COVID-19 and the liver: an adverse outcome pathway perspective

Ankley, 2010, Adverse outcome pathways: a conceptual framework to support ecotoxicology research and risk assessment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 29, 730, 10.1002/etc.34 Bangash, 2020, COVID-19 and the liver: little cause for concern, Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 5, 529, 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30084-4 Boregowda, 2020, Serum activity of liver enzymes is associated with higher mortality in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Front. Med., 7, 431, 10.3389/fmed.2020.00431 Brill, 2013, Hypoxia, such as encountered at high altitude, promotes deep vein thrombosis in mice, J. Thromb. Haemost., 11, 1773, 10.1111/jth.12310 Brosnahan, 2021, Thrombosis at hospital presentation in patients with and without coronavirus disease 2019, J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord., 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.11.004 Cai, 2020, COVID-19: abnormal liver function tests, J. Hepatol., 73, 566, 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.006 Chai, 2020, Specific ACE2 expression in cholangiocytes may cause liver damage after 2019-nCoV infection, BioRxiv Chen, 2020, Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019, J. Clin. Invest., 130, 2620, 10.1172/JCI137244 Chen, 2021, Hepatic steatosis is associated with increased disease severity and liver injury in coronavirus disease-19, Dig. Dis. Sci., 10.1007/s10620-020-06618-3 Chu, 2020, Multicenter analysis of liver injury patterns and mortality in COVID-19, Front. Med., 7, 584342, 10.3389/fmed.2020.584342 Falcão, 2020, Case report: hepatotoxicity associated with the use of hydroxychloroquine in a patient with COVID-19, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 102, 1214, 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0276 Fan, 2020, Clinical features of COVID-19-related liver functional abnormality, Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 18, 1561, 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.002 Feng, 2020, COVID-19 and liver dysfunction: current insights and emergent therapeutic strategies, J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol., 8, 18, 10.14218/JCTH.2020.00018 Fu, 2021, Clinical features of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 with elevated liver biochemistries: a multicenter, retrospective study, Hepatology, 10.1002/hep.31446 Gao, 2021, Metabolic associated fatty liver disease increases coronavirus disease 2019 disease severity in nondiabetic patients, J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 36, 204, 10.1111/jgh.15112 Grein, 2020, Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe COVID-19, N. Engl. J. Med., 382, 2327, 10.1056/NEJMoa2007016 https://aopwiki.org/ (consulted 18 March 2021). https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ (consulted 18 March 2021). https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/event/webinar/intro-webinar-ciao-project (consulted 18 March 2021). Hundt, 2020, Abnormal liver tests in COVID-19: a retrospective observational cohort study of 1827 patients in a major U.S. hospital network, Hepatology, 72, 1169, 10.1002/hep.31487 Ji, 2020, Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study, J. Hepatol., 73, 451, 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.044 Karki, 2020, COVID-19 cytokines and the hyperactive immune response: synergism of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in triggering inflammation, tissue damage, and death, BioRxiv Kaushik, 2020, Prevalence of abnormal liver function tests in COVID-19 patients at a tertiary care centre, J. Assoc. Physicians India, 68, 73 Lax, 2020, Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in COVID-19 with fatal outcome : results from a prospective, single-center, clinicopathologic case series, Ann. Intern. Med., 173, 350, 10.7326/M20-2566 Li, 2020, COVID-19 induced liver function abnormality associates with age, Aging, 12, 13895, 10.18632/aging.103720 Li, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 triggers inflammatory responses and cell death through caspase-8 activation, Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., 5, 235, 10.1038/s41392-020-00334-0 Lippi, 2021, Chronic liver disease is not associated with severity or mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analysis, Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 33, 114, 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001742 Metawea, 2021, COVID 19 and liver: an A-Z literature review, Dig. Liver Dis., 53, 146, 10.1016/j.dld.2020.09.010 Palomar-Lever, 2020, Hepatic steatosis as an independent risk factor for severe disease in patients with COVID-19: a computed tomography study, JGH Open, 4, 1102, 10.1002/jgh3.12395 Pan, 2021, Metabolic associated fatty liver disease increases the severity of COVID-19: a meta-analysis, Dig. Liver Dis., 53, 153, 10.1016/j.dld.2020.09.007 Parohan, 2020, Liver injury is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective studies, Hepatol. Res., 50, 924, 10.1111/hepr.13510 Piano, 2020, Abnormal liver function tests predict transfer to intensive care unit and death in COVID-19, Liver Int., 40, 2394, 10.1111/liv.14565 Pilli, 2018, Hypoxia downregulates protein S expression, Blood, 132, 452, 10.1182/blood-2018-04-841585 Ponti, 2020, Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression, Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci., 57, 389, 10.1080/10408363.2020.1770685 Qi, 2020, Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 21, 135, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.044 Schmit, 2021, The liver in COVID-19-related death: protagonist or innocent bystander?, Pathobiology, 88, 88, 10.1159/000512008 Shao, 2020, Gamma-glutamyltransferase elevations are Frequent in patients with COVID-19: a clinical epidemiologic study, Hepatol. Commun., 4, 1744, 10.1002/hep4.1576 Sonzogni, 2020, Liver histopathology in severe COVID 19 respiratory failure is suggestive of vascular alterations, Liver Int., 40, 2110, 10.1111/liv.14601 Sun, 2020, Acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, World J. Gastroenterol., 26, 6087, 10.3748/wjg.v26.i39.6087 Tsutsumi, 2021, Association of coagulopathy with liver dysfunction in patients with COVID-19, Hepatol. Res., 51, 227, 10.1111/hepr.13577 Vinken, 2020, A putative AOP for pneumonia related to COVID-19, Arch. Toxicol., 94, 3343, 10.1007/s00204-020-02860-w Vinken, 2020, Liver adverse outcome pathways: what’s in for the hepatologist? J. Gastrointestin, Liver Dis., 29, 659 Vinken, 2017, Adverse outcome pathways: a concise introduction for toxicologists, Arch. Toxicol., 91, 3697, 10.1007/s00204-017-2020-z Wang, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19, J. Hepatol., 73, 807, 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.05.002 Xu, 2020, Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, Lancet Respir. Med., 8, 420, 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X Yang, 2020, A human pluripotent stem cell-based platform to study SARS-CoV-2 tropism and model virus infection in human cells and organoids, Cell Stem Cell, 27, 125, 10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.015 Yu, 2020, Profiles of liver function abnormalities in elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019, Int. J. Clin. Pract. Zangari, 2013, Could hypoxia increase the prevalence of thrombotic complications in polycythemia vera? Blood Coagul, Fibrinolysis, 24, 311, 10.1097/MBC.0b013e32835bfdb9 Zhang, 2020, Clinical characteristics of 82 cases of death from COVID-19, PLoS One, 15 Zhao, 2020, Recapitulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cholangiocyte damage with human liver ductal organoids, Protein Cell, 11, 771, 10.1007/s13238-020-00718-6 Zhou, 2020, Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study, Lancet, 395, 1054, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 Zhou, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 targets by the pscRNA profiling of ACE2, TMPRSS2 and furin proteases, iScience, 23, 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101744