CT staging and monitoring of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases in clinical practice and treatment trials: a Position Paper from the Fleischner society

Richeldi, 2014, Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, N Engl J Med, 370, 2071, 10.1056/NEJMoa1402584

King, 2014, A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, N Engl J Med, 370, 2083, 10.1056/NEJMoa1402582

Wells, 2014, Treatment strategies for idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, Curr Opin Pulm Med, 20, 442, 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000085

Goh, 2008, Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: a simple staging system, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 177, 1248, 10.1164/rccm.200706-877OC

Ley, 2012, A multidimensional index and staging system for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Ann Intern Med, 156, 684, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00004

Ryerson, 2014, Predicting survival across chronic interstitial lung disease: the ILD-GAP model, Chest, 145, 723, 10.1378/chest.13-1474

Best, 2008, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: physiologic tests, quantitative CT indexes, and CT visual scores as predictors of mortality, Radiology, 246, 935, 10.1148/radiol.2463062200

Goldin, 2013, Computed tomography as a biomarker in clinical trials imaging, J Thorac Imaging, 28, 291, 10.1097/RTI.0b013e3182a1d93d

Saketkoo, 2014, Connective tissue disease related interstitial lung diseases and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: provisional core sets of domains and instruments for use in clinical trials, Thorax, 69, 428, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204202

Ryerson, 2013, Prevalence and prognosis of unclassifiable interstitial lung disease, Eur Respir J, 42, 750, 10.1183/09031936.00131912

Schmidt, 2014, Predicting pulmonary fibrosis disease course from past trends in pulmonary function, Chest, 145, 579, 10.1378/chest.13-0844

Travis, 2013, An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 188, 733, 10.1164/rccm.201308-1483ST

Latsi, 2003, Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: the prognostic value of longitudinal functional trends, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168, 531, 10.1164/rccm.200210-1245OC

Peelen, 2010, Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: mortality is linked to a decline in gas transfer, Respirology, 15, 1233, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01862.x

Wells, 2003, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a composite physiologic index derived from disease extent observed by computed tomography, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167, 962, 10.1164/rccm.2111053

King, 2001, Predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: scoring system and survival model, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164, 1171, 10.1164/ajrccm.164.7.2003140

Flaherty, 2006, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prognostic value of changes in physiology and six-minute-walk test, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 174, 803, 10.1164/rccm.200604-488OC

Eaton, 2005, Six-minute walk, maximal exercise tests: reproducibility in fibrotic interstitial pneumonia, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 171, 1150, 10.1164/rccm.200405-578OC

du Bois, 2011, Six-minute-walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test validation and minimal clinically important difference, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, 1231, 10.1164/rccm.201007-1179OC

Raghu, 2011, An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, 788, 10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL

Wells, 2013, Forced vital capacity as a primary end point in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment trials: making a silk purse from a sow's ear, Thorax, 68, 309, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202640

Austin, 1996, Glossary of terms for CT of the lungs: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the Fleischner Society, Radiology, 200, 327, 10.1148/radiology.200.2.8685321

Hansell, 2008, Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging, Radiology, 246, 697, 10.1148/radiol.2462070712

Watadani, 2013, Interobserver variability in the CT assessment of honeycombing in the lungs, Radiology, 266, 936, 10.1148/radiol.12112516

Lynch, 2005, High-resolution computed tomography in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and prognosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172, 488, 10.1164/rccm.200412-1756OC

Walsh, 2014, Connective tissue disease related fibrotic lung disease: high resolution computed tomographic and pulmonary function indices as prognostic determinants, Thorax, 69, 216, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203843

Edey, 2011, Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: HRCT findings that predict mortality, Eur Radiol, 21, 1586, 10.1007/s00330-011-2098-2

Sumikawa, 2008, Computed tomography findings in pathological usual interstitial pneumonia: relationship to survival, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 177, 433, 10.1164/rccm.200611-1696OC

Kazerooni, 1997, Thin-section CT obtained at 10-mm increments versus limited three-level thin-section CT for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: correlation with pathologic scoring, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 169, 977, 10.2214/ajr.169.4.9308447

Sundaram, 2008, Reader accuracy and confidence in diagnosing diffuse lung disease on high-resolution computed tomography of the lungs: impact of sampling frequency, Acta Radiol, 49, 870, 10.1080/02841850802227147

Winklehner, 2012, Screening for interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: the diagnostic accuracy of HRCT image series with high increment and reduced number of slices, Ann Rheum Dis, 71, 549, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200564

Sverzellati, 2011, Method for minimizing observer variation for the quantitation of high-resolution computed tomographic signs of lung disease, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 35, 596, 10.1097/RCT.0b013e3182277d05

Silva, 2008, Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: changes in pattern and distribution of disease over time, Radiology, 247, 251, 10.1148/radiol.2471070369

Akira, 1993, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: progression of honeycombing at thin-section CT, Radiology, 189, 687, 10.1148/radiology.189.3.8080483

Jeong, 2005, Usual interstitial pneumonia and non-specific interstitial pneumonia: serial thin-section CT findings correlated with pulmonary function, Korean J Radiol, 6, 143, 10.3348/kjr.2005.6.3.143

Iwasawa, 2014, CT analysis of the effect of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Eur J Radiol, 83, 32, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.02.014

Collard, 2007, Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176, 636, 10.1164/rccm.200703-463PP

Kim, 2001, Interstitial pneumonia in progressive systemic sclerosis: serial high-resolution CT findings with functional correlation, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 25, 757, 10.1097/00004728-200109000-00015

Demedts, 2005, High-dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, N Engl J Med, 353, 2229, 10.1056/NEJMoa042976

Lloyd, 2011, High-resolution CT of complications of idiopathic fibrotic lung disease, Br J Radiol, 84, 581, 10.1259/bjr/65090500

Martinez, 2005, The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Ann Intern Med, 142, 963, 10.7326/0003-4819-142-12_Part_1-200506210-00005

Hartley, 1994, High-resolution CT-derived measures of lung density are valid indexes of interstitial lung disease, J Appl Physiol (1985), 76, 271, 10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.271

Best, 2003, Quantitative CT indexes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: relationship with physiologic impairment, Radiology, 228, 407, 10.1148/radiol.2282020274

Sverzellati, 2007, Visual score and quantitative CT indices in pulmonary fibrosis: Relationship with physiologic impairment, Radiol Med (Torino), 112, 1160, 10.1007/s11547-007-0213-x

Iwasawa, 2009, Assessment of prognosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by computer-aided analysis of CT images, J Thorac Imaging, 24, 216, 10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181a6527d

Maldonado, 2014, Automated quantification of radiological patterns predicts survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Eur Respir J, 43, 204, 10.1183/09031936.00071812

Zavaletta, 2007, High resolution multidetector CT-aided tissue analysis and quantification of lung fibrosis, Acad Radiol, 14, 772, 10.1016/j.acra.2007.03.009

Uppaluri, 1999, Computer recognition of regional lung disease patterns, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 648, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.9804094

Kim, 2008, Classification of parenchymal abnormality in scleroderma lung using a novel approach to denoise images collected via a multicenter study, Acad Radiol, 15, 1004, 10.1016/j.acra.2008.03.011

Kim, 2011, Quantitative texture-based assessment of one-year changes in fibrotic reticular patterns on HRCT in scleroderma lung disease treated with oral cyclophosphamide, Eur Radiol, 21, 2455, 10.1007/s00330-011-2223-2

Coxson, 2013, Sources of variation in quantitative computed tomography of the lung, J Thorac Imaging, 28, 272, 10.1097/RTI.0b013e31829efbe9

Van Dyk, 1982, Lung density as measured by computerized tomography: implications for radiotherapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 8, 1363, 10.1016/0360-3016(82)90587-9

Wegener, 1978, Measurement of lung density by computed tomography, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 2, 263, 10.1097/00004728-197807000-00003

Lamers, 1998, Reproducibility of spirometrically controlled CT lung densitometry in a clinical setting, Eur Respir J, 11, 942, 10.1183/09031936.98.11040942

Robinson, 1979, Pulmonary tissue attenuation with computed tomography: comparison of inspiration and expiration scans, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 3, 740, 10.1097/00004728-197903060-00006

Kemerink, 1996, Density resolution in quantitative computed tomography of foam and lung, Med Phys, 23, 1697, 10.1118/1.597757

Kemerink, 1997, CT lung densitometry: dependence of CT number histograms on sample volume and consequences for scan protocol comparability, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 21, 948, 10.1097/00004728-199711000-00018

Stoel, 2004, Comparison of the sensitivities of 5 different computed tomography scanners for the assessment of the progression of pulmonary emphysema: a phantom study, Invest Radiol, 39, 1, 10.1097/01.rli.0000091842.82062.a3

1997, Council Directive 97/43/Euratom of 30 June 1997 on health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure, and repealing Directive 84/466/Euratom, Off J Eur Communities, L180, 22

Naidich, 1990, Low-dose CT of the lungs: preliminary observations, Radiology, 175, 729, 10.1148/radiology.175.3.2343122

Zwirewich, 1991, Low-dose high-resolution CT of lung parenchyma, Radiology, 180, 413, 10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068303

Sverzellati, 2005, Evaluation of quantitative CT indexes in idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis using a low-dose technique, Eur J Radiol, 56, 370, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.05.012

Sverzellati, 2011, Interstitial lung diseases in a lung cancer screening trial, Eur Respir J, 38, 392, 10.1183/09031936.00201809

Bankier, 2010, Dose reduction strategies for thoracic multidetector computed tomography: background, current issues, and recommendations, J Thorac Imaging, 25, 278, 10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181eebc49

Baumueller, 2012, Low-dose CT of the lung: potential value of iterative reconstructions, Eur Radiol, 22, 2597, 10.1007/s00330-012-2524-0

Erbes, 1997, Lung function tests in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Are they helpful for predicting outcome?, Chest, 111, 51, 10.1378/chest.111.1.51

Ley, 2011, Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, 431, 10.1164/rccm.201006-0894CI

Lederer, 2006, Six-minute-walk distance predicts waiting list survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 174, 659, 10.1164/rccm.200604-520OC

Peljto, 2013, Association between the MUC5B promoter polymorphism and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, JAMA, 309, 2232, 10.1001/jama.2013.5827

Molyneaux, 2014, The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 190, 906, 10.1164/rccm.201403-0541OC

Han, 2008, Sex differences in physiological progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Eur Respir J, 31, 1183, 10.1183/09031936.00165207

Lettieri, 2006, Prevalence and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Chest, 129, 746, 10.1378/chest.129.3.746

King, 2001, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: relationship between histopathologic features and mortality, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164, 1025, 10.1164/ajrccm.164.6.2001056

Nicholson, 2002, The relationship between individual histologic features and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166, 173, 10.1164/rccm.2109039

Gay, 1998, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: predicting response to therapy and survival, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1063, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9703022

Mura, 2012, Predicting survival in newly diagnosed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a 3-year prospective study, Eur Respir J, 40, 101, 10.1183/09031936.00106011

du Bois, 2011, Ascertainment of individual risk of mortality for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 184, 459, 10.1164/rccm.201011-1790OC

Miller, 2005, Standardisation of spirometry, Eur Respir J, 26, 319, 10.1183/09031936.05.00034805

Gruden, 2013, UIP diagnosed at surgical lung biopsy, 2000-2009: HRCT patterns and proposed classification system, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 200, W458, 10.2214/AJR.12.9437

Chung, 2015, CT scan findings of probable usual interstitial pneumonitis have a high predictive value for histologic usual interstitial pneumonitis, Chest, 147, 450, 10.1378/chest.14-0976

Noble, 2011, Pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised trials, Lancet, 377, 1760, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60405-4

Tashkin, 2006, Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease, N Engl J Med, 354, 2655, 10.1056/NEJMoa055120

Griffiths, 2002, Systemic sclerosis and interstitial lung disease: a pilot study using pulse intravenous methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide to assess the effect on high resolution computed tomography scan and lung function, J Rheumatol, 29, 2371

Giacomelli, 2002, Cyclophosphamide pulse regimen in the treatment of alveolitis in systemic sclerosis, J Rheumatol, 29, 731

Goldin, 2009, Treatment of scleroderma-interstitial lung disease with cyclophosphamide is associated with less progressive fibrosis on serial thoracic high-resolution CT scan than placebo: findings from the scleroderma lung study, Chest, 136, 1333, 10.1378/chest.09-0108

Ingegnoli, 2012, Interstitial lung disease outcomes by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in Anti-Jo1 antibody-positive polymyositis patients: a single centre study and review of the literature, Autoimmun Rev, 11, 335, 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.09.007

Park, 2007, Prognosis of fibrotic interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease-related subtypes, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, 705, 10.1164/rccm.200607-912OC

Flaherty, 2003, Fibroblastic foci in usual interstitial pneumonia: idiopathic versus collagen vascular disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167, 1410, 10.1164/rccm.200204-373OC

Kocheril, 2005, Comparison of disease progression and mortality of connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, Arthritis Rheum, 53, 549, 10.1002/art.21322

Khanna, 2005, Correlation of the degree of dyspnea with health-related quality of life, functional abilities, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in patients with systemic sclerosis and active alveolitis: results from the Scleroderma Lung Study, Arthritis Rheum, 52, 592, 10.1002/art.20787

Hant, 2009, Surfactant protein D and KL-6 as serum biomarkers of interstitial lung disease in patients with scleroderma, J Rheumatol, 36, 773, 10.3899/jrheum.080633

Sato, 2000, Elevated serum KL-6 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: association with the severity of pulmonary fibrosis, Dermatology, 200, 196, 10.1159/000018382

Kim, 2010, Usual interstitial pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease, Eur Respir J, 35, 1322, 10.1183/09031936.00092309

Song, 2009, Pathologic and radiologic differences between idiopathic and collagen vascular disease-related usual interstitial pneumonia, Chest, 136, 23, 10.1378/chest.08-2572

Walsh, 2012, Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: high resolution computed tomography patterns and pulmonary function indices as prognostic determinants, Eur Radiol, 22, 1672, 10.1007/s00330-012-2427-0

Khanna, 2010, Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease-proposed recommendations for future randomized clinical trials, Clin Exp Rheumatol, 28, S55

Baughman, 2009, Changes in chest roentgenogram of sarcoidosis patients during a clinical trial of infliximab therapy: comparison of different methods of evaluation, Chest, 136, 526, 10.1378/chest.08-1876

Gibson, 1996, British Thoracic Society Sarcoidosis study: effects of long term corticosteroid treatment, Thorax, 51, 238, 10.1136/thx.51.3.238

Muers, 1997, A simple radiographic scoring method for monitoring pulmonary sarcoidosis: relations between radiographic scores, dyspnoea grade and respiratory function in the British Thoracic Society Study of long-term corticosteroid treatment, Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis, 14, 46

Abehsera, 2000, Sarcoidosis with pulmonary fibrosis: CT patterns and correlation with pulmonary function, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 174, 1751, 10.2214/ajr.174.6.1741751

Akira, 2005, Long-term follow-up CT scan evaluation in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, Chest, 127, 185, 10.1378/chest.127.1.185

Zappala, 2014, Accuracy of individual variables in the monitoring of long-term change in pulmonary sarcoidosis as judged by serial high-resolution CT scan data, Chest, 145, 101, 10.1378/chest.12-2479

Drent, 2003, Sarcoidosis: assessment of disease severity using HRCT, Eur Radiol, 13, 2462, 10.1007/s00330-003-1965-x

Remy-Jardin, 1994, Pulmonary sarcoidosis: role of CT in the evaluation of disease activity and functional impairment and in prognosis assessment, Radiology, 191, 675, 10.1148/radiology.191.3.8184045

Leung, 1998, Sarcoidosis activity: correlation of HRCT findings with those of 67Ga scanning, bronchoalveolar lavage, and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme assay, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 22, 229, 10.1097/00004728-199803000-00013

Bartz, 2000, Airways obstruction in patients with sarcoidosis: expiratory CT scan findings, J Thorac Imaging, 15, 285, 10.1097/00005382-200010000-00009

Davies, 2000, Air trapping in sarcoidosis on computed tomography: correlation with lung function, Clin Radiol, 55, 217, 10.1053/crad.1999.0366

Walsh, 2014, An integrated clinicoradiological staging system for pulmonary sarcoidosis: a case-cohort study, Lancet Respir Med, 2, 123, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70276-5

Chung, 2013, Proton MRI in the evaluation of pulmonary sarcoidosis: comparison to chest CT, Eur J Radiol, 82, 2378, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.08.019

Sobic-Saranovic, 2012, The utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT for diagnosis and adjustment of therapy in patients with active chronic sarcoidosis, J Nucl Med, 53, 1543, 10.2967/jnumed.112.104380

Mostard, 2012, A predictive tool for an effective use of (18)F-FDG PET in assessing activity of sarcoidosis, BMC Pulm Med, 12, 57, 10.1186/1471-2466-12-57

Mostard, 2013, Severity of pulmonary involvement and (18)F-FDG PET activity in sarcoidosis, Respir Med, 107, 439, 10.1016/j.rmed.2012.11.011

Teirstein, 2007, Results of 188 whole-body fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in 137 patients with sarcoidosis, Chest, 132, 1949, 10.1378/chest.07-1178

Treglia, 2011, Emerging role of whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as a marker of disease activity in patients with sarcoidosis: a systematic review, Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis, 28, 87

Umeda, 2011, Prognostic value of dual-time-point 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis, Respirology, 16, 713, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01966.x

Churg, 2009, Pathologic patterns and survival in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Am J Surg Pathol, 33, 1765, 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181bb2538

Ohtani, 2005, Chronic bird fancier's lung: histopathological and clinical correlation. An application of the 2002 ATS/ERS consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, Thorax, 60, 665, 10.1136/thx.2004.027326

Sahin, 2007, Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: CT features comparison with pathologic evidence of fibrosis and survival, Radiology, 244, 591, 10.1148/radiol.2442060640

Vourlekis, 2004, The effect of pulmonary fibrosis on survival in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Am J Med, 116, 662, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.030

Hanak, 2008, High-resolution CT findings of parenchymal fibrosis correlate with prognosis in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Chest, 134, 133, 10.1378/chest.07-3005