CURRENT CONCEPTS OF ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY IN PREGNANCY

Aaro, 1971, Thrombophlebitis associated with pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 109, 1128, 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90651-X

Aarskog, 1980, Low 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D in heparin-induced osteopenia, Lancet, 2, 650, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)90325-6

Anderson, 1993, The use of an indwelling Teflon catheter for subcutaneous heparin administration during pregnancy. A randomized crossover study, Arch Intern Med, 153, 841, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410070035005

Anderson, 1991, Subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy: A need for concern at the time of delivery, Thromb Haemost, 65, 248, 10.1055/s-0038-1647659

Atrash, 1990, Maternal morbidity in the United States 1979–1986, Obstet Gynaecol, 76, 1055

Badaracco, 1974, Recurrence of venous thromboembolic disease and use of oral contraceptives, BMJ, 1, 215, 10.1136/bmj.1.5901.215

Badduke, 1991, Pregnancy and childbearing in a population with biologic valve prostheses, Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 102, 179, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)36549-3

Bailey, 1986, Heparin associated thrombocytopenia: A prospective comparison of bovine lung heparin, manufactured by a new process, a porcine intestinal heparin, Drug Intell Clin Pharmacol, 20, 374, 10.1177/106002808602000509

Barbour, 1994, A prospective study of heparin-induced osteoporosis in pregnancy using bone densitometry, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 170, 862, 10.1016/S0002-9378(94)70299-3

Barbour, 1995, Controversies in thromboembolic disease during pregnancy: A critical review, Obstet Gynecol, 86, 621, 10.1016/S0029-7844(95)80028-X

Barbour, 1995, Heparin levels to guide thromboembolism prophylaxis during pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173, 1869, 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90443-3

Bauer, 1995, Management of patients with hereditary defects predisposing to thrombosis including pregnant women, Thromb Haemost, 74, 94, 10.1055/s-0038-1642659

Bergqvist, 1983, Deep vein thrombosis during pregnancy: A prospective study, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 62, 443, 10.3109/00016348309154217

Born, 1992, Pregnancy in patients with prosthetic heart valves: The effects of anticoagulation on mother, fetus, neonate, Am Heart J, 124, 413, 10.1016/0002-8703(92)90606-V

Brancazio, 1995, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous heparin during the early third trimester of pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173, 1240, 10.1016/0002-9378(95)91362-9

Branch, 1992, Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: An update of the Utah experience, Obstet Gynecol, 80, 614

Caruso, 1994, Pregnancy outcome in women with cardiac valve prosthesis, Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 54, 7, 10.1016/0028-2243(94)90074-4

Chen, 1982, Pregnancy in patients with prosthetic heart valves: An experience with 45 pregnancies, J Med, 203, 358

Chong, 1984, Follow-up study of children whose mothers were treated with warfarin during pregnancy, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 91, 1070, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1984.tb15077.x

Colvin, 1993, The British Society for Haematology guidelines on the use and monitoring of heparin 1992: Second revision, J Clin Pathol, 46, 97, 10.1136/jcp.46.2.97

Comp, 1986, Functional and immunologic protein S levels are decreased during pregnancy, delivery and the puerperium, Blood, 68, 881, 10.1182/blood.V68.4.881.881

Conard, 1987, Pregnancy and congenital deficiency in antithrombin III or protein C [abstract], Thromb Haemost, 58, 39

Conard, 1990, Thrombosis and pregnancy in congenital deficiencies in antithrombin III, protein C or protein S: Study of 78 women, Thromb Haemost, 63, 319, 10.1055/s-0038-1645218

Cowchock, 1992, Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 166, 1318, 10.1016/0002-9378(92)91596-3

Dahlbäck, 1995, Inherited thrombophilia: Resistance to activated protein C as a pathogenic factor for venous thromboembolism, Blood, 85, 607, 10.1182/blood.V85.3.607.bloodjournal853607

Dahlman, 1993, Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 168, 1265, 10.1016/0002-9378(93)90378-V

Dahlman, 1989, Thrombosis prophylaxis in pregnancy with use of subcutaneous heparin adjusted by monitoring heparin concentrations in plasma, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 161, 420, 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90535-8

Dahlman, 1990, Osteopenia in pregnancy during long-term heparin treatment: A radiological study post-partum, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 97, 221, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01785.x

Dahlman, 1994, Bone mineral density during long-term prophylaxis with heparin in pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 170, 1315, 10.1016/S0002-9378(94)70149-0

de Boer, 1989, Low molecular weight heparin treatment in a pregnant woman with allergy to standard heparins and heparanoid, Thromb Haemost, 61, 148, 10.1055/s-0038-1646545

DeLoughery, 1993, The hypercoagulable states; Diagnosis and management, Semin Vasc Surg, 6, 66

Demers, 1992, Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in pregnancy, Clin Chest Med, 13, 645, 10.1016/S0272-5231(21)01132-1

DHSS, 1991

Douketis, 1996, The effects of long-term heparin therapy during pregnancy on bone density, Thromb Haemost, 75, 254, 10.1055/s-0038-1650255

Elkayam, 1996, Anticoagulation in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves: A double jeopardy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 1704, 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00080-0

Faught, 1995, Changes in protein C and protein S levels in normal pregnancy, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 172, 147, 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90104-3

Fejgin, 1994, Low molecular weight heparins and their use in obstetrics and gynecology, Obstet Gynecol Surv, 49, 424, 10.1097/00006254-199406000-00025

Floyd, 1991, Administration of heparin by subcutaneous infusion with a programmable pump, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 165, 931, 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90442-T

Forestier, 1992, Absence of transplacental Fragmin(Kabi) during second and third trimesters of pregnancy, Thromb Haemost, 67, 180, 10.1055/s-0038-1648403

Friederich, 1996, Frequency of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism in anticoagulant factor-deficient women: Implications for prophylaxis, Ann Intern Med, 125, 955, 10.7326/0003-4819-125-12-199612150-00003

Gillis, 1993, Use of low molecular weight heparin for prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolism in pregnancy, Int J Gynecol Obstet, 39, 297, 10.1016/0020-7292(92)90261-G

Ginsberg, 1996, Management of venous thromboembolism, N Engl J Med, 335, 1816, 10.1056/NEJM199612123352407

Ginsberg, 1992, Venous thrombosis during pregnancy: Leg and trimester of presentation, Thromb Haemost, 67, 519, 10.1055/s-0038-1648485

Ginsberg, 1995, Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy, Chest, 108, 4305, 10.1378/chest.108.4_Supplement.305S

Ginsberg, 1989, Risks to the fetus of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy, Thromb Haemost, 61, 197, 10.1055/s-0038-1646558

Ginsberg, 1989, Heparin therapy during pregnancy: Risks to the fetus and mother, Arch Intern Med, 149, 2233, 10.1001/archinte.1989.00390100059015

Ginsberg, 1990, Heparin effect on bone density, Thromb Haemost, 64, 286, 10.1055/s-0038-1647302

Golby, 1992, Failure of high dose heparin to prevent recurrent cardioembolic strokes in a pregnant patient with a mechanical heart valve, Neurology, 42, 2204, 10.1212/WNL.42.11.2204

Green, 1986, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Med J Aust, 144, 37

Hanania, 1994, Pregnancy and prosthetic heart valves: A French cooperative retrospective study of 155 cases, Eur Heart J, 15, 1651, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060448

Haram, 1993, Osteopenia caused by heparin treatment in pregnancy, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 72, 674, 10.3109/00016349309021163

Hellgren, 1982, Long-term therapy with subcutaneous heparin during pregnancy, Gynecol Obstet Invest, 13, 76, 10.1159/000299488

Hellgren, 1995, Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thromboembolism associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptives, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173, 210, 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90192-2

Hirsh, 1995, Oral anticoagulants: Mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range, Chest, 108, 231, 10.1378/chest.108.4_Supplement.231S

Hirsh, 1995, Heparin: Mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety, Chest, 108, 258, 10.1378/chest.108.4_Supplement.258S

Högberg, 1994, Maternal mortality in Sweden, Obstet Gynecol, 84, 240

Howell, 1983, The risks of antenatal subcutaneous heparin prophylaxis: A controlled trial, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 90, 1124, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1983.tb06458.x

Hull, 1990, Serial impedance plethysmography in pregnant patients with clinically suspected deep-vein thrombosis, Ann Intern Med, 112, 663, 10.7326/0003-4819-112-9-663

Hunt, 1997, Thrombophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (fragmin) in high-risk pregnancies, Thromb Haemost, 77, 39, 10.1055/s-0038-1655903

Hyers, 1995, Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease, Chest, 108, S335, 10.1378/chest.108.4_Supplement.335S

Iturbe-Alesio, 1986, Risks of anticoagulant therapy in pregnant women with artificial heart valves, N Engl J Med, 22, 1390, 10.1056/NEJM198611273152205

Jamieson, 1995, Pregnancy and bioprostheses: Influence on structural valve deterioration, Ann Thorac Surg, 60, S282, 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00308-8

Jongbloets, 1994, Limitations of compression ultrasound for the detection of symptomless postoperative deep vein thrombosis, Lancet, 343, 1142, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90240-2

Kakkar, 1985, Hemodynamic and clinical assessment after therapy of acute deep vein thrombosis, Am J Surg, 10, 54

King, 1984, Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, Ann Intern Med, 100, 535, 10.7326/0003-4819-100-4-535

Kramer, 1995, Successful urokinase treatment of massive pulmonary embolism in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 86, 660, 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00121-7

LaValleur, 1996, Use of urokinase in pregnancy, Postgrad Med, 99, 269, 10.1080/00325481.1996.11946132

Leclerk, 1986, Management of antithrombin III deficiency during pregnancy without administration of antithrombin III, Thromb Res, 41, 567, 10.1016/0049-3848(86)91702-0

Lecura, 1996, Anticoagulant therapy in pregnancy: Report of 54 cases, Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 75, 217, 10.3109/00016349609047090

Lee, 1994, Pregnancy following cardiac prosthetic valve replacement, Obstet Gynecol, 83, 353

L'e Orme, 1977, May mothers given warfarin breast-feed their infants?, BMJ, 1, 1564, 10.1136/bmj.1.6076.1564

Levine, 1995, Hemorrhagic complications of thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism, Chest, 108, S291, 10.1378/chest.108.4_Supplement.291S

Levine, 1995, Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: A randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis, Thromb Haemost, 74, 606, 10.1055/s-0038-1649783

Lockshin, 1993, Which patients with antiphospholipid antibody should be treated and how?, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 19, 235, 10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00179-4

Magnani, 1993, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): An overview of 230 patients treated with Orgaran (Org 10172), Thromb Haemost, 70, 554, 10.1055/s-0038-1649626

Maternal and Neonatal Haemostasis Working Party of the Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task, 1993, Guidelines on the presentation, investigation, and management of thrombosis associated with pregnancy, J Clin Pathol, 46, 489, 10.1136/jcp.46.6.489

McKenna, 1983, Is warfarin sodium contraindicated in the lactating mother?, J Pediatr, 103, 325, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80378-3

Melissari, 1992, Use of low molecular weight heparin in pregnancy, Thromb Haemost, 68, 652, 10.1055/s-0038-1646338

Monreal, 1994, Comparison of subcutaneous unfractionated heparin with low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin) in patients with venous thromboembolism and contraindications to coumarin, Thromb Haemost, 71, 7, 10.1055/s-0038-1642376

Montella, 1993, Hypercoagulable states in pregnancy, vol 2, 141

Oakley, 1995, Anticoagulants in pregnancy, Br Heart J, 74, 107, 10.1136/hrt.74.2.107

Omri, 1989, Low molecular weight heparin Novo (LHN-1) does not cross the placenta during the second trimester of pregnancy, Thromb Haemost, 61, 55, 10.1055/s-0038-1646526

Pavankumar, 1988, Pregnancy in patients with prosthetic cardiac valve: A 10-year experience, Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 22, 19, 10.3109/14017438809106045

Powers, 1984, Studies on the frequency of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, Thromb Res, 33, 439, 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90083-5

Rao, 1989, Low incidence of thrombocytopenia with porcine mucosal heparin, Arch Intern Med, 149, 1285, 10.1001/archinte.1989.00390060039008

Raskob, 1984, Sustained therapeutic heparinization by subcutaneous administration for the primary treatment of acute venous thrombosis [abstract], Circ, 70, 360

Rasmussen, 1994, Thromboembolic prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin during pregnancy, Int J Gynecol Obstet, 147, 121, 10.1016/0020-7292(94)90351-4

1980

Rosove, 1990, Heparin therapy for pregnant women with lupus anticoagulant or anticardiolipin antibodies, Obstet Gynecol, 75, 630

Rutherford, 1991, Thromboembolic disease associated with pregnancy: An 11 year review [abstract], Am J Obstet Gynecol, 164, 286, 10.1016/0002-9378(91)90879-V

Salazar, 1996, Failure of adjusted doses of subcutaneous heparin to prevent thromboembolic phenomena in pregnant patients with mechanical cardiac valve prostheses, J Am Coll Cardiol, 27, 1698, 10.1016/0735-1097(96)00072-1

Samson, 1984, Management of planned pregnancy in a patient with congenital antithrombin III deficiency, Br J Haematol, 56, 243, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1984.tb03952.x

Sareli, 1989, Maternal and fetal sequelae of anticoagulation during pregnancy in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses, Am J Cardiol, 63, 462, 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90008-8

Sbarouni, 1994, Outcome of pregnancy in women with valve prostheses, Br Heart J, 71, 196, 10.1136/hrt.71.2.196

Schwartz, 1989, Clinical experience with antithrombin III concentrate in treatment of congenital and acquired deficiency of antithrombin, Am J Med, 87, 53S, 10.1016/0002-9343(89)80533-9

Shefras, 1996, Bone density in pregnant women receiving heparin, Eur J Obstet Gynecol, 65, 171, 10.1016/0301-2115(95)02358-5

Sipes, 1990, Venous thromboembolic disease in pregnancy, Semin Perinatol, 14, 103

Siragusa, 1996, Low-molecular-weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism: Results of a meta-analysis, Am J Med, 100, 269, 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89484-3

Sowers, 1991, A prospective evaluation of bone mineral change in pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol, 77, 841

Squires, 1979, Heparin-induced spinal fractures, JAMA, 241, 2417, 10.1001/jama.1979.03290480051024

Stevenson, 1980, Hazards of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy, JAMA, 243, 1549, 10.1001/jama.1980.03300410037022

Sturridge, 1994, The use of low molecular weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 101, 69, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13014.x

Svensson, 1994, Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis, N Engl J Med, 330, 517, 10.1056/NEJM199402243300801

Tengborn, 1985, Recurrent thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 28, 107

Toglia, 1996, Venous thromboembolism during pregnancy, N Engl J Med, 335, 108, 10.1056/NEJM199607113350207

Trauscht-Van Horn, 1992, Pregnancy loss and thrombosis with protein C deficiency, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 167, 968, 10.1016/S0002-9378(12)80021-4

Turrentine, 1995, Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy, Obstet Gynecol Surv, 50, 534, 10.1097/00006254-199507000-00020

Vitali, 1986, Pregnancy in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valve: Our experiences regarding 98 pregnancies in 57 patients, J Cardiovasc Surg, 27, 221

Warkentin, 1989, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 31

Warkentin, 1995, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin, N Engl J Med, 332, 1330, 10.1056/NEJM199505183322003

Wise, 1980, Heparin-induced osteopenia in pregnancy, BMJ, 3, 110, 10.1136/bmj.281.6233.110

Wong, 1993, Fetal and neonatal outcome of exposure to anticoagulants during pregnancy, Am J Med Genet, 45, 17, 10.1002/ajmg.1320450107

Zimran, 1986, Histomorphometric evaluation of reversible heparin-induced osteoporosis in pregnancy, Arch Intern Med, 46, 386, 10.1001/archinte.1986.00360140226033