Bullying and the peer group: A review

Alsaker, 2008, Bullying in kindergarten and prevention, Vol. 1, 230

Andreou, 2004, The relationship of academic and social cognition to behaviour in bullying situations among Greek primary school children, Educational Psychology, 24, 27, 10.1080/0144341032000146421

Atlas, 1998, Observations of bullying in the classroom, Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86, 10.1080/00220679809597580

Bellmore, 2004, Beyond the individual: The impact of ethnic context and classroom behavioral norms on victims' adjustment, Developmental Psychology, 40, 1159, 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1159

Björkqvist, 1982, Bullies and victims: their ego picture, ideal ego picture, and normative ego picture, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 23, 307, 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00445.x

Boulton, 1999, Swedish and English secondary school pupils' attitudes towards, and conceptions of, bullying: Concurrent links with bully/victim involvement, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, 277, 10.1111/1467-9450.404127

Boulton, 1994, Bully/victim problems in middle-school children: Stability, self-perceived competence, peer perceptions and peer acceptance, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 315, 10.1111/j.2044-835X.1994.tb00637.x

Boulton, 2002, Associations between secondary school pupils' definitions of bullying, attitudes towards bullying, and tendencies to engage in bullying: Age and sex differences, Educational Studies, 28, 353, 10.1080/0305569022000042390

Bowling, 2006, Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: A theoretical model and meta-analysis, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 998, 10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.998

Camodeca, 2005, Children's opinions on effective strategies to cope with bullying: The importance of bullying role and perspective, Educational Research, 47, 93, 10.1080/0013188042000337587

Caravita, 2009, Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on inovlvement in bullying, Social Development, 18, 140, 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00465.x

Caravita, S., DiBlasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (in press). Participation in bullying among early adolescents: Is ToM involved? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly.

Card, 2006, Shared targets of aggression by early adolescent friends, Developmental Psychology, 42, 1327, 10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1327

Coie, 1991, The role of aggression in peer relations: An analysis of aggression episodes in boys' play groups, Child Development, 62, 812, 10.2307/1131179

Craig, 2004, Bullying, physical fighting, and victimization

Darley, 1968, When will people help in a crisis?, Psychology Today, 2, 54

Dijkstra, 2008, Beyond the class norm: Bullying behavior of popular adolescents and its relation to peer acceptance and rejection, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1289, 10.1007/s10802-008-9251-7

Dodge, 1991, The structure and function of reactive and proactive aggression, 201

Eder, 1985, The cycle of popularity: Interpersonal relations among female adolescents, Sociology of Education, 58, 154, 10.2307/2112416

Erath, 2008, Early adolescent school adjustment: Associations with friendship and peer victimization, Social Development, 17, 853, 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00458.x

Espelage, 2001, Short-term stability and prospective correlates of bullying in middle-school students: An examination of potential demographic, psychosocial, and environmental influences, Violence and Victims, 16, 411, 10.1891/0886-6708.16.4.411

Espelage, 2003, Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence, Child Development, 74, 205, 10.1111/1467-8624.00531

Estell, 2008, Social status and aggressive and disruptive behaviors in girls: Individual, group, and classroom differences, Journal of School Psychology, 46, 193, 10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.004

Garandeau, 2006, From indirect aggression to invisible aggression: A conceptual view on bullying and peer group manipulation, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 641, 10.1016/j.avb.2005.08.004

Gini, 2007, Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior?, Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467, 10.1002/ab.20204

Gini, 2008, Determinants of adolescents' active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying, Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.05.002

Gini, 2008, The role of bystanders in students' perception of bullying and sense of safety, Journal of School Psychology, 46, 617, 10.1016/j.jsp.2008.02.001

Goossens, 2006, New participant role scales: Comparison between various criteria for assigning roles and indications for their validity, Aggressive Behavior, 32, 343, 10.1002/ab.20133

Graham, 1998, Self-blame and peer victimization in middle school: An attributional analysis, Developmental Psychology, 34, 587, 10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.587

Graham, 2001, An attributional approach to peer victimization, 49

Granic, 2003, Deviant talk in adolescent friendships: A step toward measuring a pathogenic attractor process, Social Development, 12, 314, 10.1111/1467-9507.00236

Hawker, 2000, Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441, 10.1111/1469-7610.00629

Hawker, 2001, Subtypes of peer harassment and their correlates, 378

Hawkins, 2001, Naturalistic observations of peer interventions in bullying, Social Development, 10, 512, 10.1111/1467-9507.00178

Hawley, 1999, The ontogenesis of social dominance: A strategy-based evolutionary perspective, Developmental Review, 19, 97, 10.1006/drev.1998.0470

Hawley, 2002, Social dominance and prosocial and coercive strategies of resource control in preschoolers, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 167, 10.1080/01650250042000726

Hawley, 2007, The allure of a mean friend: Relationship quality and processes of aggressive adolescents with prosocial skills, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 170, 10.1177/0165025407074630

Haynie, 2001, Bullies, victims, and bully–victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth, Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 29, 10.1177/0272431601021001002

Heinemann, 1972

Henry, 2000, Normative influences on aggression in urban elementary school classrooms, American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 59, 10.1023/A:1005142429725

Hodges, 1999, The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization, Developmental Psychology, 35, 94, 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.94

Hodges, 1999, Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677, 10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.677

Huitsing, G., Veenstra, R., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (in revision). “It must be me” or “It could be them?” The impact of the social network position of bullies and victims on victims' adjustment. Social Networks.

Ireland, 2005

Ireland, 2007, Characteristics of male and female prisoners involved in bullying behavior, Aggressive Behavior, 33, 220, 10.1002/ab.20182

Isaacs, 2008, Long-term consequences of victimization: A follow-up from adolescence to young adulthood, European Journal of Developmental Science, 2, 387

Juvonen, 2002, Social determinants of public behavior of middle school youth: Perceived peer norms and need to be accepted, 277

Juvonen, 2008, Peer influence in involuntary social groups: Lessons from research on bullying, 225

Juvonen, 2003, Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, weak, and troubled, Pediatrics, 112, 1231, 10.1542/peds.112.6.1231

Juvonen, 2008, Social motives underlying disruptive behavior across middle grades, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 747, 10.1007/s10964-008-9272-0

Juvonen, 2009, Social motives underlying antisocial behavior across middle school grades, Journal of Youth and Adolescence

Kaltiala-Heino, 2000, Bullying at school—An indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders, Journal of Adolescence, 23, 661, 10.1006/jado.2000.0351

Kandel, 1978, Homophily, selection, and socialization in adolescent friendships, American Journal of Sociology, 84, 427, 10.1086/226792

Katz, 1931

Keltner, 2003, Power, approach, and inhibition, Psychological Review, 110, 265, 10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265

Kärnä, 2008, Do bystanders influence the frequency of bullying in a classroom?

Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A., & Salmivalli, C. (in press). A large-scale evaluation of the KiVa anti-bullying program.

Kärnä, A., Voeten. M., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (in press). Vulnerable children in different classrooms: Classroom-level factors moderate the effect of individual risk on victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly.

Ladd, 2003, The role of chronic peer difficulties in the development of children's psychological adjustment problems, Child Development, 74, 1344, 10.1111/1467-8624.00611

LaFontana, 2009, Developmental changes in the priority of perceived status in childhood and adolescence, Social Development

Lagerspetz, 1982, Group aggression among school children in three schools, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 23, 45, 10.1111/j.1467-9450.1982.tb00412.x

Menesini, 2003, Enhancing children's responsibility to take action against bullying: Evaluation of a befriending intervention in Italian middle schools, Aggressive Behavior, 29, 10, 10.1002/ab.80012

Moffitt, 1993, Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy, Psychological Review, 100, 674, 10.1037/0033-295X.100.4.674

Nansel, 2001, Bullying behaviors among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment, Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094, 10.1001/jama.285.16.2094

Nansel, 2004, Cross-national consistency in the relationship between bullying behaviors and psychosocial adjustment, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 730, 10.1001/archpedi.158.8.730

Nielsen, 2008, Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13, 128, 10.1037/1076-8998.13.2.128

Nishina, 2005, Daily reports of witnessing and experiencing peer harassment in middle school, Child Development, 76, 435, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00855.x

O'Connell, 1999, Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention, Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437, 10.1006/jado.1999.0238

Olthof, 2008, Bullying and the need to belong: Early adolescents' bullying-related behavior and the acceptance they desire and receive from particular classmates, Social Development, 17, 24, 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00413.x

Olweus, 1978

Olweus, 1991, Bully–victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program, 411

Olweus, 1994, Bullying at school: Long-term outcomes for the victims and an effective school-based intervention program, 97

Olweus, 2001, Peer harassment: A critical analysis and some important issues

Ostvik, 2001, Bullying and hazing among Norwegian army soldiers: Two studies of prevalence, context, and cognition, Military Psychology, 13, 17, 10.1207/S15327876MP1301_02

Pellegrini, 2002, Bullying, victimization, and sexual harassment during the transition to middle school, Educational Psychologist, 37, 151, 10.1207/S15326985EP3703_2

Pellegrini, 1999, School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence, Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 216, 10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.216

Pellegrini, 2002, A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 259, 10.1348/026151002166442

Perry, 1988, Victims of peer aggression, Developmental Psychology, 24, 807, 10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.807

Prentice, 2008, Mobilizing and weakening peer influence as mechanisms for changing behavior: Implications for alcohol intervention programs, 161

Prinstein, 2008, Current issues in peer influence research, 3

Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (in press). What does it take to stand up for the victim of bullying? The interplay between personal and social factors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly.

Pöyhönen, 2008, Classroom-level moderators of the empathy-defending link

Pöyhönen, 2008, New directions in research and practice addressing bullying: Focus on defending behavior, Vol. 1, 6

Rigby, 2006, Expressed readiness of Australian schoolchildren to act as bystanders in support of children who are being bullied, Educational Psychology, 26, 425, 10.1080/01443410500342047

Rigby, 1991, Bullying among Australian school children: Reported behavior and attitudes toward victims, Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 615, 10.1080/00224545.1991.9924646

Rivers, 1994, Types of bullying behaviour and their correlates, Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359, 10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:5<359::AID-AB2480200503>3.0.CO;2-J

Rodkin, 2000, Heterogeneity of popular boys: Antisocial and prosocial configurations, Developmental Psychology, 36, 14, 10.1037/0012-1649.36.1.14

Rodkin, 2006, They're cool: Social status and peer group supports for aggressive boys and girls, Social Development, 15, 175, 10.1046/j.1467-9507.2006.00336.x

Roland, 2001, Aggression and bullying, Aggressive Behavior, 27, 446, 10.1002/ab.1029

Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (submitted for publication). Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach.

Salmivalli, 1997, Peer networks and bullying in schools, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 305, 10.1111/1467-9450.00040

Salmivalli, 2005, Prospective relations among victimization, rejection, friendlessness, and children's self- and peer-perceptions, Child Development, 76, 1161, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00841.x-i1

Salmivalli, 2009, From peer putdowns to peer support: A theoretical model and how it translated into a national anti-bullying program, 441

Salmivalli, 2009, Development, evaluation, and diffusion of a national anti-bullying program (KiVa)

Salmivalli, 1996, Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group, Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T

Salmivalli, 1998, Stability and change of behavior in connection with bullying in schools: A two-year follow-up, Aggressive Behavior, 24, 205, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1998)24:3<205::AID-AB5>3.0.CO;2-J

Salmivalli, 2002, Proactive and reactive aggression in bullies, victims, and bully–victims, Aggressive Behavior, 28, 30, 10.1002/ab.90004

Salmivalli, 2005, “I'm O.K. but you're not” and other peer-relational schemas. Explaining individual differences in children's social goals, Developmental Psychology, 41, 363, 10.1037/0012-1649.41.2.363

Salmivalli, 2008, Bullies, victims, and bully–victim relationships, 322

Salmivalli, 2004, Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviors associated with bullying in schools, International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 246, 10.1080/01650250344000488

Scheithauert, 2006, Physical, verbal, and relational forms of bullying among German students: Age trends, gender differences, and correlates, Aggressive Behavior, 32, 261, 10.1002/ab.20128

Schuster, 1999, Outsiders at school: The prevalence of bullying and its relation with social status, Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2, 175, 10.1177/1368430299022005

Schuster, 2001, Rejection and victimization by peers: Social perception and social behavior mechanisms, 290

Schwartz, 1998, Social-cognitive and behavioral correlates of aggression and victimization in boys' play groups, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 431, 10.1023/A:1022695601088

Schwartz, 2001, The aggressive victim of bullying: Emotional and behavioural dysregulation as a pathway to victimization by peers, 147

Schäfer, 2004, Bullying als gruppenphänomen: Eine adaptation des ‘participant role’ -ansatzes, Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 36, 19, 10.1026/0049-8637.36.1.19

Sentse, 2007, Person-group dissimilarity in involvement in bullying and its' relation with social status, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 1009, 10.1007/s10802-007-9150-3

Sitsema, 2009, An empirical test of bullies' status goals: Assessing direct goals, aggression, and prestige, Aggressive Behavior, 35, 57, 10.1002/ab.20282

South, 2006, Bullying in prisons: The importance of perceived social status, prisonization, and moral disengagement, Aggressive Behavior, 32, 490, 10.1002/ab.20149

Sutton, 2003, ToM goes to school: Social cognition and social values in bullying, 99

Sutton, 1999, Bullying as a group process: An adaptation of the participant role approach, Aggressive Behavior, 25, 97, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:2<97::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-7

Sutton, 1999, Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation?, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435, 10.1348/026151099165384

Tani, 2003, Bullying and the Big Five: A study of childhood personality and participant roles in bullying incidents, School Psychology International, 24, 131, 10.1177/0143034303024002001

Teräsahjo, 2003, “She is not actually bullied”. The discourse of harassment in student groups, Aggressive Behavior, 29, 134, 10.1002/ab.10045

Turner, 1991

Vaillancourt, 2003, Bullying is power: Implications for school-based intervention strategies, Journal of Applied School Psychology, 19, 157, 10.1300/J008v19n02_10

Veenstra, 2005, Bullying and victimization in elementary schools: A comparison of bullies, victims, bully/victims, and uninvolved preadolescents, Developmental Psychology, 41, 672, 10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.672

Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Munniksma, A., & Dijkstra, J. K. (in press). The complex relation between bullying, victimization, acceptance, and rejection: Giving special attention to status, affection, and sex differences. Child Development.

Warden, 2003, Prosocial children, bullies and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy and social problem-solving strategies, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 367, 10.1348/026151003322277757

Whitney, 1993, A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools, Educational Research, 35, 3, 10.1080/0013188930350101

Witvliet, 2009, Peer group affiliation of children: The role of perceived popularity, likeability, and behavioral similarity in bullying, Social Development

Wright, 1986, Social status in small groups: Individual-group similarity and the social "misfit.", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 523, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.523

www.kivakoulu.fi