Buerger’s disease in the 21st century: diagnosis, clinical features, and therapy

Shionoya, 1990, 1 von Winiwarter, 1879, Ueber eine eigenthumliche form von endarteritis und endophlebitis mit gangran des fusses, Arch Klin Chir, 23, 202 Buerger, 1908, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Am J Med Sci, 136, 567, 10.1097/00000441-190810000-00011 Buerger, 1924 Mills, 1991, Buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans), Ann Vasc Surg, 5, 570, 10.1007/BF02015288 Olin, 2000, Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), N Engl J Med, 343, 864, 10.1056/NEJM200009213431207 Nielubowicz, 1980, Natural history of Buerger’s disease, J Cardiovasc Surg, 21, 529 Kinare, 1976, Pattern of occlusive peripheral cardiovascular disease in India, Angiology, 27, 165, 10.1177/000331977602700304 Papa, 1992, A critical look at thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), Perspect Vasc Surg, 5, 1, 10.1177/153100359200500102 McKusick, 1961, Buerger’s syndrome in the Orient, Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp, 109, 242 Mills, 1994, Buerger’s disease, Vasc Med Rev, 5, 139, 10.1177/1358863X9400500206 McLoughlin, 1976, Association of HLA-A9 and HLA-B5 with Buerger’s disease, Br Med J, 2, 1165, 10.1136/bmj.2.6045.1165 Smolen, 1978, Autoimmunological aspects of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 11, 168, 10.1016/0090-1229(78)90041-7 Gulati, 1979, Immunological studies in thromboangiitis obliterans, J Surg Res, 27, 287, 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90142-2 de Moerloose, 1979, Evidence for an HLA-linked resistance gene in Buerger’s disease, Tissue Antigens, 14, 169, 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1979.tb00835.x Mills, 1987, Buerger’s disease in the modern era, Am J Surg, 54, 123, 10.1016/0002-9610(87)90301-1 Corelli, 1973, Buerger’s disease: Cigarette smoker disease may always be cured by medical therapy alone: Uselessness of operative treatment, J Cardiovasc Surg, 14, 28 Harkavy, 1933, Tobacco sensitivities in thromboangiitis obliterans, migratory phlebitis and coronary artery disease, Bull NY Acad Med, 9, 318 Westcott, 1938, Tobacco allergy and thromboangiitis obliterans, J Allergy, 9, 555, 10.1016/S0021-8707(38)90302-8 Marder, 2000, Cocaine and Buerger’s disease, Arch Intern Med, 160 Matsushita, 1992, Urinary cotinine measurement in patients with Buerger’s disease, J Vasc Surg, 14, 53, 10.1016/0741-5214(91)90154-M Adar, 1983, Cellular sensitivity to collagen in thromboangiitis obliterans, N Engl J Med, 308, 1113, 10.1056/NEJM198305123081901 Eichhorn, 1998, Antiendothelial cell antibodies in thromboangiitis obliterans, Am J Med Sci, 315, 17, 10.1097/00000441-199801000-00004 Kobayashi, 1999, Immunohistochemical analysis of arterial wall cellular infiltration in Buerger’s disease (endarteritis obliterans), J Vasc Surg, 29, 451, 10.1016/S0741-5214(99)70273-9 Shionoya, 1998, Diagnostic criteria of Buerger’s disease, Int J Cardiol, 66, S243, 10.1016/S0167-5273(98)00175-2 Papa, 1996, A point scoring for the clinical diagnosis of Buerger’s disease, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 11, 335, 10.1016/S1078-5884(96)80081-5 Kumamoto, 1940, Arteriography as a special diagnostic method of spontaneous gangrene, Jitchii Katorinsho, 17, 589 Rivera, 1973, Roentgenographic diagnosis of Buerger’s disease, J Cardiovasc Surg, 14, 40 McKusick, 1962, Buerger’s disease, JAMA, 181, 93 Ohta, 1988, Fate of the ischemic limb Buerger’s disease, Br J Surg, 75, 259, 10.1002/bjs.1800750324 Olin, 1990, The changing clinical spectrum of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), Circulation, 82, 3 Mills, 1987, Upper extremity ischemia caused by small artery disease, Ann Surg, 206, 521, 10.1097/00000658-198710000-00013 Sasajima, 1997, Role of infrainguinal bypass in Buerger’s disease, J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 13, 186, 10.1016/S1078-5884(97)80017-2 Singh, 1996, The role of omental transfer in Buerger’s disease, Aust NZ J Surg, 66, 372, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1996.tb01214.x Maurya, 1985, Pedicled omental grafts in the revascularization of ischemic lower limbs in Buerger’s disease, Int Surg, 70, 253 Swigris, 1999, Implantable spinal cord stimulator to treat the ischemic manifestations of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), J Vasc Surg, 29, 928, 10.1016/S0741-5214(99)70221-1 Pardy, 1980, Preliminary experience with prostaglandins E1 and I2 in peripheral vascular disease, Surgery, 88, 826 Clifford, 1983, Prostaglandin E1 infusion for small vessel arterial ischaemia, Surgery, 24, 503 Fiessinger, 1990, Trial of iloprost versus aspirin treatment for critical limb ischaemia of thromboangiitis obliterans, Lancet, 335, 555, 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90346-7 1998, Oral ilioprost in the treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 15, 300, 10.1016/S1078-5884(98)80032-4 Isner, 1998, Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) by intramuscular gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor, J Vasc Surg, 28, 964, 10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70022-9 Nielsen, 1976, Measurement of digital pressure after local cooling, J Appl Physiol, 43, 907, 10.1152/jappl.1977.43.5.907 Mills, 1993, Buerger’ disease, Semin Vasc Surg, 6, 14