CT Systems

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Crawford CR, King KF. Computed tomography scanning with simultaneous patient translation. Med Phys. 1990;17:967–82.

•• Kalender W, Seissler W, Klotz E, Vock P. Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport and continuous scanner rotation. Radiology. 1990;176:181–3. This article lays the foundation of spiral CT scanning.

Kachelriess M, Ulzheimer S, Kalender W. ECG-correlated image reconstruction from subsecond multi-slice spiral CT scans of the heart. Med Phys. 2000;27:1881–902.

Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Becker C, et al. Cardiac imaging by means of electro—cardiographically gated multisection spiral CT—initial experience. Radiology. 2000;217:564–71.

Klingenbeck-Regn K, Schaller S, Flohr T, et al. Subsecond multi-slice computed tomography: basics and applications. EJR. 1999;31:110–24.

McCollough CH, Zink FE. Performance evaluation of a multi-slice CT system. Med Phys. 1999;26:2223–30.

Hu H, He HD, Foley WD, Fox SH. Four multidetector-row helical CT: image quality and volume coverage speed. Radiology. 2000;215:55–62.

Flohr T, Stierstorfer K, Bruder H, Simon J, Schaller S. New technical developments in multislice CT, part 1: approaching isotropic resolution with sub-mm 16-slice scanning. Röfo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 2002;174:839–45.

Flohr TG, Stierstorfer K, Ulzheimer S, et al. Image reconstruction and image quality evaluation for a 64-slice CT scanner with z-flying focal spot. Med Phys. 2005;32(8):2536–47.

Leber AW, Knez A, von Ziegler F, Becker A, Nikolaou K, Paul S, Wintersperger B, Reiser M, Becker CR, Steinbeck G, Boekstegers P. Quantification of obstructive and nonobstructive coronary lesions by 64-slice computed tomography. JACC. 2005;46(1):147–54.

Raff GL, Gallagher MJ, O’Neill WW, Goldstein JA. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography using 64-slice spiral computed tomography. JACC. 2005;46(3):552–7.

Mori S, Endo M, Tsunoo T, Kandatsu S, Tanada S, Aradate H, et al. Physical performance evaluation of a 256-slice CT-scanner for four-dimensional imaging. Med Phys. 2004;31(6):1348–56.

Mori S, Endo M, Obata T, Tsunoo T, Susumu K, Tanada S. Properties of the prototype 256-row (cone beam) CT scanner. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(9):2100–8.

Mori S, Kondo C, Suzuki N, Hattori A, Kusakabe M, Endo M. Volumetric coronary angiography using the 256-detector row computed tomography scanner: comparison in vivo and in vitro with porcine models. Acta Radiol. 2006;47(2):186–91.

Kido T, Kurata A, Higashino H, Sugawara Y, Okayama H, Higaki J, Anno H, Katada K, Mori S, Tanada S, Endo M, Mochizuki T. Cardiac imaging using 256-detector row four-dimensional CT: preliminary clinical report. Radiat Med. 2007;25(1):38–44.

Rybicki FJ, Otero HJ, Steigner ML, et al. Initial evaluation of coronary images from 320-detector row computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;24(5):535–46.

Hoe J, Toh KH. First experience with 320-row multidetector CT coronary angiography scanning with prospective electrocardiogram gating to reduce radiation dose. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2009;3(4):257–61.

Dewey M, Zimmermann E, Deissenrieder F, Laule M, Dübel HP, Schlattmann P, Knebel F, Rutsch W, Hamm B. Noninvasive coronary angiography by 320-row computed tomography with lower radiation exposure and maintained diagnostic accuracy: comparison of results with cardiac catheterization in a head-to-head pilot investigation. Circulation. 2009;120(10):867–75.

Mori S, Obata T, Kato H, Kishimoto R, Kandatsu S, Tanada S, Endo M. Preliminary study: color map of hepatocellular carcinoma using dynamic contrast-enhanced 256-detector row CT. Eur J Radiol. 2007;62(2):308–10.

Flohr TG, Raupach R, Bruder H. Cardiac CT: how much can temporal resolution, spatial resolution, and volume coverage be improved? J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2009;3(3):143–52.

Engel KJ, Herrmann C, Zeitler G. X-ray scattering in single- and dual-soure CT. Med Phys. 2007;35(1):318–32.

Haberland U, Klotz E, Abolmaali N. Performance assessment of dynamic spiral scan modes with variable pitch for quantitative perfusion computed tomography. Invest Radiol. 2010;45(7):378–86.

Robb R, Ritman E. High speed synchronous volume computed tomography of the heart. Radiology. 1979;133:655–61.

Ritman E, Kinsey J, Robb R, Gilbert B, Harris L, Wood E. Three-dimensional imaging of heart, lungs, and circulation. Science. 1980;210:273–80.

Flohr TG, McCollough CH, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Gruber K, Süß C, Grasruck M, Stierstorfer K, Krauss B, Raupach R, Primak AN, Küttner A, Achenbach S, Becker C, Kopp A, Ohnesorge BM. First performance evaluation of a dual-source CT (DSCT) system. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(2):256–68.

Achenbach S, Ropers D, Kuettner A, Flohr T, Ohnesorge B, Bruder H, Theessen H, Karakaya M, Daniel WG, Bautz W, Kalender WA, Anders K. Contrast-enhanced coronary artery visualization by dual-source computed tomography—initial experience. Eur J Radiol. 2006;57(3):331–5.

Scheffel H, Alkadhi H, Plass A, et al. Accuracy of dual-source CT coronary angiography: first experience in a high pre-test probability population without heart rate control. Eur Radiol. 2006;16(12):2739–47.

Matt D, Scheffel H, Leschka S, Flohr TG, Marincek B, Kaufmann PA, Alkadhi H. Dual-source CT coronary angiography: image quality, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(3):567–73.

Leber AW, Johnson T, Becker A, von Ziegler F, Tittus J, Nikolaou K, Reiser M, Steinbeck G, Becker CR, Knez A. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-source multi-slice CT-coronary angiography in patients with an intermediate pretest likelihood for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(19):2354–60.

Ropers U, Ropers D, Pflederer T, et al. Influence of heart rate on the diagnostic accuracy of dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(25):2393–8.

•• Petersilka M, Bruder H, Krauss B, Stierstorfer K, Flohr TG. Technical principles of dual source CT. Eur J Radiol. 2008;68(3):362–8.

Flohr TG, Leng S, Yu L, Allmendinger T, Bruder H, Petersilka M, Eusemann CD, Stierstorfer K, Schmidt B, McCollough C. Dual-source spiral CT with pitch up to 3.2 and 75 ms temporal resolution: image reconstruction and assessment of image quality. Med Phys. 2009;36(12):5641–53.

Achenbach S, Marwan M, Ropers D, Schepis T, Pflederer T, Anders K, Kuettner A, Daniel WG, Uder M, Lell MM. Coronary computed tomography angiography with a consistent dose below 1 mSv using prospectively electrocardiogram-triggered high-pitch spiral acquisition. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(3):340–6.

Leschka S, Stolzmann P, Desbiolles L, Baumueller S, Goetti R, Schertler T, Scheffel H, Plass A, Falk V, Feuchtner G, Marincek B, Alkadhi H. Diagnostic accuracy of high-pitch dual-source CT for the assessment of coronary stenoses: first experience. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(12):2896–903.

Lv P, Lin XZ, Li J, Li W, Chen K. Differentiation of small hepatic hemangioma from small hepatocellular carcinoma: recently introduced spectral CT method. Radiology. 2011;259(3):720–9.

Zhang D, Li X, Liu B. Objective characterization of GE discovery CT750 HD scanner: gemstone spectral imaging mode. Med Phys. 2011;38(3):1178–88.

Johnson TRC, Krauß B, Sedlmair M, Grasruck M, Bruder H, Morhard D, Fink C, Weckbach S, Lenhard M, Schmidt B, Flohr T, Reiser MF, Becker CR. Material differentiation by dual energy CT: initial experience. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(6):1510–7.

Primak AN, Fletcher JG, Vrtiska TJ, Dzyubak OP, Lieske JC, Jackson ME, Williams JC Jr, McCollough CH. Noninvasive differentiation of uric acid versus non-uric acid kidney stones using dual-energy CT. Acad Radiol. 2007;14(12):1441–7.

Scheffel H, Stolzmann P, Frauenfelder T, et al. Dual-energy contrast-enhanced computed tomography for the detection of urinary stone disease. Invest Radiol. 2007;42(12):823–9.

Graser A, Becker CR, Staehler M, Clevert DA, Macari M, Arndt N, Nikolaou K, Sommer W, Stief C, Reiser MF, Johnson TR. Single-phase dual-energy CT allows for characterization of renal masses as benign or malignant. Invest Radiol. 2010;45(7):399–405.

Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. JACC. 1990;15:827–32.

Budoff M, Georgiou D, Brody A, et al. Ultrafast computed tomography as a diagnostic modality in the detection of coronary artery disease: a multicenter study. Circulation. 1996;93:898–904.

McCollough CH, Zink FE. The technical design and performance of ultrafast computed tomography. Radiol Clin North Am. 1994;32(3):521–36.

McCollough CH, Zink FE, Morin R. Radiation dosimetry for electron beam CT. Radiology. 1994;192(3):637–43.

Schmidt TG, Fahrig R, Pelc NJ, Solomon EG. An inverse-geometry volumetric CT system with a large-area scanned source: a feasibility study. Med Phys. 2004;31(9):2623–7.

de Man B, Basu S, Beque D, Claus B, Edic P, Iatrou M, et al. Multi-source inverse geometry CT : a new system concept for X-ray computed tomography. Proc SPIE Med Imaging 2007;6510:65100H-2.

Wang G, Yu H, Ye Y. A scheme for multisource interior tomography. Med Phys. 2009;36(8):3575–81.

Pfeiffer F, Weitkamp T, Bunk O, David C. Phase retrieval and differential phase-contrast imaging with low-brilliance X-ray sources. Nat Phys. 2006;2:258–61.

Raupach R, Flohr TG. Analytical evaluation of the signal and noise propagation in X-ray differential phase-contrast computed tomography. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:2219–44.

Raupach R, Flohr TG. Performance evaluation of X-ray differential phase contrast computed tomography (PCT) with respect to medical imaging. Med Phys. 2012;39(8):4761–74.

Mori S, Endo M, Nishizawa K, et al. Comparison of patient doses in 256-slice CT and 16-slice CT scanners. Br J Radiol. 2006;79(937):56–61.

•• Wang G, Yu H, de Man B. An outlook on x-ray CT research and development. Med Phys. 2008;35(3):1051–64. This article reviews current research directions in computed tomography and may serve as an overview.