.005 Candy, 2003, Calcrete profile development in Quaternary alluvial sequences, southeast Spain: implications for using calcretes as a basis for landform chronologies, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 28, 169, 10.1002/esp.445 Chen, 2002 Chiquet, 2000, Chemical mass balance of calcrete genesis on the Toledo granite (Spain), Chem. Geol., 170, 19, 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00240-5 Cohen, 1982, Palaeoenvironments of root casts from the Koobi Fora Formation, Kenya, J. Sediment. Petrol., 52, 401 Dessai, 1987, Mineralogy and geochemistry of the calcretes in alluvial sediments from Pune, India, J. Geol. Soc. India, 29, 584 Dhir, 2012, The Thar desert and its antiquity, Curr. Sci. Rev., 102, 1001 Dhir, 2010, Multiple episode of aggradation and calcrete formation in late Quaternary aeoline sands, central Thar desert, Rajasthan, India, J. Asian Earth Sci., 37, 10, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.07.002 Dhir, 2004, Calcretes in the Thar desert: genesis, chronology and palaeoenvironment, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 113, 473 Dietrich, 2017, Origin of calcium in pedogenic carbonate nodules from silicate watersheds in the Far North Region of Cameroon: respective contribution of in situ weathering source and dust input, Chem. Geol., 460, 54, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.04.015 Durand, 2006, Origin of Ca in South Indian calcretes developed on metamorphic rocks, J. Geochem. Explor., 88, 275, 10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.08.055 Durand, 2006, Pathways of calcrete development on weathered silicate rocks in Tamil Nadu, India: mineralogy, chemistry and paleoenvironmental implications, Sediment. Geol., 192, 1, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.03.020 Durand, 2007, Pedogenic carbonates on Precambrian silicate rocks in South India: origin and paleoclimatic significance, Quat. Int., 162–163, 35, 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.026 Enzel, 1999, High resolution Holocene environmental changes in the Thar desert, Northwestern India, Science, 284, 125, 10.1126/science.284.5411.125 Eren, 2010, Karst surface features of the hard laminated crust (calcic hardpan) in the Mersin area, southern Turkey, Acta Carsol., 39, 93, 10.3986/ac.v39i1.115 Eswaran, 2000, Global carbon stocks, 15 Gardner, 1994, Variability in early vadose carbonate diagenesis, Earth Sci. Rev., 36, 27, 10.1016/0012-8252(94)90006-X Genise, 2010, Invertebrate and vertebrate trace fossils from continental carbonates, vol. 61, 319 Genise, 2013, Insect trace fossils in aeolian deposits and calcretes from the Canary Islands: their ichnotaxonomy, producers, and palaeoenvironmental significance, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 377, 110, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.03.005 Genise, 2011, Large ferruginized palaeorhizospheres from a Palaogene lateritic profile of Uruguay, Sediment. Geol., 240, 85, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.08.008 Ghavami-Riabi, 2011, Investigation of blind massive sulphide deposit signatures in the calcrete layers as a geochemical barrier: a case study of Areachap, Kantienpan and Copperton deposits, J. Mining Environ., 2, 86 Ghosh, 2019, 100 kyr sedimentary record of marginal Gangetic plain: implications for forebulge tectonics palaeogeogr, Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 520, 78, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.035 Gibling, 2008, Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archaeological sites over the past 85,000 years, Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 391, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.001 Gile, 1966, Morphological and genetic sequences of carbonate accumulation in desert oils, Soil Sci., 101, 347, 10.1097/00010694-196605000-00001 Gocke, 2011, Effect of temperature and rhizosphere processes on pedogenic carbonate recrystallization: relevance for palaeoenvironmental applications, Geoderma, 166, 57, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.07.011 Gocke, 2011, Carbonate rhizoliths in loess and their implications for paleoenvironmental reconstruction revealed by isotopic composition: δ13C, 14C, Chem. Geol., 283, 251, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.01.022 Goudie, 1973, 174p Goudie, 1983, Calcrete, 93 Gray, 1971, Microbial productivity in soil. Symposia of the society for general microbiology no. XXI, 255 Gürel, 2008, Sedimentological and mineralogical investigation of the late Miocene successions of Aktoprak Basin (central Turkey): implications for sediment source and paleoclimates, Clay Miner., 56, 660, 10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560607 Gürel, 2017, Geology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of late Miocene paleosol and calcrete in the western part of the central Anatolian volcanic province (CAVP), Turkey, Geoderma, 302, 22, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.04.016 He, 2015, Calcium nodules as a proxy for quaternary paleoclimate change on China's loess plateau, PloS One, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0143928 Hameed, 2018, Micromorphology, clay mineralogy, and geochemistry of calcic-soils from western Thar desert: implications for origin of palygorskite and southwestern monsoonal fluctuations over the last 30 ka, Catena, 163, 378, 10.1016/j.catena.2017.12.034 Huerta, 2005, Calcrete and palustrine assemblages on a distal alluvial foodplain: a response to local subsidence (Miocene of the Duero basin, Spain), Sediment. Geol., 177, 253, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.03.007 Jacobson, 1988, The central Australian groundwater discharge zone: evolution of associated calcrete and gypcrete deposits, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 35, 549, 10.1080/08120098808729469 Jain, 2003, Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy and palaeoclimtic reconstruction at the Thar margin, Curr. Sci., 84, 1048 Jain, 2004, Late Quaternary stratigraphic development in the lower Luni, Mahi and Sabarmati river basins, western India, vol. 113, 453 Joseph, 2005, Rhizolithic calcretes in Teris, southern Tamil Nadu: origin and palaeoenvironmental implications, J. Geol. Soc. India, 65 Kale, 2010 Kale, 2010, Lithofacies characters of Quaternary sediments from Chandanapuri area, Ahmadnagar district, Maharashtra, Gondwana Geol. Magz. Spec., 12, 275 Kale, 2020, Fluvial facies and petrography of late Pleistocene Baneta sediments, Central Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 129, 61, 10.1007/s12040-019-1304-5 Kale, 2003, Sedimentary records of palaeofloods in the bedrock gorges of the Tapi and Narmada rivers, central India, Curr. Sci., 84, 1072 Kadİr, 2014, Genesis of Late Miocene-Pliocene lacustrine palygorskite and calcretes from Kırşehir, central Anatolia, Turkey, Clay Miner., 49, 473, 10.1180/claymin.2014.049.3.09 Kanhaiya, 2016, Lithofacies and particle-size characteristic of late Quaternary floodplain deposits along the middle reaches of the Ganga river, central Ganga plain, India, Geomorphology, 284, 220, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.030 Khadkikar, 2005, Elemental composition of calcites in Late Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from Gujarat, Western India, J. Asian Earth Sci., 25, 893, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.09.006 Khadkikar, 1995, Arid humid cycles in mainland Gujarat over the past 300 ka: evidences from the Mahi river basin, J. Geol. Soc. India, 47, 383 Khadkikar, 2000, The character, genesis of calcrete in Late Quaternary alluvial deposits, Gujarat, Western India, its bearing on the interpretation of ancient climates, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 162, 239, 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00130-9 Khalaf, 2007, Occurrence, genesis of calcrete, dolocrete in the Mio-Pleistocene fluviatile sequence in Kuwait, northeast Arabian Peninsula, Sediment. Geol., 199, 129, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.01.021 Khalaf, 2016, Petrography, micromorphology and genesis of Holocene pedogenic calcrete in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, Sultanate of Oman, Catena, 147, 496, 10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.044 Khalifa, 2009, Calcareous duricrust, Al Qasim Province, Saudi Arabia: Occurrence and origin, Quat. Int., 209, 163, 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.02.014 Kindle, 1925, A note on Rhizocretions, J. Geol., 33, 744, 10.1086/623245 Klappa, 1979, Calcified filaments in Quaternary calcretes: organomineral interactions in the sub aerial vadose environment, J. Sediment. Petrol., 49, 955, 10.2110/jsr.49.955 Klappa, 1980, Rhizolith in terrestrial carbonates: classification, recognition, genesis and significance, Sedimentology, 27, 613, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01651.x Kraus, 2006, Significance of different modes of rhizolith preservation to interpreting paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic settings: examples from Paleogene paleosols, Bighorn basin, Wyoming, U.S.A. J. Sediment. Res., 76, 633, 10.2110/jsr.2006.052 Küçükuysal, 2014, Mineralogical, geochemical and micromorphological evaluation of the Plio-Quaternary paleosols and calcretes from Karahamzal, Ankara (Central Turkey), Geol. Carpathica, 65, 241, 10.2478/geoca-2014-0014 Küçükuysal, 2013, Multi-proxy evidence of Mid-Pleistocene dry climates observed in calcretes in Central Turkey, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 22, 463 Laskar, 2013, Late-Holocene climate in Lower Narmada valley, Gujarat, western India, inferred using sedimentary carbon and oxygen isotope ratios, Holocene, 23, 1115, 10.1177/0959683613483621 Laskar, 2010, Paleoclimate and paleovegetation of Lower Narmada Basin, Gujarat, Western India, inferred from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, Quat. Int., 227, 183, 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.05.020 Li, 2018, Formation of calcareous nodules in loess-paleosol sequences: reviews of existing models with a proposed new “per evapotranspiration model”, J. Asian Earth Sci., 154, 8, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.12.002 Loope, 1988, Rhizoliths in ancient eolianites, Sediment. Geol., 56, 301, 10.1016/0037-0738(88)90058-9 Mack, 1994, Paleoclimate and the global distribution of paleosols, J. Geol., 102, 360, 10.1086/629677 Mann, 1979, Groundwater calcrete deposits in Australia: some observations from Western Australia, J. Geol. Soc. Aust., 26, 293, 10.1080/00167617908729092 Machette, 1985, Calcic soils of the southwestern United States, 1 Marion, 1989, Correlation between long term pedogenic CaCO3 formation rate and modern precipitation in deserts of the American southwest, Quat. Res., 32, 291, 10.1016/0033-5894(89)90095-1 Maurya, 2003, Late Quaternary fluvial sequence of southern mainland Kachchh, western India, Curr. Sci., 84, 1056 Merh, 1997, The Quaternary geology of the Gujarat alluvial plains, Proc. Nat. Sci. Acad. India, 63, 1 Mount, 1984, Petrology and geochemistry of rhizoliths from Plio-Pleistocene fluvial and marginal lacustrine deposits, East lake Turkana, Kenya, J. Sediment. Res., 54, 263 Moussavi-Harami, 2009, Mechanism of calcrete formation in the lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) fluvial deposits, north eastern Iran based on petrographic, geochemical data, Cret. Res., 30, 1146, 10.1016/j.cretres.2009.04.003 Nascimento, 2019, The palaeoceological and palaeoenvironmental importance of root traces: plant distribution and topographic significance of root patterns in upper Cretaceous palaeosols, Catena, 172, 789, 10.1016/j.catena.2018.09.040 Nash, 2003, Kalahari valley calcretes: their nature, origins, and environmental significance, Quat. Int., 111, 3, 10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00011-9 Nash, 1998, Multiple calcrete profiles in the Tabernas Basin, SE Spain: their origins and geomorphic implications, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 23, 1009, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(1998110)23:11<1009::AID-ESP918>3.0.CO;2-Z Netterberg, 1969, The interpretation of some basin calcrete types. South Africa Archa, Bull. (Arch. Am. Art), 24, 117 Netterberg, 1980, Geology of southern African calcretes: terminology, description, macrofeatures and classification, Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr., 83, 255 Netterberg, 1996, 113 Netterberg, 1983, A geotechnical classification of calcretes and other pedocretes, vol. 11, 235 Pant, 1990, Quaternary sedimentation pattern and terrain evolution in the Mahi river basin, Gujarat, India, Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad., 56A, 501 Patil, 1992, Origin of the calcrete deposits of Saswad-Nira area, Western Maharashtra, India, J. Geol. Soc. India, 39, 105 Perumal, 2019, Micromorphology and major element geochemistry of calcretes in the Thoppukulam mine section, Sathankulam region, Southern Tamil Nadu, India: implications on depositional environment, Arab. J. Geosci., 12, 385, 10.1007/s12517-019-4544-4 Perumal, 2016, Major element geochemistry and depositional environment of regolith calcrete deposit of Nedungkulam village, near Sathankulam area Tuticorin district, Tamilnadu, India, J. Outreach, 9, 307 Pundalik, 2010, Sedimentology of Quaternary sediments around Jejuri, Karha river basin, district Pune, Maharashtra state, Western India, Gondwana Geol. Mag., 25, 281 Pustovoytov, 2007, Evidence for Holocene environmental changes in the northern fertile crescent provided by pedogenic carbonate coatings, Quat. Res., 67, 315, 10.1016/j.yqres.2007.01.002 Raghavan, 1991, Genesis of calcretes from the calc-pan site of Singi Talav near Didwana, Rajasthan, India-a micromorphological approach, Geoarchaeology, 6, 151, 10.1002/gea.3340060203 Rahaman, 2011, Sr, C and O isotopes in carbonate nodules from the Ganga plain: evidence for recent abrupt rise in dissolved 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Ganga, Chem. Geol., 285, 184, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.04.003 Ramakrishnan, 1998, REE chemistry of arid zone calcrete profiles- A case study from the Thar desert, India, J. Turkish Earth Sci., 7, 97 Reheis, 1987, 39 Retallack, 2001, 600 Ringrose, 1999, Nature of sedimentary deposits in the western Makgadikgadi Basin, Botswana, J. Arid Environ., 43, 375, 10.1006/jare.1999.0548 Ringrose, 2009, Origins of strandline duricrusts around the Makgadikgadi Pans (Botswana Kalahari) as deduced from their chemical and isotope composition, Sediment. Geol., 219, 262, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.05.021 Rossetti, 2004, Palaosurfaces from northeastern Amazonian as a key for reconstructing palaeolandscapes and understanding weathering products, Sediment. Geol., 169, 151, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.05.003 Rowan, 2000, Quaternary environmental change in Cyrenaica evidenced by U, Th, ESR and OSL of coastal alluvial fan sequences, Libyan Studies, 31, 5, 10.1017/S026371890000529X Roy, 2009, Geochemical signatures of Late Holocene paleo-hydrological changes from Phulera and Pokharan saline playas near the eastern and western margins of the Thar Desert, India, J. Asian Earth Sci., 34, 275, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.05.006 Roy, 2008, Playas of the Thar desert: mineralogical and geochemical archives of late Holocene climate, Asian J. Earth Sci., 1, 43, 10.3923/ajes.2008.43.61 Russell, 1973, 849 Sacristán-Horcajada, 2016, Pedogenetic calcretes in early syn-rift alluvial systems (Upper Jurassic, west Camaros basin), northern Spain, J. Sediment. Res., 86, 268, 10.2110/jsr.2016.30 Sareen, 1995, Petrographic and granulometric studies of late quaternary sediments of the semi-arid Sabarmati basin, N. Gujarat, India, vol. 32, 258 Shankar, 2007, Genesis of calcic and petrocalcic horizons from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu: Micromorphology and geochemical studies, Quat. Int., 175, 140, 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.05.017 Shukla, 2010, Facies architecture of the Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein, Upper Triassic), central Germany and its comparison with modern Ganga system, India, Paleogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 297, 110, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.07.019 Singh, 1999, Upland interfluve (Doab) deposition: alternative model to muddy overbank deposits, Facies, 40, 197, 10.1007/BF02537474 Singh, 2007, Atmospheric pCO2 and climate during late Eocene (36±5 Ma) on the Indian subcontinent, Curr. Sci., 92, 518 Singh, 2007, Biogenic features in calcretes developed on mudstone: examples from Palaeogene sequence of the Himalaya, India, Sediment. Geol., 201, 149, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.05.013 Singh, 1990, Vegetational and seasonal climatic changes since the last full glacial in the Thar Desert, northwestern India, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 64, 351, 10.1016/0034-6667(90)90151-8 Sinha, 2006, Late Quaternary palaeoclimatic reconstruction from the lacustrine sediments of the Sambhar playa core, Thar, desert margin, India, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 233, 252, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.09.012 Sreedhar, 2008, Clay mineralogical studies of sediments and strontium isotope analyses of calcretes at prehistoric site of Attirampakkam, Tamil Nadu, Curr. Sci., 94, 779 Sridhar, 2014, Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati river, Gujarat, Curr. Sci., 107, 675 Srivastava, 2020, Model showing influence of tectonics and energy condition of the fuvial environment on facies architecture: a case history of Quaternary alluvial deposits of Purna basin, central India, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 129, 1, 10.1007/s12040-020-01441-w Srivastava, 2019, Morphology and field association of calcretes from Quaternary sediments of Purna alluvial basin, Maharashtra. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. A Phys. Sci., 90, 869, 10.1007/s40010-019-00614-7 Srivastava, 2019, Geochemistry of palaeosols and calcretes from Quaternary sediments of Purna alluvial basin, central India: an emphasis of paleoclimate, Rhizosphere, 11, 10.1016/j.rhisph.2019.100162 Srivastava, 2018, Purna river, Maharashtra, 479 Srivastava, 2001, Paleoclimatic implications of pedogenic carbonates in Holocene soils of the Gangetic Plains, India, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 172, 207, 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00276-0 Srivastava, 2015, A micromorphological record of contemporary and relict pedogenic processes in soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains: implications for mineral weathering, provenance and climatic changes, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 41, 771, 10.1002/esp.3862 Srivastava, 2001, Luminescence chronology of river adjustment and incision of Quaternary sediments in the alluvial plain of the Sabarmati river, North Gujarat, India, Geomorphology, 36, 217, 10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00058-1 Tandon, 1997, Aggradation history and luminescence chronology of Late Quaternary semi-arid sequences of the Sabarmati basin, Gujarat, western India, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 128, 339, 10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00035-1 Thangavel, 2017, Field characteristics, micro-morphology and GIS based evaluation of major element geochemistry of calcrete deposits of Vilathikulam and its surrounding villages, Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India, Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 6, 11 Tiwari, 2010, Stratigraphy and tephra beds of Purna Quaternary basin, Maharashtra, India, Gondwana Geol. Mag. Spec. Publ., 12, 283 Tucker, 1996, 482 Vermaak, 1984, 549 Verrecchia, 1995, Spherulites in calcrete laminar crusts: biogenic CaCO3 precipitation as major contributor to crust formation, J. Sediment. Res., A65, 690 Verrecchia, 1994, Needle fiber calcite: a critical review and a proposed classification, J. Sediment. Res., 64, 650 Violette, 2010, Formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in South India, links with paleomonsoon and pedological conditions: clues from Sr isotopes, U, Th series and REEs, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 7059, 10.1016/j.gca.2010.09.006 Vogt, 1984, Problemes de genese des croutes calcires Quaternaries, Bull. centresrechere exploration. Prod. Elf-Aquitaine, 8, 209 Wang, 1994, Dynamic model of the genesis of calcretes replacing silicate rocks in semi-arid regions, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 5131, 10.1016/0016-7037(94)90299-2 Wasson, 1984, Late Quaternary sediments, minerals and inferred geochemical history of Didwana lake, Thar Desert, India, Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol., 46, 345, 10.1016/0031-0182(84)90006-3 Wright, 1991, Calcretes: an introduction, vol. 2, 1 Zamanian, 2016, Pedogeic carbonates: forms and formation processes, Earth Sci. Rev., 157, 1, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.03.003 Zhou, 2009, Biogenic caliches in Texas: the role of organisms and effect of climate, Sediment. Geol., 222, 207, 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.09.003