Burden of diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2015: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

International Journal of Public Health - Tập 63 - Trang 109-121 - 2017

Tóm tắt

Diarrheal diseases (DD) are an important cause of disease burden, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact children’s potential livelihood through growth faltering, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2015. We calculated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)—the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability—for both sexes and all ages. We estimate that over 103,692 diarrhea deaths occurred in the EMR in 2015 (95% uncertainty interval: 87,018–124,692), and the mortality rate was 16.0 deaths per 100,000 persons (95% UI: 13.4–19.2). The majority of these deaths occurred in children under 5 (63.3%) (65,670 deaths, 95% UI: 53,640–79,486). DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 304 (95% UI 228–400) in Kuwait to 38,900 (95% UI 25,900–54,300) in Somalia. Our findings will guide evidence-based health policy decisions for interventions to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.

Tài liệu tham khảo

ACAPS (2015) Global emergency overview: November 2015. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Global%20Emergency%20Overview%20Snapshot%2011%20-%2017%20November%202015.pdf. Accessed 12 Jul 2017 Awqati NA, Ali MM, Al-Ward NJ et al (2009) Causes and differentials of childhood mortality in Iraq. BMC Pediatr 9:40. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-9-40 Enzley S, Barros F, UNICEF (1997) A global review of diarrhoeal disease control. https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Global_1997_A_Global_Review.pdf. Accessed 12 Jul 2017 Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K (2008) Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 86:710–717. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862008000900015 Charara R, Forouzanfar M, Naghavi M et al (2017) The burden of mental disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013. PLoS One 12:e0169575. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169575 Cobb LK, Baer F, Debay M et al (1996) Final assessment of the Egypt child survival project. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pdabn167.pdf. Accessed 12 Jul 2017 Colombara DV, Khalil IA-M, Rao PC et al (2016) Chronic health consequences of acute enteric infections in the developing world. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl 3:4–11. doi:10.1038/ajgsup.2016.9 Connolly MP, Topachevskyi O, Standaert B et al (2012) The impact of rotavirus vaccination on discounted net tax revenue in Egypt: a government perspective analysis. PharmacoEconomics 30:681–695. doi:10.2165/11597750-000000000-00000 El-Rafie M, Hassouna WA, Hirschhorn N et al (1990) Effect of diarrhoeal disease control on infant and childhood mortality in Egypt. Report from the National Control of Diarrheal Diseases Project. Lancet Lond Engl 335:334–338 Fischer Walker CL, Perin J, Aryee MJ et al (2012) Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 12:220. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-220 Flaxman A, Vos T, Murray C (2015) Integrated meta-regression framework for descriptive epidemiology. University of Washington Press, Washington Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJ (2012) Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm. Popul Health Metr 10:1. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-10-1 Forsberg BC, Petzold MG, Tomson G, Allebeck P (2007) Diarrhoea case management in low- and middle-income countries—an unfinished agenda. Bull World Health Organ 85:42–48 Gargano LM, Tate JE, Parashar UD et al (2015) Comparison of impact and cost-effectiveness of rotavirus supplementary and routine immunization in a complex humanitarian emergency. Somali case study. Confl Health 9:5. doi:10.1186/s13031-015-0032-y GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Lond Engl 388:1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Lond Engl 388:1659–1724. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8 Guerrant RL, DeBoer MD, Moore SR et al (2013) The impoverished gut—a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:220–229. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.239 Heidt P, Lange D, Riddle M et al (2014) Persisting consequences of intestinal infection. Old Herborn Univ Semin Monogr 27:125–137 Hill K, Upchurch DM (1995) Gender differences in child health: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Popul Dev Rev 21:127–151. doi:10.2307/2137416 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Health Data Exchange | GHDx. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/. Accessed 24 Apr 2017 Javanbakht M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Yaghoubi M et al (2015) Cost-effectiveness analysis of the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Iran. Vaccine 33(Suppl 1):A192–A200. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.035 Kassebaum NJ, Arora M, Barber RM et al (2016) Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1603–1658. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31460-X Khalil I, Colombara DV, Forouzanfar MH et al (2016) Burden of diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95:1319–1329. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0339 Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC et al (2013) Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case–control study. Lancet 382:209–222. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2 Lindsay B, Saha D, Sanogo D et al (2015) Association between shigella infection and diarrhea varies based on location and age of children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93:918–924. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0319 Liu J, Kabir F, Manneh J et al (2014) Development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: a multicentre study. Lancet Infect Dis 14:716–724. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70808-4 Liu J, Platts-Mills JA, Juma J et al (2016) Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study. Lancet 388:1291–1301. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31529-X MacIntyre J, McTaggart J, Guerrant RL, Goldfarb DM (2014) Early childhood diarrhoeal diseases and cognition: are we missing the rest of the iceberg? Paediatr Int Child Health 34:295–307. doi:10.1179/2046905514Y.0000000141 Malek MA, Teleb N, Abu-Elyazeed R et al (2010) The epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. J Infect Dis 202(Suppl):S12–S22. doi:10.1086/653579 Mokdad AH, Forouzanfar MH, Daoud F et al (2016) Health in times of uncertainty in the eastern Mediterranean region, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Glob Health 4:e704–e713. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30168-1 Moore SR, Lima NL, Soares AM et al (2010) Prolonged episodes of acute diarrhea reduce growth and increase risk of persistent diarrhea in children. Gastroenterology 139:1156–1164. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.076 National Control Of Diarrheal Diseases Project (1988) Impact of the National Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases project on infant and child mortality in Dakahlia, Egypt. Lancet 332:145–148. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)90693-9 Ortega O, El-Sayed N, Sanders JW et al (2009) Cost-benefit analysis of a rotavirus immunization program in the Arab Republic of Egypt. J Infect Dis 200:S92–S98. doi:10.1086/605057 PATH (2017) rotavirus vaccine access and delivery. http://sites.path.org/rotavirusvaccine/country-introduction-maps-and-spreadsheet/. Accessed 13 Jul 2017 The World Bank (2016) GNI per capita, PPP (current international $). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD. Accessed 12 Jul 2017 Trinh C, Prabhakar K (2007) Diarrheal diseases in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 23:833–856, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2007.06.005 Walker CLF, Rudan I, Liu L et al (2013) Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea. Lancet 381:1405–1416. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6 WHO (1992) Programme for control of diarrhoeal diseases: eight programme report, 1990–1991. http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/61647. Accessed 12 Jul 2017 WHO EMRO (2015) Refugees and internally displaced persons in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a health perspective. http://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/eha/documents/migrants_refugees_position_paper.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 12 Jul 2017 WHO (2016) Global health observatory data repository: cholera. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.174?lang=en. Accessed 12 Jul 2017 Wickham H (2009) ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. J Stat Anal 35(1). doi:10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3 Yount KM (2003) Provider bias in the treatment of diarrhea among boys and girls attending public facilities in Minia, Egypt. Soc Sci Med 1982 56:753–768