Built for speed: strain in the cartilaginous vertebral columns of sharks

Ashley-Ross, 2014, Jumping sans legs: does elastic energy storage by the vertebral column power terrestrial jumps in bony fishes?, Zoology, 117, 7, 10.1016/j.zool.2013.10.005 Brett, 1978, Metabolic rate and energy expenditure of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 35, 816, 10.1139/f78-131 Forster, 1972, Intrarenal control of urea reabsorption by renal tubules of the marine elasmobranch, Squalus acanthias, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 42A, 3, 10.1016/0300-9629(72)90359-3 Hebrank, 1990, Backbone mechanics of the blue marlin Makaira nigricans (Pisces, Istiophoridae), J. Exp. Biol., 148, 449, 10.1242/jeb.148.1.449 Home, 1809, On the nature of the intervertebral substance in fish and quadrupeds, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 16, 177 Jackson, 2011, The broad range of contractile behaviour of the avian pectoralis: functional and evolutionary implications, J. Exp. Biol., 214, 2354, 10.1242/jeb.052829 Knower, 1999, Red muscle activation patterns in yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tuna during steady swimming, J. Exp. Biol., 202, 2127, 10.1242/jeb.202.16.2127 Lauder, 1980, Function anatomy of feeding in the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: in vivo measurements of bone strain, J. Exp. Biol., 84, 33, 10.1242/jeb.84.1.33 Long, 1992, Stiffness and damping forces in the intervertebral joints of blue marlin, (Makaira nigricans), J. Exp. Biol., 162, 131, 10.1242/jeb.162.1.131 Long, 1995, Morphology, mechanics, and locomotion: the relation between the notochord and swimming motions in sturgeon, Environ. Biol. Fishes, 44, 199, 10.1007/BF00005916 Long, 2011, Inspired by sharks: a biomimetic skeleton for the flapping, propulsive tail of an aquatic robot, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 45, 119, 10.4031/MTSJ.45.4.4 Long, 2011, Testing biomimetic structures in bioinspired robots, Int. Comp. Biol., 51, 158, 10.1093/icb/icr020 Nowroozi, 2013, X-ray motion analysis of the vertebral column during the startle response in striped bass, Morone saxatilis, J. Exp. Biol., 216, 2833, 10.1242/jeb.085118 Nowroozi, 2014, Importance of mechanics and kinematics in determining the stiffness contribution of the vertebral column during body-caudal-fin swimming in fishes, Zoology, 117, 28, 10.1016/j.zool.2013.10.003 Porter, 2010, Vertebrae in compression: mechanical behavior of arches and centra in the gray smooth-hound (Mustelus californicus), J. Morphol., 271, 366 Porter, 2006, Material properties and biochemical composition of mineralized vertebral cartilage in seven elasmobranch species (Chondrichthyes), J. Exp. Biol., 209, 2920, 10.1242/jeb.02325 Roberts, 2011, Flexible mechanisms: the diverse roles of biological springs in vertebrate movement, J. Exp. Biol., 214, 353, 10.1242/jeb.038588 Rockwell, 1938, The comparative morphology of the vertebrate spinal column: its form as related to function, J. Morphol., 63, 87, 10.1002/jmor.1050630105 Schmitz, 1995, Ultrastructure and function of cellular components of the intercentral joint in the percoid vertebral column, J. Morphol., 226, 1, 10.1002/jmor.1052260102 Shadwick, 2006, Structure, kinematics, and muscle dynamics in undulatory swimming, Fish Physiol., 23, 241, 10.1016/S1546-5098(05)23007-8 Sinwell, 1999, Bending mechanics of the hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) notochord under different osmotic treatments, Bull. MDIBL, 38, 94 Smith, 1990, Development and evolutionary origins of vertebrate skeletogenic and odontogenic tissues, Biol. Rev., 65, 277, 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1990.tb01427.x Summers, 2006, Skin and bones, sinew and gristle: the mechanical behavior of fish skeletal tissues, 141 Symmons, 1979, Notochordal and elastic components of the axial skeleton of fishes and their functions in locomotion, J. Zool., 189, 157, 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03958.x Totland, 2011, Sustained swimming increases the mineral content and osteocyte density of salmon vertebral bone, J. Anat., 219, 490, 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01399.x