CONVEX-91: water masses and circulation of the Northeast Atlantic subpolar gyre

Progress in Oceanography - Tập 48 - Trang 461-510 - 2000
J.F Read1
1Southampton Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK

Tài liệu tham khảo

Arhan, 1990, The North Atlantic Current and Subarctic Intermediate Water, Journal of Marine Research, 48, 109, 10.1357/002224090784984605 Arhan, 1995, Lateral mixing of the Mediterranean Water in the eastern North Atlantic, Journal of Marine Research, 53, 865, 10.1357/0022240953212990 Bacon, 1994, Skill in an inversion solution: CONVEX-91 hydrographic results compared with ADCP measurements, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 11, 1569, 10.1175/1520-0426(1994)011<1569:SIAISC>2.0.CO;2 Bacon, 1997, Circulation and fluxes in the North Atlantic between Greenland and Ireland, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 27, 1420, 10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1420:CAFITN>2.0.CO;2 Bacon, 1998, Decadal variability in the outflow from the Nordic seas to the deep Atlantic Ocean, Nature, London, 394, 871, 10.1038/29736 Becker, G., & Hansen, B. (1988). Modified North Atlantic Water. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea C.M. 1988/C:17, 16 pp. Brewer, 1983, A climatic freshening of the deep Atlantic north of 50°N over the past 20 years, Science, 222, 1237, 10.1126/science.222.4629.1237 Bubnov, 1968, Intermediate subarctic waters in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, Okeanologia, 19, 136 Cunningham, 1995, Labrador Sea Water in the eastern North Atlantic. Part I: a synoptic circulation inferred from a minimum in potential vorticity, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25, 649, 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<0649:LSWITE>2.0.CO;2 Dickson, 1994, The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: sources, rates and pathways, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 12319, 10.1029/94JC00530 Dickson, 1990, Deep-water renewal in the northern North Atlantic, Nature, London, 344, 848, 10.1038/344848a0 Dickson, 1996, Long-term co-ordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic, Progress in Oceanography, 38, 241, 10.1016/S0079-6611(97)00002-5 Dietrich, 1975 Ellett, 1993, The north-east Atlantic: a fan assisted storage heater?, Weather, 48, 118, 10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb05861.x Ellett, D. J. (1993b). Transit times to the NE Atlantic of Labrador Sea Water signals. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, CM1993/C:25, 12 pp. Ellett, 1986, The hydrography of the Rockall Channel — an overview, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 88B, 61 Ellett, D. J., & Turrell, W. R. (1992). Increased salinity levels in the N.E. Atlantic. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, C.M./1992/C:20. 12 pp. Gould, W. J. (1992). RRS Charles Darwin Cruise 62 1 August–4 September 1991. CONVEX-WOCE Control Volume AR12, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Deacon Laboratory Cruise Report No 230, Wormley, 60 pp. Hansen, 2000, North Atlantic–Nordic Seas exchanges, Progress in Oceanography, 45, 109, 10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00052-X Harvey, 1982, θ–S relationships and water masses in the eastern North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Research, 29, 1021, 10.1016/0198-0149(82)90025-5 Harvey, 1988, The water masses of the central North Atlantic in 1983–84, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 18, 1855, 10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018<1855:TWMOTC>2.0.CO;2 Harvey, 1986, The circulation of Norwegian Sea overflow water in the eastern North Atlantic, Oceanologica Acta, 9, 393 Hellerman, 1983, Normal monthly wind stress over the world ocean with error estimates, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13, 1093, 10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<1093:NMWSOT>2.0.CO;2 Holliday, 2000, Water mass properties and fluxes in the Rockall Trough, 1975–1998, Deep-Sea Research I, 47, 1303, 10.1016/S0967-0637(99)00109-0 Iselin, 1936, A study of the circulation of the western North Atlantic, Papers in Physical Oceanography and Meteorology, 4, 101 Ivers, W. D. (1975). The deep circulation in the northern North Atlantic, with especial reference to the Labrador Sea. Ph.D. thesis, University of California at San Diego, 179 pp. Krauss, 1986, The North Atlantic Current, Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 5061, 10.1029/JC091iC04p05061 Krauss, 1995, Currents and mixing in the Irminger Sea and in the Iceland Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 10851, 10.1029/95JC00423 Langseth, M. G., & Boyer, D. (1972). The effect of the Reykjanes Ridge on the flow of water above 2000 meters. In: A. L. Gordon, Gordon & Breacher, Studies in Physical Oceanography, vol. 2. A tribute to George Wüst on his 80th birthday. Lazier, 1995 Martin, 1998, The PRIME Eddy, Journal of Marine Research, 56, 439, 10.1357/002224098321822375 McCartney, 1992, Recirculating components to the deep boundary current of the northern North Atlantic, Progress in Oceanography, 29, 283, 10.1016/0079-6611(92)90006-L McCartney, 1982, The subpolar mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 12, 1169, 10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<1169:TSMWOT>2.0.CO;2 McCave, 1980, Sediment transport over the Hatton and Gardar contourite drifts, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 50, 1049 Meincke, 1986, Convection in the oceanic waters west of Britain, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 88B, 127 Osborne, J., Swift, J., & Flinchem, E. P. (1992). OceanAtlas for Macintosh. A microcomputer application for examining oceanographic data Version 2.0. EOSDIS Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Centre at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, S.I.O. Reference 92–29, 106 pp. Paillet, 1996, Shallow pycnoclines and mode water subduction in the eastern North Atlantic, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 26, 96, 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<0096:SPAMWS>2.0.CO;2 Pérez, 1995, Decadal changes of the θ–S relationship of the Eastern North Atlantic Central Water, Deep-Sea Research I, 42, 1849, 10.1016/0967-0637(95)00091-7 Pollard, 1983, Mesoscale (50–100 km) circulations revealed by inverse and classical analysis of the JASIN hydrographic data, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13, 377, 10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<0377:MKCRBI>2.0.CO;2 Pollard, 1985, Structure and circulation of the upper Atlantic Ocean northeast of the Azores, Progress in Oceanography, 14, 443, 10.1016/0079-6611(85)90022-9 Pollard, 1996, Vivaldi 1991 — a study of the formation, circulation and ventilation of Eastern North Atlantic Central Water, Progress in Oceanography, 37, 167, 10.1016/S0079-6611(96)00008-0 Pingree, 1991, Drifting buoy in the field of flow of two eddies on East Thulean Rise (Northeast Atlantic), Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 16759, 10.1029/91JC01451 Read, J. F., & Ellett, D. J. (1991). Subarctic Intermediate Water in the eastern North Atlantic. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea C.M.1991/C:42, 11 pp. Read, 1992, Cooling and freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since the 1960s, Nature, London, 360, 55, 10.1038/360055a0 Read, 1992, Water masses in the region of the Iceland–Faroes Front, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 22, 1365, 10.1175/1520-0485(1992)022<1365:WMITRO>2.0.CO;2 Reid, 1978, On the mid-depth circulation and salinity field in the North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 5063, 10.1029/JC083iC10p05063 Reid, 1979, On the contribution of the Mediterranean Sea outflow to the Norwegian–Greenland Sea, Deep-Sea Research, 26, 1199, 10.1016/0198-0149(79)90064-5 Rı́os, 1992, Water masses in the upper and middle North Atlantic ocean east of the Azores, Deep-Sea Research, 39, 645, 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90093-9 Saunders, 1986, The accuracy of measurement of salinity, oxygen and temperature in the deep ocean, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 16, 189, 10.1175/1520-0485(1986)016<0189:TAOMOS>2.0.CO;2 Saunders, 1990, Cold Outflow from the Faroe Bank Channel, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 20, 29, 10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0029:COFTFB>2.0.CO;2 Saunders, 1994, The flux of overflow water through the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone, Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 12343, 10.1029/94JC00527 Saunders, 1996, The flux of dense cold overflow water southeast of Iceland, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 26, 85, 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<0085:TFODCO>2.0.CO;2 Schmitz, 1993, On the North Atlantic Circulation, Reviews of Geophysics, 31, 29, 10.1029/92RG02583 Stefánsson, 1968, Dissolved nutrients, oxygen and water masses in the Northern Irminger Sea, Deep-Sea Research, 15, 541 Swift, 1984, The circulation of the Denmark Strait and Iceland–Scotland overflow waters in the North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Research, 31, 1339, 10.1016/0198-0149(84)90005-0 Sy, 1992, The North Atlantic Current and its associated hydrographic structure above and eastwards of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Deep-Sea Research, 39, 825, 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90124-C Sy, 1997, Surprisingly rapid spreading of newly formed intermediate waters across the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, London, 386, 675, 10.1038/386675a0 Talley, 1982, Distribution and circulation of Labrador Sea Water, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 12, 1189, 10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<1189:DACOLS>2.0.CO;2 Tsuchiya, 1989, Circulation of the Antarctic Intermediate Water in the North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Marine Research, 47, 747, 10.1357/002224089785076136 Tsuchiya, 1992, An eastern Atlantic section from Iceland southward across the equator, Deep-Sea Research, 39, 1885, 10.1016/0198-0149(92)90004-D van Aken, 1996, Hydrography and through-flow in the north-eastern North Atlantic Ocean: the NANSEN project, Progress in Oceanography, 38, 297, 10.1016/S0079-6611(97)00005-0 van Aken, 1995, On the synoptic hydrography of intermediate and deep water masses in the Iceland Basin, Deep-Sea Research I, 42, 165, 10.1016/0967-0637(94)00042-Q Worthington, L. V. (1976). On the North Atlantic circulation. John Hopkins Oceanographic Studies, vol. 6. The John Hopkins University Press, 110 pp.