C-reactive protein as a prognostic indicator for rebleeding in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Barkun, 2010, International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Annals of Internal Medicine, 152, 101, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00009 van Leerdam, 2003, Acute upper GI bleeding: did anything change? Time trend analysis of incidence and outcome of acute upper GI bleeding between 1993/1994 and 2000, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 98, 1494, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07517.x Rockall, 1996, Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, Gut, 38, 316, 10.1136/gut.38.3.316 Blatchford, 2000, A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage, Lancet, 356, 1318, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02816-6 Saltzman, 2011, A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 74, 1215, 10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.024 Black, 2004, C-reactive protein, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 48487, 10.1074/jbc.R400025200 Li, 1994, Sublytic complement attack exposes C-reactive protein binding sites on cell membranes, Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950), 152, 2995, 10.4049/jimmunol.152.6.2995 Pepys, 2003, C-reactive protein: a critical update, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111, 1805, 10.1172/JCI200318921 Chalmers, 2008, C-reactive protein is an independent predictor of severity in community-acquired pneumonia, American Journal of Medicine, 121, 219, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.10.033 Foussas, 2005, Early prognostic usefulness of C-reactive protein added to the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score in acute coronary syndromes, American Journal of Cardiology, 96, 533, 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.04.015 Di Napoli, 2001, C-reactive protein in ischemic stroke: an independent prognostic factor, Stroke, 32, 917, 10.1161/01.STR.32.4.917 Pearson, 2003, Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association, Circulation, 107, 499, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45 Boehme, 2007, Prevalence of silent gastric ulcer, erosions or severe acute gastritis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus – a cross-sectional study, Hepato-Gastroenterology, 54, 643 Chung, 2009, Comparison of the validity of three biomarkers for gastric cancer screening: carcinoembryonic antigen, pepsinogens, and high sensitive C-reactive protein, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 43, 19, 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318135427c Jha, 2008, High immunoglobulin A seropositivity for combined Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori infection, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in coronary artery disease patients in India can serve as atherosclerotic marker, Heart and Vessels, 23, 390, 10.1007/s00380-008-1062-9 Jackson, 2009, A population-based epidemiologic study of Helicobacter pylori infection and its association with systemic inflammation, Helicobacter, 14, 108, 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00711.x Tomizawa, 2014, Reduced hemoglobin and increased C-reactive protein are associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20, 1311, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i5.1311 Forrest, 1974, Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding, Lancet, 2, 394, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91770-X Daneshmend, 1992, Omeprazole versus placebo for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: randomised double blind controlled trial, British Medical Journal, 304, 143, 10.1136/bmj.304.6820.143 Barkun, 2003, Consensus recommendations for managing patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 843, 10.7326/0003-4819-139-10-200311180-00012 Romagnuolo, 2007, Simple clinical predictors may obviate urgent endoscopy in selected patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 265, 10.1001/archinte.167.3.265 Camellini, 2004, Comparison of three different risk scoring systems in non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Digestive and Liver Disease, 36, 271, 10.1016/j.dld.2003.10.017 Vreeburg, 1999, Validation of the Rockall risk scoring system in upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Gut, 44, 331, 10.1136/gut.44.3.331 Enns, 2006, Validation of the Rockall scoring system for outcomes from non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a Canadian setting, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12, 7779, 10.3748/wjg.v12.i48.7779 Church, 2006, Validity of the Rockall scoring system after endoscopic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer: a prospective cohort study, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 63, 606, 10.1016/j.gie.2005.06.042 Tillett, 1930, Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 52, 561, 10.1084/jem.52.4.561 Ho, 2006, C-reactive protein concentration as a predictor of intensive care unit readmission: a nested case–control study, Journal of Critical Care, 21, 259, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2006.01.005 Ho, 2008, C-reactive protein concentration as a predictor of in-hospital mortality after ICU discharge: a prospective cohort study, Intensive Care Medicine, 34, 481, 10.1007/s00134-007-0928-0 Kaben, 2008, Readmission to a surgical intensive care unit: incidence, outcome and risk factors, Critical Care (London, England), 12, R123, 10.1186/cc7023 Delahaye, 2007, In-hospital mortality of infective endocarditis: prognostic factors and evolution over an 8-year period, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 39, 849, 10.1080/00365540701393088 Nozoe, 2002, Clinical impact of patients with ruptured esophageal varices with death outcome, Hepato-Gastroenterology, 49, 185 Zairis, 2007, The impact of hs C-reactive protein and other inflammatory biomarkers on long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes, Atherosclerosis, 194, 397, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.08.008 Henriksen, 2008, C-reactive protein: a predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population-based study, Gut, 57, 1518, 10.1136/gut.2007.146357 Tomita, 2009, Potential role for matrix metalloproteinase-3 in gastric ulcer healing, Digestion, 79, 23, 10.1159/000203637 Wu, 1996, Serum interleukin-6 levels reflect disease status of gastric cancer, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 91, 1417 Darlington, 1986, Monocyte-conditioned medium, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor stimulate the acute phase response in human hepatoma cells in vitro, Journal of Cell Biology, 103, 787, 10.1083/jcb.103.3.787 Waidmann, 2013, Macrophage activation is a prognostic parameter for variceal bleeding and overall survival in patients with liver cirrhosis, Journal of Hepatology, 58, 956, 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.005 Garcia-Iglesias, 2011, Meta-analysis: predictors of rebleeding after endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer, Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 34, 888, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04830.x Marmo, 2008, Predictive factors of mortality from nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a multicenter study, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 103, 1639, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01865.x Vreeburg, 1997, Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the Amsterdam area: incidence, diagnosis, and clinical outcome, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 92, 236 Barkun, 2004, The Canadian Registry on Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Endoscopy (RUGBE): endoscopic hemostasis and proton pump inhibition are associated with improved outcomes in a real-life setting, American Journal of Gastroenterology, 99, 1238, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30272.x Ramsoekh, 2005, Outcome of peptic ulcer bleeding, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and Helicobacter pylori infection, Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 3, 859, 10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00402-7 Almela, 2004, A risk score system for identification of patients with upper-GI bleeding suitable for outpatient management, Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 59, 772, 10.1016/S0016-5107(04)00362-1