CLINICAL COURSE AND THERAPY OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA WITH INTERFERON-ALPHA AND CHEMOTHERAPY

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America - Tập 12 - Trang 31-80 - 1998
Hagop M. Kantarjian1, Francis J. Giles1, Susan M. O'Brien1, Moshe Talpaz2
1Departments of Leukemia (HMK, FJG, SMO)
2Biotherapy (MT), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

Tài liệu tham khảo

Alimena, 1988, Interferon alpha-2b as therapy for Ph′-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia: A study of 82 patients treated with intermittent or daily administration, Blood, 72, 642, 10.1182/blood.V72.2.642.642 Allan, 1995, UK Medical Research Council randomized multicenter trial of interferon-αn1 for chronic myeloid leukemia: Improved survival irrespective of cytogenetic response, Lancet, 345, 1392, 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92596-1 Anger, 1989, A phase I/II study of recombinant interferon alpha 2a and hydroxyurea for chronic myelocytic leukemia, Blut, 58, 275, 10.1007/BF00320165 Antin, 1993, Graft-versus-leukemia: No longer an epiphenomenon, Blood, 82, 2273, 10.1182/blood.V82.8.2273.2273 Apperley, 1988, Bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase: Importance of graft-versus-leukaemia effect, Br J Haematol, 69, 239, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1988.tb07628.x Arthur, 1993, Combined interferon alfa-2a and cytosine arabinoside as first-line treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia, Acta Haematol, 89, 15, 10.1159/000204580 Arthur, 1991, Management of chronic myeloid leukaemia in pregnancy, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 11, 396, 10.3109/01443619109013576 Atkinson, 1986, Second marrow transplants for recurrence of haematological malignancy, Bone Marrow Transplant, 1, 159 Baer, 1992, Interferon-α therapy during pregnancy in chronic myelogenous leukaemia and hairy cell leukaemia, Br J Haematol, 81, 167, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb08202.x Bär, 1993, Donor leukocyte infusions for chronic myeloid leukemia relapsed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, J Clin Oncol, 11, 513, 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.3.513 Barnett, 1994, Autografting with cultured marrow in chronic myeloid leukemia: Results of a pilot study, Blood, 84, 724, 10.1182/blood.V84.3.724.724 Barrett, 1992, Immune responses to chronic myeloid leukemia, Bone Marrow Transplant, 9, 305 Bartram, 1983, Translocation of c-abl oncogene correlates with the presence of a Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukemia, Nature, 306, 277, 10.1038/306277a0 Beatty, 1993, Marrow transplantation from unrelated donors for treatment of hematologic malignancies: Effect of mismatching for one HLA locus, Blood, 81, 249, 10.1182/blood.V81.1.249.249 Beelen, 1995, Prolonged administration of interferon-α in patients with chronic-phase Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia before allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may adversely affect transplant outcome, Blood, 85, 2981, 10.1182/blood.V85.10.2981.bloodjournal85102981 Ben-Neriah, 1986, The chronic myelogenous leukemia specific p210 protein is the product of the bcr/abl hybrid gene, Science, 223, 212, 10.1126/science.3460176 Beran, 1996, Tallimustine, an effective antileukemic agent in a SCID mouse model of adult myelogenous leukemia induces remissions in a phase I study [abstract], Blood, 88, 220a Beran, 1996, Topotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is active in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, Blood, 88, 2473, 10.1182/blood.V88.7.2473.bloodjournal8872473 Bhatia, 1994, Interferon-α restores normal adhesion of chronic myelogenous leukemia hematopoietic progenitors to bone marrow stroma by correcting impaired β1 integrin receptor function, J Clin Invest, 94, 384, 10.1172/JCI117333 Biggs, 1992, Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after preparation with BuCy2, Blood, 80, 1090, 10.1182/blood.V80.4.1090.bloodjournal8041090 Bilhou-Nabera, 1992, Complete cytogenetic conversion in chronic myelocytic leukemia patients undergoing interferon α therapy: Follow-up with reverse polymerase chain reaction, Leukemia, 6, 595 Bilhou-Nabera, 1992, Serial cytogenetic studies in allografted patients with chronic myeloid leukemia, Bone Marrow Transplant, 9, 263 Boice, 1985, Second cancer following radiation treatment for cervical cancer. An international collaboration among cancer registries, J Natl Cancer Inst, 74, 955 Borgies, 1988, Interferon alpha induced and maintained complete remission in chronic granulocytic leukaemia in relapse after bone marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, 4, 127 Bortin, 1993, Report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry, Bone Marrow Transplant, 12, 97 Bortin, 1987, HLA associations with leukemia, Blood, 70, 227, 10.1182/blood.V70.1.227.227 Brandwein, 1992, Maintenance of Philadelphia-chromosome–positive progenitors in long-term marrow cultures from patients with advanced chronic myeloid leukemia, Leukemia, 6, 556 Brincker, 1982, Population-based age- and sex-specific incidence rates in the 4 main types of leukaemia, Scand J Haematol, 29, 241, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1982.tb00589.x Brown, 1965, Mortality from cancer and other causes after radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis, Br Med J, 2, 1327, 10.1136/bmj.2.5474.1327 Call, 1994, Incidence of leukemia in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989, Mayo Clin Proc, 69, 315, 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62214-9 Canellos, 1976, Chronic granulocytic leukemia without the Philadelphia chromosome, Am J Clin Pathol, 65, 467, 10.1093/ajcp/65.4.467 Cervantes, 1994, Long-term survivors in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: A study by the International CGL Prognosis Study Group, Br J Haematol, 87, 293, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04912.x Cervantes, 1982, A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in chronic myeloid leukemia, Blood, 60, 1298, 10.1182/blood.V60.6.1298.1298 Champlin, 1994, Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia, 595 Chen, 1992, T-cell immunity and the joining region of p210 bcr-abl protein, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89, 1468, 10.1073/pnas.89.4.1468 Chikkapa, 1988, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in neutrophilic granulocytes of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients, Leuk Res, 12, 491, 10.1016/0145-2126(88)90116-6 Choundhury, 1997, Use of leukemic dendritic cells for the generation of antileukemic cellular cytotoxicity against Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 89, 1133, 10.1182/blood.V89.4.1133 Claxton, 1992, Polyclonal hematopoiesis in interferon-induced cytogenetic remissions of chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 79, 997, 10.1182/blood.V79.4.997.bloodjournal794997 Clift, 1994, Marrow transplantation for patients in accelerated phase of chronic myeloid leukemia, Blood, 84, 4368, 10.1182/blood.V84.12.4368.bloodjournal84124368 Clift, 1994, Marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia: A randomized study comparing cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation with busulfan and cyclophosphamide, Blood, 84, 2036, 10.1182/blood.V84.6.2036.2036 Clift, 1994, Bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 83, 2752, 10.1182/blood.V83.9.2752.2752 Collins, 1997, Donor leukocyte infusions in 140 patients with relapsed malignancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, J Clin Oncol, 15, 433, 10.1200/JCO.1997.15.2.433 Conlon, 1990, Exacerbation of symptoms of autoimmune disease in patients receiving alpha interferon therapy for malignant carcinoid tumors, Cancer, 65, 2237, 10.1002/1097-0142(19900515)65:10<2237::AID-CNCR2820651013>3.0.CO;2-5 Cortes, 1997, A pilot study of all-trans retinoic acid in patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, Leukemia, 11, 929, 10.1038/sj.leu.2400682 Cortes, 1996, Results of interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia 60 years of age and older, Am J Med, 100, 452, 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)89522-8 Cortes, 1995, Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myelogenous leukemia with rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region: Long-term follow-up results, Cancer, 75, 464, 10.1002/1097-0142(19950115)75:2<464::AID-CNCR2820750209>3.0.CO;2-E Cortes, 1996, GM-CSF can improve the cytogenetic response obtained with interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Blood, 88, 232a Cortes, 1996, Chronic myelogenous leukemia: A review, Am J Med, 100, 555, 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00061-7 Coulombel, 1983, Long term marrow culture reveals chromosomally normal hemopoietic progenitor cells in patients with Philadelphia-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, N Engl J Med, 308, 1493, 10.1056/NEJM198306233082502 Cramer, 1977, Metabolic activity of phagocytosing granulocytes in chronic granulocytic leukemia: Ultrastructural observation of a degranulation defect, Blood, 50, 93, 10.1182/blood.V50.1.93.93 Cross, 1993, Minimal residual disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase: Correlations with probability of relapse, Br J Haematol, 84, 67, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb03026.x Cullis, 1992, Donor leukocyte infusions for chronic myeloid leukemia in relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Blood, 79, 1379, 10.1182/blood.V79.5.1379.1379 Cullis, 1992, Second transplants for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in relapse after original transplant with T-depleted donor marrow: Feasibility of using busulfan alone for re-conditioning, Br J Haematol, 80, 33, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06397.x Cunningham, 1979, Results of treatment of Ph′+ chronic myelogenous leukemia with an intensive treatment regimen (L-5 protocol), Blood, 53, 375, 10.1182/blood.V53.3.375.bloodjournal533375 Daley, 1990, Induction of chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice by the P210bcr/abl gene of the Philadelphia chromosome, Science, 247, 824, 10.1126/science.2406902 Daley, 1991, Blast crisis in a murine model of chronic myelogenous leukemia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, 11335, 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11335 De Klein, 1982, A cellular oncogene is translocated to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukaemia, Nature, 300, 765, 10.1038/300765a0 De Braekeleer, 1987, Variant Philadelphia translocations in chronic myeloid leukemia, Cytogenet Cell Genet, 44, 215, 10.1159/000132374 Deisseroth, 1994, Genetic marking shows that Ph+ cells present in autologous transplants of chronic myelogenous leukemia contribute to relapse after autologous bone marrow transplant in CML, Blood, 83, 3068, 10.1182/blood.V83.10.3068.3068 Dekmezian, 1987, The relevance of reticulin stain–measured fibrosis at diagnosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer, 59, 1739, 10.1002/1097-0142(19870515)59:10<1739::AID-CNCR2820591011>3.0.CO;2-2 DeLage, 1991, Clinical significance of bcr-abl rearrangement detected by polymerase chain reaction after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 78, 2759, 10.1182/blood.V78.10.2759.2759 Derderian, 1993, Chronic myelogenous leukemia in the lymphoid blastic phase: Characteristics, treatment response, and prognosis, Am J Med, 94, 69, 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90122-6 Dhingra, 1989, Polymerase chain reaction for minimal residual disease in 20 CML patients in complete cytogenetic remission induced by interferon therapy [abstract], Blood, 74, 235a Dhingra, 1992, Minimal residual disease in interferon-treated chronic myelogenous leukemia: Results and pitfalls of analysis based on polymerase chain reaction, Leukemia, 6, 754 Dickstein, 1993, Issues in the pathology and diagnosis of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders and the myelodysplastic syndromes, Am J Clin Pathol, 99, 513, 10.1093/ajcp/99.4.513 Djaldetti, 1966, Prolonged remission in chronic myeloid leukemia after one course of busulfan, Blood, 27, 103, 10.1182/blood.V27.1.103.103 Dobrovic, 1991, Molecular diagnosis of Philadelphia negative CML using the polymerase chain reaction and DNA analysis: Clinical features and course of M-bcr negative and M-bcr-positive CML, Leukemia, 5, 187 Dosik, 1972, Acquired lipidosis: Gaucher-like cells and “blue cells” in chronic granulocytic leukemia, Semin Hematol, 9, 309 Dowding, 1991, Interferon-α overrides the deficient adhesion of chronic myeloid leukemia primitive progenitor cells to bone marrow stromal cells, Blood, 78, 499, 10.1182/blood.V78.2.499.499 Drobyski, 1993, Donor leukocyte infusions as treatment for relapsed chronic myelogenous leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Blood, 82, 2310, 10.1182/blood.V82.8.2310.2310 Dutcher, 1992, Phase II study of mitoxantrone and 5-azacytidine for accelerated and blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia: A study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Leukemia, 6, 770 Elliott, 1995, Cytogenetic response to α-interferon is predicted in early chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia by M-bcr breakpoint location, Leukemia, 9, 946 Ernst, 1995, Treatment of the chronic phase of CML with a combined continuous infusion of homoharringtonine and cytarabine [abstract], Blood, 86, 529a Estrov, 1991, Synergistic antiproliferative effects of interferon alpha and azidothymidine in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Leukemia, 5, 101 Estrov, 1991, Suppression of chronic myelogenous leukemia colony growth by IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble IL-1 receptors: A novel application for inhibitors of IL-1 activity, Blood, 78, 1476, 10.1182/blood.V78.6.1476.1476 Ezdinli, 1970, Philadelphia chromosome–positive and –negative chronic myelocytic leukemia, Ann Intern Med, 72, 175, 10.7326/0003-4819-72-2-175 Finney, 1972, Chronic granulocytic leukaemia with Ph1 cells in bone marrow and 10 year remission after busulphan hypoplasia, Br J Haematol, 23, 283, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1972.tb08874.x First International Workshop on Chromosomes in Leukaemia, 1978, Chromosomes in Ph1 positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia, Br J Haematol, 39, 305, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1978.tb01102.x Freund, 1989, Recombinant human interferon alpha-2b in chronic myelogenous leukaemia: Dose dependency of response and frequency of neutralizing anti-interferon antibodies, Br J Haematol, 72, 350, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb07715.x Fujimiya, 1987, Natural killer (NK) cell immunodeficiency in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 24, 213, 10.1007/BF00205632 Futaki, 1992, Relationship of the type of bcr-abl hybrid mRNA to clinical course and transforming activity in Philadelphia-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, Leuk Res, 16, 1071, 10.1016/0145-2126(92)90045-9 Gale, 1984, An 8-kilobase abl RNA transcript in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 81, 5648, 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5648 Galton, 1958, Busulphan (1,4 dimethanesulphonyloxybutane): Summary of clinical results, Ann NY Acad Sci, 68, 967, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb42652.x Galton, 1953, Myeleran in chronic myeloid leukemia, Lancet, 1, 208, 10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90885-X Gamis, 1993, Unrelated-donor bone marrow transplantation for Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in children, J Clin Oncol, 11, 834, 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.5.834 Ganesan, 1986, Rearrangement of the BCR gene in Philadelphia chromosome negative chronic myeloid leukemia, Blood, 68, 957, 10.1182/blood.V68.4.957.957 Giles, 1992, Recombinant alpha 2B interferon in combination with oral chemotherapy in late chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia, Leuk Lymphoma, 7, 99, 10.3109/10428199209053607 Giles, 1991, Recombinant alpha interferons, thyroid irradiation and thyroid disease, Acta Haematologica, 85, 160, 10.1159/000204881 Giles, 1996, Presenting features of chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia: A comparison between Asian and French patients on the International Oncology study Group CML1 and French CML88 studies [abstract], Br J Haematol, 93, 273a Giles, 1995, Chronic myelogenous leukaemia, 933 Giralt, 1995, Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, Semin Oncol, 22, 396 Giralt, 1993, Effect of prior interferon alfa therapy on the outcome of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia, J Clin Oncol, 11, 1055, 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.6.1055 Giralt, 1994, Leukemia relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplant: A review, Blood, 83, 3603, 10.1182/blood.V84.11.3603.bloodjournal84113603 Goldman, 1993, Choice of pretransplant treatment and timing of transplants for chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase, Blood, 82, 2235, 10.1182/blood.V82.7.2235.2235 Gomez, 1976, Splenectomy for palliation of chronic myeloid leukemia, Am J Med, 61, 14, 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90025-5 Gordon, 1987, Altered adhesive interactions with marrow stroma of hematopoietic progenitor cells in chronic myeloid leukemia, Nature, 328, 342, 10.1038/328342a0 Gratwohl, 1993, Bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia: Longterm results, Bone Marrow Transplant, 12, 509 Greenberg, 1978, Cytogenetics of fibroblastic colonies in Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 51, 1039, 10.1182/blood.V51.6.1039.1039 Griffen, 1983, Differentiation patterns in the blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia, Blood, 61, 85 Guerrasio, 1992, Minimal residual disease status in transplanted chronic myelogenous leukemia patients: Low incidence of polymerase chain reaction positive cases among 48 long disease-free subjects who received unmanipulated allogeneic bone marrow transplants, Leukemia, 6, 507 Guilhot, 1997, Interferon-alpha 2b combined with cytarabine versus interferon alone in chronic myelogenous leukemia, N Engl J Med, 337, 223, 10.1056/NEJM199707243370402 Guilhot, 1993, A multicenter randomized study of alfa 2b interferon and hydroxyurea with or without cytosine-arabinoside in previously untreated patients with Ph+ chronic myelocytic leukemia: Preliminary cytogenetic results, Leuk Lymphoma, 11, 181, 10.3109/10428199309047883 Hehlmann, 1994, Randomized comparison of interferon-a with busulfan and hydroxyurea in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 84, 4064, 10.1182/blood.V84.12.4064.bloodjournal84124064 Hehlmann, 1993, Randomized comparison of busulfan and hydroxyurea in chronic myelogenous leukemia: Prolongation of survival by hydroxyurea, Blood, 82, 398, 10.1182/blood.V82.2.398.398 Heubner, 1994, YNKO1, an oral ara-C derivative in patients with AML, MDS, low-grade NHL and CML [abstract], Blood, 81, 302a Higano, 1992, Use of α interferon for the treatment of relapse of chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Blood, 80, 1437, 10.1182/blood.V80.6.1437.1437 Horowitz, 1996, Effect of prior interferon therapy on outcome of HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplants for chronic myelogenous leukemia in first chronic phase [abstract], Blood, 88, 682a Hoyle, 1994, Autografting for patients with CML in chronic phase: An update, Br J Haematol, 86, 76, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb03255.x Hughes, 1991, Detection of residual leukemia after bone marrow transplant for chronic myeloid leukemia: Role of polymerase chain reaction in predicting relapse, Blood, 77, 874, 10.1182/blood.V77.4.874.874 Inbal, 1983, Cyclic leukocytosis and long survival in chronic myeloid leukemia, Acta Haematol, 69, 353, 10.1159/000206919 Italian Cooperative Study Group on Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia, 1994, Interferon alfa-2a as compared with conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia, N Engl J Med, 330, 820, 10.1056/NEJM199403243301204 Jacknow, 1985, Extramedullary presentation of the blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia, Br J Haematol, 61, 225, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1985.tb02821.x Janossy, 1979, Relation of “lymphoid” phenotype and response to chemotherapy incorporating vincristine-prednisolone in the acute phase of Ph′ positive leukemia, Cancer, 43, 426, 10.1002/1097-0142(197902)43:2<426::AID-CNCR2820430204>3.0.CO;2-H Jaubert, 1990, The position of the M-BCR breakpoint does not predict the duration of chronic phase or survival in chronic myeloid leukaemia, Br J Haematol, 74, 30, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1990.tb02534.x Jiang, 1993, T cell and NK cell mediated graft-versus-leukaemia reactivity following donor buffy coat transfusions to treat relapse after marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia, Bone Marrow Transplant, 11, 133 Juan, 1985, Case report of vasopressin-responsive diabetes insipidus associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer, 56, 1468, 10.1002/1097-0142(19850915)56:6<1468::AID-CNCR2820560640>3.0.CO;2-E Kantarjian, 1985, Chronic myelogenous leukemia: A multivariate analysis of the association of patient characteristics and therapy with survival, Blood, 66, 1326, 10.1182/blood.V66.6.1326.1326 Kantarjian, 1990, Philadelphia chromosome–negative chronic myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 4, 389, 10.1016/S0889-8588(18)30494-5 Kantarjian, 1996, Results with decitabine, a hypomethylating agent, in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in accelerated or blastic phases [abstract], Blood, 88, 199b Kantarjian, 1993, Chronic myelogenous leukemia: A concise update, Blood, 82, 691, 10.1182/blood.V82.3.691.691 Kantarjian, 1996, Homoharringtonine and low-dose cytosine arabinoside combination therapy has significant activity in patients with late phase Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Blood, 88, 578a Kantarjian, 1992, Treatment of advanced stages of Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia with interferon-α and low-dose cytarabine, J Clin Oncol, 10, 772, 10.1200/JCO.1992.10.5.772 Kantarjian, 1987, Chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis. Analysis of 242 patients, Am J Med, 83, 445, 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90754-6 Kantarjian, 1988, Characteristics of accelerated disease in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer, 61, 1441, 10.1002/1097-0142(19880401)61:7<1441::AID-CNCR2820610727>3.0.CO;2-C Kantarjian, 1995, Prolonged survival following achievement of cytogenetic response with alpha interferon therapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Ann Intern Med, 122, 254, 10.7326/0003-4819-122-4-199502150-00003 Kantarjian, 1993, Prognostic factors for response and survival with alpha interferon therapy in early chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Blood, 80, 378a Kantarjian, 1997, Interferon alpha and low-dose cytosine arabinoside therapy in Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Proc ASCO, 16, 47a Kantarjian, 1994, High doses of cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and total body irradiation followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in the management of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, Bone Marrow Transplant, 14, 57 Kantarjian, 1991, Intensive combination chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation leads to the reappearance of Philadelphia chromosome–negative cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer, 67, 2959, 10.1002/1097-0142(19910615)67:12<2959::AID-CNCR2820671203>3.0.CO;2-T Kantarjian, 1990, Proposal for a simple synthesis prognostic staging system in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Am J Med, 88, 1, 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90119-X Kantarjian, 1991, Intensive chemotherapy induction followed by interferon-alpha maintenance in patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer, 68, 1201, 10.1002/1097-0142(19910915)68:6<1201::AID-CNCR2820680604>3.0.CO;2-1 Kantarjian, 1995, Collection of peripheral blood diploid cells from chronic myelogenous leukemia patients early in the recovery phase from myelosuppression induced by intensive-dose chemotherapy, J Clin Oncol, 13, 553, 10.1200/JCO.1995.13.3.553 Kantarjian, 1996, Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia: Current status and investigational options, Blood, 87, 3069, 10.1182/blood.V87.8.3069.bloodjournal8783069 Kenis, 1956, Action du myleran dans 22 cas de leucemie myeloide chronique, Revue Francaise des Etudes Cliniques et Biologiques, 1, 435 Kennedy, 1966, Metabolic and therapeutic effects of hydroxyurea in chronic myeloid leukemia, JAMA, 195, 1038, 10.1001/jama.195.12.1038 Khouri, 1996, High-dose chemotherapy and unpurged autologous stem cell transplantation in 73 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia: The M.D. Anderson experience, Bone Marrow Transplant, 17, 775 Klein, 1982, A cellular oncogene is translocated to the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukemia, Nature, 300, 765, 10.1038/300765a0 Kloke, 1992, A prospective randomized comparison of single-agent interferon-alpha with the combination of IFN-alpha and low-dose IFN-gamma in chronic myelogenous leukaemia, Eur J Haematol, 48, 93 Kloke, 1993, Impact of interferon alpha–induced cytogenetic improvement on survival in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Br J Haematol, 83, 399, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb04663.x Kluin-Nelemans, 1992, CML treated by interferon alfa-2b vs hydroxyurea alone: Preliminary report of a large multicenter randomized trial [abstract], Blood, 80, 358a Knox, 1984, Histological classification of chronic granulocytic leukaemia, Clin Lab Haematol, 6, 171, 10.1111/j.1365-2257.1984.tb00540.x Kolb, 1995, Graft-versus-leukemia effect of donor lymphocyte in marrow grafted patients, Blood, 86, 2041, 10.1182/blood.V86.5.2041.bloodjournal8652041 Kolitz, 1992, A phase II pilot trial of high-dose hydroxyurea in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Semin Oncol, 19, 27 Koller, 1986, Preliminary observations in the therapy of myeloid blast phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia with plicamycin and hydroxyurea, N Engl J Med, 315, 1433, 10.1056/NEJM198612043152301 Kurzrock, 1988, The molecular genetics of Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemias, N Engl J Med, 319, 990, 10.1056/NEJM198810133191506 Kurzrock, 1986, Rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region in Philadelphia-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia, Ann Intern Med, 105, 673, 10.7326/0003-4819-105-5-673 Kurzrock, 1990, Philadelphia chromosome–negative chronic myelogenous leukemia without breakpoint cluster region rearrangement: A chronic myeloid leukemia with a distinct clinical course, Blood, 75, 445, 10.1182/blood.V75.2.445.445 Kurzrock, 1987, Therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia with recombinant interferon-γ, Blood, 70, 943, 10.1182/blood.V70.4.943.943 Kyle, 1961, A syndrome resembling adrenal cortical insufficiency associated with long term busulfan therapy, Blood, 18, 497, 10.1182/blood.V18.5.497.497 Lange, 1954, Leukemia in atomic bomb survivors. 1. General observations, Blood, 9, 514, 10.1182/blood.V9.6.574.574 Lee, 1992, Detection of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction in Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia following interferon therapy, Blood, 79, 1920, 10.1182/blood.V79.8.1920.1920 Leemhuis, 1993, Identification of BCR/ABL–negative primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells within chronic myeloid leukemia marrow, Blood, 81, 801, 10.1182/blood.V81.3.801.801 Lion, 1993, Early detection of relapse after bone marrow transplantation in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia, Lancet, 341, 275, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92619-5 Lissauer, 1865, Zwei falle von leucaemie, Klin Wochenschr, 2, 403 Mahon, 1994, Predicting complete cytogenetic response in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients treated with recombinant interferon, Blood, 84, 3592, 10.1182/blood.V84.10.3592a.3592a Mahon, 1996, High response rate using recombinant alpha interferon in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia—analysis of predictive factors [abstract], Blood, 88, 638a Majlis, 1994, What is the significance of cytogenetic clonal evolution in patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Blood, 84, 150a Malinge, 1992, Quantitative determination of the hybrid bcr-abl RNA in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia under interferon therapy, Br J Haematol, 82, 701, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06947.x Marks, 1978, Blastic transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia: Experience with 50 patients, Med Pediatr Oncol, 4, 15, 10.1002/mpo.2950040212 Marks, 1993, Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia using sibling and volunteer unrelated donors: A comparison of complications in the first two years, Ann Intern Med, 119, 207, 10.7326/0003-4819-119-3-199308010-00005 Martiat, 1993, Retrovirally transduced antisense sequences stably suppress P210BCR/ABL and inhibit the proliferation of bcr/abl–containing cell lines, Blood, 81, 502, 10.1182/blood.V81.2.502.502 Mason, 1974, Thrombocytosis in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Incidence and clinical significance, Blood, 44, 183, 10.1182/blood.V44.4.483.483 McGlave, 1984, Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation as treatment for accelerating chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 63, 219, 10.1182/blood.V63.1.219.219 McGlave, 1994, Autologous transplants for chronic myelogenous leukemia: Results from eight transplant groups, Lancet, 343, 1486, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92589-5 McGlave, 1990, Bone marrow transplants in chronic myelogenous leukemia: An overview of determinants of survival, Semin Hematol, 27, 23 Medical Research Council, 1983, Randomised trial of splenectomy in Ph positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia including an analysis of prognostic features, Br J Haematol, 54, 415, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.tb02116.x Melo, 1996, The diversity of bcr-abl fusion proteins and their relationship to leukemia phenotype, Blood, 88, 2375, 10.1182/blood.V88.7.2375.bloodjournal8872375 Melo, 1993, The abl-bcr fusion gene is expressed in chronic myeloid leukemia, Blood, 81, 158, 10.1182/blood.V81.1.158.158 Mills, 1991, Does the breakpoint within the major cluster region influence the duration of the chronic phase in chronic myeloid leukemia? An analytical comparison of current literature, Blood, 78, 1155, 10.1182/blood.V78.5.1155.1155 Nathwani, 1993, The management of chronic myeloid leukemia in lymphoid blast crisis, Haematologica, 78, 162 Newland, 1987, Alpha 2 interferon in chronic myeloid leukaemia following relapse post-allogeneic transplant, Br J Haematol, 66, 141, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1987.00141a.x Niederle, 1987, Interferon alfa-2b in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, Semin Oncol, 14, 29 Nowell, 1960, A minute chromosome in human chronic granulocytic leukemia, Science, 132, 1497 O'Brien, 1995, Homoharringtonine therapy induces responses in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in late chronic phase, Blood, 86, 3322, 10.1182/blood.V86.9.3322.bloodjournal8693322 O'Brien, 1996, Guidelines for chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment with alpha interferon, Leuk Lymphoma, 23, 247, 10.3109/10428199609054827 Ohnishi, 1995, A randomized trial comparing interferon-α with busulfan for newly diagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase, Blood, 86, 906, 10.1182/blood.V86.3.906.906 Oliner, 1961, Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis following busulfan therapy, Am J Med, 31, 134, 10.1016/0002-9343(61)90229-7 Ordway, 1917, Remission in leukemia produced by radium in cases completely resistant to x-ray and benzol treatment, Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 176, 490, 10.1056/NEJM191704051761403 Ozer, 1993, Blood, 82, 2975, 10.1182/blood.V82.10.2975.2975 Pap, 1986, Standard conditioning regimens and T-cell depleted donor marrow for transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia, Leuk Res, 10, 1469, 10.1016/0145-2126(86)90015-9 Podoll, 1974, Busulfan lung. Report of two cases and review of the literature, Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med, 120, 151, 10.2214/ajr.120.1.151 Podos, 1969, Lens changes in chronic granulocytic leukemia: Possible relationship to chemotherapy, Am J Ophthalmol, 68, 500, 10.1016/0002-9394(69)90722-3 Porter, 1994, Induction of graft-versus-host disease as immunotherapy for relapsed chronic myeloid leukemia, N Engl J Med, 330, 100, 10.1056/NEJM199401133300204 Preti, 1994, Philadelphia-chromosome–positive adult acute lymphocytic leukemia: Characteristics, treatment results, and prognosis in 41 patients, Am J Med, 97, 60, 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90049-3 Pusey, 1902, Report of cases treated with roentgen rays, JAMA, 38, 911, 10.1001/jama.1902.62480150001001 Quesada, 1986, Clinical toxicity of interferons in cancer patients: A review, J Clin Oncol, 4, 234, 10.1200/JCO.1986.4.2.234 Ratajczak, 1992, Acute- and chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia colony-forming units are highly sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of c-myb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, Blood, 79, 1956, 10.1182/blood.V79.8.1956.1956 Reiffers, 1991, Autologous blood stem cell transplantation for chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation: A report of 47 cases, Br J Haematol, 77, 339, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08581.x Renner, 1987, Treatment of excessive thrombocytosis in chronic myeloid leukemia by thombocytopheresis and intravenous thiotepa, Onkologie, 10, 324, 10.1159/000216434 Report of the MRC Working Party, 1968, Comparison of radiotherapy and busulfan therapy in chronic granulocytic leukemia, Br Med J, 1, 201, 10.1136/bmj.1.5586.201 Robertson, 1993, Hematologic remission and cytogenetic improvement after treatment of stable-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia with continuous infusion of low-dose cytarabine, Am J Hematol, 43, 95, 10.1002/ajh.2830430205 Ronnblom, 1991, Autoimmunity after alpha-interferon therapy for malignant carcinoid tumors, Ann Intern Med, 115, 178, 10.7326/0003-4819-115-3-178 Rosner, 1972, Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, Arch Intern Med, 130, 892, 10.1001/archinte.130.6.892 Ross, 1993, A proposed staging system for chronic myeloid leukemia, Cancer, 71, 3788, 10.1002/1097-0142(19930601)71:11<3788::AID-CNCR2820711150>3.0.CO;2-7 Roth, 1992, Prognostic significance of Philadelphia chromosome–positive cells detected by the polymerase chain reaction after allogeneic bone marrow transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 79, 276, 10.1182/blood.V79.1.276.276 Rowley, 1973, A new consistent chromosomal abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukaemia identified by quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa banding, Nature, 243, 290, 10.1038/243290a0 Rushing, 1982, Hydroxyurea versus busulfan in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, Am J Clin Oncol, 5, 307, 10.1097/00000421-198206000-00013 Rustin, 1980, An extrinsic factor controls neutrophil alkaline phosphatase synthesis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia, Br J Haematol, 45, 381, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1980.tb07158.x Sacchi, 1996, Long-term follow-up results of alpha-interferon–based regimens in patients with late chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Blood, 88, 201b Sacchi, 1994, Immune-mediated and unusual complications during alpha-interferon therapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Blood, 84, 150a Sanders, 1988, Second marrow transplants in patients with leukemia who relapse after allogeneic marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, 3, 11 Schofield, 1994, Low doses of interferon α are as effective as higher doses in inducing remissions and prolonging survival in chronic myeloid leukemia, Ann Intern Med, 121, 736, 10.7326/0003-4819-121-10-199411150-00002 Seong, 1995, Hypermetaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for quantitative monitoring of Philadelphia chromosome–positive cells in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia during treatment, Blood, 86, 2343, 10.1182/blood.V86.6.2343.bloodjournal8662343 Shepherd, 1991, Thioguanine used in maintenance therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia causes non-cirrhotic portal hypertension, Br J Haematol, 79, 185, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb04520.x Silver, 1996, Combined α-interferon and low dose cytosine arabinoside for Ph+ chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia [abstract], Blood, 88, 638a Sokal, 1984, Prognostic discrimination in “good risk” chronic granulocytic leukemia, Blood, 63, 789, 10.1182/blood.V63.4.789.789 Sokal, 1987, Preferential inhibition by cytarabine of CFU-GM from patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia, Cancer, 59, 197, 10.1002/1097-0142(19870101)59:1<197::AID-CNCR2820590137>3.0.CO;2-8 Spiers, 1977, The peripheral blood in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: Study of 50 untreated Philadelphia positive cases, Scand J Haematol, 18, 25, 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1977.tb01474.x Suri, 1980, Priapism complicating chronic granulocytic leukemia, Am J Hematol, 9, 295, 10.1002/ajh.2830090308 Talpaz, 1991, Interferon-alpha produces sustained cytogenetic responses in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Ann Intern Med, 114, 532, 10.7326/0003-4819-114-7-532 Talpaz, 1983, Human leukocyte interferon to control thrombocytosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Ann Med Intern, 99, 789, 10.7326/0003-4819-99-6-789 Talpaz, 1995, Blood, 85, 3257, 10.1182/blood.V85.11.3257.bloodjournal85113257 Talpaz, 1987, Clinical investigation of human alpha interferon in chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 69, 1280, 10.1182/blood.V69.5.1280.1280 Talpaz, 1986, Hematologic remission and cytogenetic improvement induced by recombinant human interferon alpha A in chronic myelogenous leukemia, N Engl J Med, 314, 1065, 10.1056/NEJM198604243141701 Talpaz, 1994, Diploid cells collected from chronic myelogenous leukemia patients during recovery from conventional dose induced myelosuppression generate complete cytogenetic remissions after autologous transplantation [abstract], Blood, 84, 537a Talpaz, 1992, Bone marrow hypoplasia and aplasia complicating interferon therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer, 69, 410, 10.1002/1097-0142(19920115)69:2<410::AID-CNCR2820690222>3.0.CO;2-V Talpaz, 1994, Persistence of dormant leukemic progenitors during interferon-induced remission in chronic myelogenous leukemia, J Clin Invest, 94, 1383, 10.1172/JCI117473 Talpaz, 1991, A phase II study alternating alpha-2a-interferon and gamma-interferon therapy in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, Cancer, 68, 2125, 10.1002/1097-0142(19911115)68:10<2125::AID-CNCR2820681006>3.0.CO;2-Q Terjanian, 1987, Clinical and prognostic features of patients with Philadelphia chromosome–positive chronic myelogenous leukemia and extramedullary disease, Cancer, 59, 297, 10.1002/1097-0142(19870115)59:2<297::AID-CNCR2820590221>3.0.CO;2-B Thaler, 1993, Treatment of 11 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia with interferon-alpha-2c and low dose ara-c, Leuk Res, 17, 711, 10.1016/0145-2126(93)90079-Z Thaler, 1997, Interferon-alpha-2c and low dose ara-c for the treatment of patients with CML: Results of the Austrian multi-center phase II study, Leuk Res, 21, 75, 10.1016/S0145-2126(96)00084-7 Tura, 1981, Staging of chronic myeloid leukaemia, Br J Haematol, 47, 105, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1981.tb02765.x Upadhyaya, 1991, Interferon-alpha restores the deficient expression of the cytoadhesion molecule lymphocyte function antigen-3 by chronic myelogenous leukemia progenitor cells, J Clin Invest, 88, 2131, 10.1172/JCI115543 Vey, 1996, Recombinant interleukin-2 induces cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase [abstract], Blood, 88, 202b Walters, 1987, Therapy of lymphoid and undifferentiated chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis with continuous vincristine and Adriamycin infusions plus high dose decadron, Cancer, 60, 1708, 10.1002/1097-0142(19871015)60:8<1708::AID-CNCR2820600803>3.0.CO;2-1 Wandl, 1992, Combination therapy with interferon alpha-2b plus low-dose interferon gamma in pretreated patients with Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, Br J Haematol, 81, 516, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb02984.x Wilhelm, 1996, Effect of interferon-alpha therapy on bone marrow fibrosis in chronic myelogenous leukemia [abstract], Blood, 88, 202b Winfield, 1992, Bone marrow histology. 3: Value of bone marrow core biopsy in acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and chronic myeloid leukaemia, J Clin Pathol, 45, 855, 10.1136/jcp.45.10.855 Yuo, 1987, Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor repairs the abnormalities of neutrophils in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelogenous leukemia, Blood, 70, 404, 10.1182/blood.V70.2.404.404 Zhao, 1993, Detection of residual proliferating leukemic cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization in CML patients in complete remission after interferon treatment, Leukemia, 7, 168