Brominated flame retardants – Exposure and risk assessment for the general population

Abafe, 2014, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust in Durban, South Africa, Indoor Air Abb, 2011, Analysis of brominated flame retardants in house dust, Chemosphere, 85, 1657, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.022 Abdallah, 2008, Hexabromocyclododecanes in indoor dust from Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 459, 10.1021/es702378t Abdallah, 2008, Hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol-A in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, UK: implications for human exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6855, 10.1021/es801110a Abdallah, 2011, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane and its degradation products in UK human milk: relationship to external exposure, Environ. Int., 37, 443, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.008 Abdallah, 2014, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in UK human milk: implications for infant exposure and relationship to external exposure, Environ. Int., 63, 130, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.009 Abdelouahab, 2013, Maternal and cord-blood thyroid hormone levels and exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls during early pregnancy, Am. J. Epidemiol., 178, 701, 10.1093/aje/kwt141 Akutsu, 2003, Time-trend (1973–2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother's milk, Chemosphere, 53, 645, 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00764-1 Ali, 2011, “Novel” brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: implications for human exposure, Chemosphere, 83, 1360, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.078 Ali, 2012, Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: indoor sources and human exposure assessment, Chemosphere, 88, 1276, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100 Ali, 2012, Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in Pakistan, Indoor Air, 22, 200, 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00757.x Ali, 2013, Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in human serum of mothers and children from Pakistan with urban and rural residential settings, Sci. Total Environ., 461–462, 655, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.044 Allen, 2007, Personal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential indoor air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4574, 10.1021/es0703170 Allen, 2008, Critical factors in assessing exposure to PBDEs via house dust, Environ. Int., 34, 1085, 10.1016/j.envint.2008.03.006 Anderson, 2008, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in serum: findings from a US cohort of consumers of sport-caught fish, Chemosphere, 73, 187, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.052 Antignac, 2008, Exposure assessment of fetus and newborn to brominated flame retardants in France: preliminary data, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 258, 10.1002/mnfr.200700077 Antignac, 2009, Exposure assessment of French women and their newborn to brominated flame retardants: determination of tri- to deca-polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum, Environ. Pollut., 157, 164, 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.07.008 Ashizuka, 2007, Daily intake of brominated dioxins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers estimated by market basket study, Organohalogen Compd., 69, 2769 Aune, 2002 Bakker, 2008, Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 204, 10.1002/mnfr.200700112 Batterman, 2009, Concentrations and emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from U.S. houses and garages, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 2693, 10.1021/es8029957 Bergman, 2012, A novel abbreviation standard for organobromine, organochlorine and organophosphorus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals, Environ. Int., 49, 57, 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.003 Besis, 2012, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments – a review on occurrence and human exposure, Environ. Pollut., 169, 217, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.009 Bi, 2006, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in South China maternal and fetal blood and breast milk, Environ. Pollut., 144, 1024, 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.056 Birgul, 2012, Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the United Kingdom, Environ. Pollut., 169, 105, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.05.005 Björklund, 2012, Comparisons of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane concentrations in dust collected with two sampling methods and matched breast milk samples, Indoor Air, 22, 279, 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00765.x Björklund, 2012, Significant source of tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers to outdoor air via ventilation systems, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 5876, 10.1021/es204122v Bocio, 2003, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: human exposure through the diet, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 3191, 10.1021/jf0340916 Bradman, 2012, Factors associated with serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among school-age children in the CHAMACOS cohort, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 7373, 10.1021/es3003487 Brommer, 2012, Concentrations of organophosphate esters and brominated flame retardants in German indoor dust samples, J. Environ. Monit., 14, 2482, 10.1039/c2em30303e Brown, 2014, Levels of non-polybrominated diphenyl ether brominated flame retardants in residential house dust samples and fire station dust samples in California, Environ. Res., 135, 9, 10.1016/j.envres.2014.08.022 Carignan, 2012, Predictors of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) in milk from Boston mothers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 12146, 10.1021/es302638d Cariou, 2008, Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A: occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum, Chemosphere, 73, 1036, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.084 Carrizo, 2007, Influence of breastfeeding in the accumulation of polybromdiphenyl ethers during the first years of child growth, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4907, 10.1021/es070217u Castorina, 2011, Determinants of serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among pregnant women in the CHAMACOS cohort, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 6553, 10.1021/es104295m Castro-Jiménez, 2011, Atmospheric concentrations, occurrence and deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a Mediterranean coastal site (Etang de Thau, France), Environ. Pollut., 159, 1948, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.012 Cequier, 2014, Occurrence of a broad range of legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor environments in Norway, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 6827, 10.1021/es500516u Cequier, 2015, Comparing human exposure to emerging and legacy flame retardants from the indoor environment and diet with concentrations measured in serum, Environ. Int., 74, 54, 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.003 Cetin, 2008, Atmospheric concentrations and phase partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Izmir, Turkey, Chemosphere, 71, 1067, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.052 Chan-Hon-Tong, 2013, Exposure to food contaminants during pregnancy, Sci. Total Environ., 458–460, 27, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.100 Chao, 2007, Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects, Environ. Int., 33, 224, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.09.013 Chao, 2010, Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk correlated to maternal age, education level, and occupational exposure, J. Hazard. Mater., 175, 492, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.032 Chen, 2008, In- and outdoor sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their human inhalation exposure in Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 78, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.010 Chen, 2013, Dietary exposure of the Hong Kong adult population to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): results of the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study, Food Addit. Contam. Part A, 30, 1780, 10.1080/19440049.2013.820355 Chen, 2015, Persistent organic pollutants in matched breast milk and infant faeces samples, Chemosphere, 118, 309, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.076 Choi, 2014, Occurrences of major polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in maternal and fetal cord blood sera in Korea, Sci. Total Environ., 491–492, 219, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.071 Colles, 2008, Fourth WHO-coordinated survey of human milk for persistent organic pollutants (POPs): Belgian results, Chemosphere, 73, 907, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.002 Colnot, 2014, Mammalian toxicology and human exposures to the flame retardant 2,2′,6,6′-tetrabromo-4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol (TBBPA): implications for risk assessment, Arch. Toxicol., 88, 553 Covaci, 2011, Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour, Environ. Int., 37, 532, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.007 Croes, 2012, Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk: a biomonitoring study in rural areas of Flanders (Belgium), Chemosphere, 89, 988, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.058 Cunha, 2010, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contents in house and car dust of Portugal by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Chemosphere, 78, 1263, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.037 Curren, 2014, Comparing plasma concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and metals in primiparous women from northern and southern Canada, Sci. Total Environ., 479–480, 306, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.017 Daniels, 2010, Individual characteristics associated with PBDE levels in U.S. human milk samples, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 155, 10.1289/ehp.0900759 Darnerud, 2006, Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data, Food Chem. Toxicol., 44, 1597, 10.1016/j.fct.2006.03.011 Darnerud, 2011, Levels of brominated flame retardants and other persistent organic pollutants in breast milk samples from Limpopo province, South Africa, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 4048, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.054 Darnerud, 2015, Time trends of polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congeners in serum of Swedish mothers and comparisons to breast milk data, Environ. Res., 138, 352, 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.031 Daso, 2010, A review on sources of brominated flame retardants and routes of human exposure with emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Environ. Rev., 18, 239, 10.1139/A10-010 De Filippis, 2014, Exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) through the consumption of prepared meals in Italy, Food Addit. Contam. Part A, 31, 1114, 10.1080/19440049.2014.905876 Deng, 2007, Distribution of PBDEs in air particles from an electronic waste recycling site compared with Guangzhou and Hong Kong, South China, Environ. Int., 33, 1063, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.06.007 De Wit, 2006, Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the Arctic, Chemosphere, 64, 209, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.029 De Wit, 2012, Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure, Environ. Int., 39, 141, 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.001 Devanathan, 2012, Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in India: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site, Environ. Int., 39, 87, 10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.005 D’Hollander, 2010, Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated compounds in indoor dust from homes and offices in Flanders, Belgium, Chemosphere, 81, 478, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.043 Dirtu, 2010, Estimation of daily intake of organohalogenated contaminants from food consumption and indoor dust ingestion in Romania, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 6297, 10.1021/es101233z Dodson, 2012, After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 13056, 10.1021/es303879n Domingo, 2004, Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers through the diet, J. Chromatogr. A, 1054, 321, 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.03.042 Domingo, 2008, Human exposure to PBDEs through the diet in Catalonia, Spain: temporal trend. A review of recent literature on dietary PBDE intake, Toxicology, 248, 25, 10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.006 Domingo, 2012, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature, Food Chem. Toxicol., 50, 238, 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.004 Dunn, 2010, Biomonitoring polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk as a function of environment, dietary intake, and demographics in New Hampshire, Chemosphere, 80, 1175, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.017 EC (Environment Canada), 2015 2011 ECJ (European Court of Justice), 2008 2011, Scientific opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), EFSA J., 9, 2156, 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2156 2011, Scientific opinion on Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM), EFSA J., 9, 2296, 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2296 2012, Guidance on selected default values to be used by the EFSA Scientific Committee, Scientific Panels and Units in the absence of actual measured data, EFSA J., 10, 2579, 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2579 Egebäck, 2012, Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in Swedish background air, Chemosphere, 86, 264, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.041 Eljarrat, 2009, Hexabromocyclododecane in human breast milk: levels and enantiomeric patterns, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 1940, 10.1021/es802919e Eljarrat, 2014, Dietary exposure assessment of Spanish citizens to hexabromocyclododecane through the diet, J. Agric. Food Chem., 62, 2462, 10.1021/jf405007x Ema, 2009, Two-generation reproductive toxicity study of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane in rats, Reprod. Toxicol., 28, 456 Eriksson, 2001, Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment?, Environ. Health Perspect., 109, 903, 10.1289/ehp.01109903 Eriksson, 2006, Impaired behaviour, learning and memory, in adult mice neonatally exposed to hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 21, 317, 10.1016/j.etap.2005.10.001 Eslami, 2006, Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan, Chemosphere, 63, 554, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.067 EU (European Union). Directive 2003/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of 6 February 2003 amending for the 24th time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether) Official Journal of the European Union, L 42/45. EU (European Union), 2008 Fängström, 2005, Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorobiphenylols in serum from pregnant Faroese women and their children 7 years later, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 9457, 10.1021/es0513032 Fängström, 2005, A retrospective study of PBDEs and PCBs in human milk from the Faroe Islands, Environ. Health, 14, 12, 10.1186/1476-069X-4-12 Fängström, 2008, Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in milk from Stockholm mothers, 1980–2004, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 187, 10.1002/mnfr.200700182 Foster, 2011, Human maternal and umbilical cord blood concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Chemosphere, 84, 1301, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.028 Frederiksen, 2009, Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs – a review of levels and sources, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 212, 109, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.04.005 Frederiksen, 2010, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood plasma and associations with house dust in a Danish cohort, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 213, 233, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.04.008 Frederiksen, 2010, Placental transfer of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47, BDE-99 and BDE-209 in a human placenta perfusion system: an experimental study, Environ. Health, 9, 32, 10.1186/1476-069X-9-32 Fromme, 2009, Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany, Environ. Int., 35, 1125, 10.1016/j.envint.2009.07.003 Fromme, 2014, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and “novel” brominated flame retardants in house dust in Germany, Environ. Int., 64, 61, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.017 Fromme, 2015, Occurrence of chlorinated and brominated dioxins/furans, PCBs, and brominated flame retardants in blood of German adults, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health FSA (Food Standard Agency), 2006 Fujii, 2014, Dietary exposure to phenolic and methoxylated organohalogen contaminants in relation to their concentrations in breastmilk and serum in Japan, Environ. Int., 63, 19, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.016 Fürst, 2006, Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk, Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 50, 922, 10.1002/mnfr.200600008 Garí, 2013, Inverse age-dependent accumulation of decabromodiphenyl ether and other PBDEs in serum from a general adult population, Environ. Int., 54, 119, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.01.012 Gascon, 2012, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk and neuropsychological development in infants, Environ. Health Perspect., 120, 1760, 10.1289/ehp.1205266 Geens, 2009, Assessment of human exposure to Bisphenol-A, Triclosan and Tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium, Chemosphere, 76, 755, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.05.024 Gevao, 2006, House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait, Chemosphere, 64, 603, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.055 Gevao, 2006, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air in Kuwait: implications for human exposure, Atmos. Environ., 40, 1419, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.053 Glynn, 2011, Regional differences in levels of chlorinated and brominated pollutants in mother's milk from primiparous women in Sweden, Environ. Int., 37, 71, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.07.003 Gómara, 2007, Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, paternal serum, maternal serum, placentas, and breast milk from Madrid population, Spain, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6961, 10.1021/es0714484 Goscinny, 2011, Dietary intake of hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) in the Belgian adult population, Chemosphere, 84, 279, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.048 Harju, 2008 Harrad, 2004, Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 2345, 10.1021/es0301121 Harrad, 2006, Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: implications for human exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 4633, 10.1021/es0609147 Harrad, 2007, Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood serum from New Zealand, Chemosphere, 66, 2019, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.042 Harrad, 2008, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States, Environ. Int., 34, 232, 10.1016/j.envint.2007.08.008 Harrad, 2008, Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices: causes of variability and implications for human exposure, Environ. Int., 34, 1170, 10.1016/j.envint.2008.05.001 Harrad, 2015, Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol-A in breast milk from United Kingdom. Women do not decrease over twelve months of lactation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 10.1021/acs.est.5b00539 Hedley, 2010, Residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk in Hong Kong, Chemosphere, 79, 259, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.01.047 Herbstman, 2007, Determinants of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in an urban population, Environ. Health Perspect., 115, 1794, 10.1289/ehp.10333 Herbstman, 2010, Prenatal exposure to PBDEs and neurodevelopment, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 712, 10.1289/ehp.0901340 Hernik, 2013, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in cord blood from women in Poland, Chemosphere, 93, 526, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.045 Hoh, 2005, Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of the East-Central United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7794, 10.1021/es050718k Hooper, 2007, Depuration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk from California first-time mothers (primiparae), Environ. Health Perspect., 115, 1271, 10.1289/ehp.10166 Hoopmann, 2009, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as a new substance class in the breast milk project of lower saxony, Umweltmed. Forsch. Prax., 14, 183 Horng, 2010, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk in Taiwan, Asian J. Chem., 22, 2869 Horton, 2013, Predictors of serum concentrations of polybrominated flame retardants among healthy pregnant women in an urban environment: a cross-sectional study, Environ. Health, 12, 23, 10.1186/1476-069X-12-23 Hu, 2011, Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere and tree bark from Beijing, China, Chemosphere, 84, 355, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.002 Huang, 2010, PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China: characteristics and implications, Chemosphere, 78, 169, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.061 Huang, 2014, The human body burden of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their relationships with thyroid hormones in the general population in Northern China, Sci. Total Environ., 466–467, 609, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.008 Huwe, 2005, Polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a U.S. meat market basket and estimates of dietary intake, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 5606, 10.1021/es050638g Huwe, 2008, Comparative absorption and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers following ingestion via dust and oil in male rats, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 2694, 10.1021/es702644k Imm, 2009, Household exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a Wisconsin cohort, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1890, 10.1289/ehp.0900839 Inoue, 2006, Levels and concentration ratios of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum and breast milk in Japanese mothers, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 1179, 10.1289/ehp.9032 IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System), 2012. Online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/index.cfm. Jakobsson, 2012, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, colostrum and mature breast milk. Insights from a pilot study and the literature, Environ. Int., 47, 121, 10.1016/j.envint.2012.05.006 Jaraczewska, 2006, Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyls ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland, Sci. Total Environ., 372, 20, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.030 Jaward, 2004, Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine pesticides across Europe, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 34, 10.1021/es034705n Johnson, 2010, Relationships between polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in house dust and serum, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5627, 10.1021/es100697q Johnson, 2012, Serum and follicular fluid concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and in-vitro fertilization outcome, Environ. Int., 45, 9, 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.004 Johnson, 2013, Associations between brominated flame retardants in house dust and hormone levels in men, Sci. Total Environ., 445–446, 177, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.017 Johnson-Restrepo, 2009, An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States, Chemosphere, 76, 542, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.068 Kakimoto, 2008, Time trend of hexabromocyclododecane in the breast milk of Japanese women, Chemosphere, 71, 1110, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.10.035 Kakimoto, 2014, Inhalation and dietary exposure to dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Osaka, Japan, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 99, 69, 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.023 Kalachova, 2012, Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic, Sci. Total Environ., 441, 182, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.061 Kalantzi, 2004, Different levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated compounds in breast milk from two UK regions, Environ. Health Perspect., 112, 1085, 10.1289/ehp.6991 Kalantzi, 2011, Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece, Environ. Int., 37, 349, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.005 Kang, 2011, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor dust and human hair, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2386, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.019 Karjalainen, 2012, Long-term daily intake estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers from food in Finnish children: risk assessment implications, Food Addit. Contam. Part A, 29, 1475, 10.1080/19440049.2012.694373 Karlsson, 2007, Levels of brominated flame retardants in blood in relation to levels in household air and dust, Environ. Int., 33, 62, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.06.025 Kawashiro, 2008, Perinatal exposure to brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in Japan, Endocr. J., 55, 1071, 10.1507/endocrj.K08E-155 Kazda, 2004, Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk samples in the Czech Republic: comparative study of negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry and time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 520, 237, 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.069 Kefeni, 2011, Brominated flame retardants: sources, distribution, exposure pathways, and toxicity, Environ. Rev., 19, 238, 10.1139/a11-010 Kim, 2009, Exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in umbilical cord blood of Korean infants, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 72, 1318, 10.1080/15287390903212436 Kim, 2014, Tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane flame retardants in infant-mother paired serum samples, and their relationships with thyroid hormones and environmental factors, Environ. Pollut., 184, 193, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.034 Kim, 2014, Health consequences of exposure to brominated flame retardants: a systematic review, Chemosphere, 106, 1, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.064 Kim, 2015, Partitioning behavior of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants among feto-maternal bloods and tissues, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 7411, 10.1021/es5051309 Kiviranta, 2004, Market basket study on dietary intake of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs in Finland, Environ. Int., 30, 923, 10.1016/j.envint.2004.03.002 Knoth, 2003, Brominated diphenylether in indoor dust, Organohalogen Comp., 61, 207 Knutsen, 2008, Dietary exposure to brominated flame retardants correlates with male blood levels in a selected group of Norwegians with a wide range of seafood consumption, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 217, 10.1002/mnfr.200700096 Koh, 2010, Breast-milk levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in relation to women's age and pre-pregnant body mass index, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 213, 59, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.09.004 La Guardia, 2015, Halogenated flame-retardant concentrations in settled dust, respirable and inhalable particulates and polyurethane foam at gymnastic training facilities and residences, Environ. Int., 79, 106, 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.014 Lankova, 2013, The determination of perfluoroalkyl substances, brominated flame retardants and their metabolites in human breast milk and infant formula, Talanta, 117, 318, 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.040 Lankova, 2015, Multi-analyte method for the analysis of various organohalogen compounds in house dust, Anal. Chim. Acta, 854, 61, 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.007 Law, 2008, Levels and trends of HBCD and BDEs in the European and Asian environments, with some information for other BFRs, Chemosphere, 73, 223, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.066 Lee, 2013, Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in Korea, Sci. Total Environ., 443, 24, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.099 Lee, 2013, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk of Korea in 2011: current contamination, time course variation, influencing factors and health risks, Environ. Res., 126, 76, 10.1016/j.envres.2013.08.004 Leijs, 2008, Assessment of current serum levels of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs and PBDEs in a Dutch cohort with known perinatal PCDD/F exposure, Chemosphere, 73, 176, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.056 Lenters, 2013, Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and a polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in men from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine, Environ. Int., 61, 8, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.001 Li, 2012, Levels, isomer profiles and chiral signatures of particle-bound hexabromocyclododecanes in ambient air around Shanghai, China, Environ. Pollut., 165, 140, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.015 Li, 2013, Exposure levels of environmental endocrine disruptors in mother-newborn pairs in China and their placental transfer characteristics, PLoS ONE, 8, e625256 Li, 2015, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in PM2.5, PM10, TSP and gas phase in office environment in Shanghai, China: occurrence and human exposure, PLOS ONE, 10, e0119144, 10.1371/journal.pone.0119144 Lignell, 2008, Temporal trends of PBDEs in mother's milk from Uppsala county, Sweden, Organohalogen Comp., 70, 2123 Linares, 2015, Human exposure to PBDE and critical evaluation of health hazards, Arch. Toxicol., 89, 335, 10.1007/s00204-015-1457-1 Lind, 2002, Polybrominated flame retardants. Food intake oft he brominazed flame retardants PBDEs and HBCD in Sweden, Organohalogen Compd., 58, 181 Lind, 2003, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden, Environ. Res., 93, 186, 10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00049-5 Link, 2012, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in blood of children in Baden-Württemberg between 2002/03 and 2008/09, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 215, 224, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.018 Liu, 2014, Halogenated flame retardants in baby food from the United States and from China and the estimated dietary intakes by infants, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9812, 10.1021/es502743q Lopez-Espinosa, 2015, Prenatal exposure to polybrominated flame retardants and fetal growth in the INMA cohort (Spain), Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 10108, 10.1021/acs.est.5b01793 Lunder, 2010, Significantly higher polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in young U.S. children than in their mothers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 5256, 10.1021/es1009357 Lyche, 2015, Human health risk associated with brominated flame-retardants (BFRs), Environ. Int., 74, 170, 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.006 Ma, 2012, 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate flame retardants in the Great Lakes atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 204, 10.1021/es203251f Malarvannan, 2009, Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from mothers living in Payatas and Malate, the Philippines: levels, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk, Environ. Pollut., 157, 1924, 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.010 Mandalakis, 2009, Particle-size distribution and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban areas of Greece, Environ. Pollut., 157, 1227, 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.12.010 Marvin, 2011, Hexabromocyclododecane: current understanding of chemistry, environmental fate and toxicology and implications for global management, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8613, 10.1021/es201548c Mazdai, 2003, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples, Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1249, 10.1289/ehp.6146 Meijer, 2008, Serum concentrations of neutral and phenolic organohalogens in pregnant women and some of their infants in the Netherlands, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3428, 10.1021/es702446p Meironyté-Guvenius, 2003, Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol, Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1235, 10.1289/ehp.5946 Meng, 2007, Assessment of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in China via fish consumption and inhalation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4882, 10.1021/es0701560 Möller, 2011, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants in air and seawater of the European Arctic, Environ. Pollut., 159, 1577, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.02.054 Morland, 2005, Body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers among urban anglers, Environ. Health Perspect., 113, 1689, 10.1289/ehp.8138 Morose, 2006 Murata, 2007, Brominated flame retardants (HHCB, TBBPA and ΣPBDEs) in market basket food samples of Northern Kyushu district in Japan, Organohalogen Compd., 69, 1085 Na, 2013, Dietary assessment of human exposure to PBDEs in South Korea, Chemosphere, 90, 1736, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.021 Nakagawa, 2010, Hexabromocyclododecane determination in seafood samples collected from Japanese coastal areas, Chemosphere, 81, 445, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.015 Nakao, 2015, Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, tribromobisphenol A, dibromobisphenol A, monobromobisphenol A, and bisphenol A in Japanese breast milk, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 28, 722, 10.1021/tx500495j Newton, 2015, Emerging flame retardants, PBDEs, and HBCDDs in indoor and outdoor media in Stockholm, Sweden, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 2912, 10.1021/es505946e Nguyen, 2014, Exposure of general population to PBDEs: a Progressive Total Diet Study in South Korea, Environ. Pollut., 195, 192, 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.030 Ni, 2012, Food as a main route of adult exposure to PBDEs in Shenzhen, China, Sci. Total Environ., 437, 10, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.056 NICNAS, 2007 Nomura, 2007, Brominated dioxins and PBDEs in diet samples collected from FY2002 to FY2005 in Japan, Organohalogen Compd., 69, 2773 Orta-García, 2014, Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood samples from Mexico City, Mexico, Sci. Total Environ., 472, 496, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059 Park, 2011, High postnatal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via breast milk in California: does BDE-209 transfer to breast milk?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4579, 10.1021/es103881n Pless-Mulloli, 2006, Levels of PBDE in household dust and lint in the UK, Germany and the USA, Organohalogen Comp., 68, 495 Polder, 2008, Levels and temporal trends of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in individual human breast milk samples from Northern and Southern Norway, Chemosphere, 73, 14, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.002 Polder, 2008, Spatial and temporal changes of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) and brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Northern Russia, Sci. Total Environ., 391, 41, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.045 Pratt, 2013, Brominated and fluorinated organic pollutants in the breast milk of first-time Irish mothers: is there a relationship to levels in food?, Food Addit. Contam. Part A, 30, 1788, 10.1080/19440049.2013.822569 Qin, 2011, Halogenated POPs and PAHs in blood plasma of Hong Kong residents, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1630, 10.1021/es102444g Raab, 2008, Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organochlorine compounds and nitro musks in mother's milk from Germany (Bavaria), Chemosphere, 72, 87, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.053 Rawn, 2014, Brominated flame retardant concentrations in sera from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) from 2007 to 2009, Environ. Int., 63, 26, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.012 Remberger, 2004, The environmental occurrence of hexabromocyclododecane in Sweden, Chemosphere, 54, 9, 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00758-6 Rivière, 2014, Food risk assessment for perfluoroalkyl acids and brominated flame retardants in the French population: results from the second French total diet study, Sci. Total Environ., 491–492, 176, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.104 Rose, 2010, PBDEs in 2–5 year-old children from California and associations with diet and indoor environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 2648, 10.1021/es903240g Roosens, 2009, Factors influencing concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in students from Antwerp, Belgium, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 3535, 10.1021/es900571h Roosens, 2009, Exposure to Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) via dust ingestion, but not diet, correlates with concentrations in human serum: preliminary results, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1707, 10.1289/ehp.0900869 Roosens, 2010, Exposure of the Flemish population to brominated flame retardants: model and risk assessment, Environ. Int., 36, 368, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.02.005 Ryan, 2006, Trends of the brominated flame retardants, PBDES and HBCD, in human milk from North America, Organohalogen Comp., 68, 778 Ryan, 2014, The brominated flame retardants, PBDEs and HBCD, in Canadian human milk samples collected from 1992 to 2005; concentrations and trends, Environ. Int., 70, 1, 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.020 Sahlström, 2012, Clean-up method for determination of established and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 404, 459, 10.1007/s00216-012-6160-y Sahlström, 2014, Brominated flame retardants in matched serum samples from Swedish first-time mothers and their toddlers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 7584, 10.1021/es501139d Sahlström, 2015, Estimated intake of brominated flame retardants via diet and dust compared to internal concentrations in a Swedish mother-toddler cohort, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 218, 422, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.011 Sahlström, 2015, Feasibility study of feces for noninvasive biomonitoring of brominated flame retardants in toddlers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 606, 10.1021/es504708c Salamova, 2011, Discontinued and alternative brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere and precipitation from the Great Lakes basin, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8698, 10.1021/es2020378 Schecter, 2003, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers’ milk, Environ. Health Perspect., 111, 1723, 10.1289/ehp.6466 Schecter, 2005, Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the US population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls, J. Occup. Environ. Med., 47, 199, 10.1097/01.jom.0000158704.27536.d2 Schecter, 2006, Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex, Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 1515, 10.1289/ehp.9121 Schecter, 2006, Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in human blood and milk, Toxicol. Environ. Chem., 88, 319, 10.1080/02772240600605087 Schecter, 2010, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclodecane (HBCD) in composite U.S. food samples, Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 357, 10.1289/ehp.0901345 Schecter, 2010, Partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in serum and milk from the same mothers, Chemosphere, 78, 1279, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.016 Schreder, 2014, Flame retardant transfers from U.S. households (dust and laundry wastewater) to the aquatic environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 11575, 10.1021/es502227h She, 2007, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk from the Pacific Northwest, Chemosphere, 67, S307, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.154 Shen, 2010, Distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and organochlorine residues in children's blood from Zhejiang, China, Chemosphere, 80, 170, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.012 Shi, 2009, Dietary exposure assessment of Chinese adults and nursing infants to tetrabromobisphenol-A and hexabromocyclododecanes: occurrence measurements in foods and human milk, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 4314, 10.1021/es8035626 Shi, 2013, Levels of tetrabromobisphenol A, hexabromocyclododecanes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China, Sci. Total Environ., 452–453, 10, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.038 Shoeib, 2004, Indoor and outdoor air concentrations and phase partitioning of perfluoralkyl sulfonamides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 1313, 10.1021/es0305555 Shoeib, 2012, Legacy and current-use flame retardants in house dust from Vancouver, Canada, Environ. Pollut., 169, 175, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.043 Siddique, 2012, Levels of dechlorane plus and polybrominated diphenylethers in human milk in two Canadian cities, Environ. Int., 39, 50, 10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.010 Sjödin, 2000, Influence of the consumption of fatty Baltic Sea fish on plasma levels of halogenated environmental contaminants in Latvian and Swedish men, Environ. Health Perspect., 108, 1035, 10.1289/ehp.001081035 Sjödin, 2008, Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries, Chemosphere, 73, S131, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.075 Sjödin, 2008, Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) in the United States population: 2003–2004, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1377, 10.1021/es702451p Sjödin, 2008, Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) in the United States population: 2003–2004, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1377, 10.1021/es702451p Stapleton, 2005, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 925, 10.1021/es0486824 Stapleton, 2008, Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in U.S. house dust, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 6910, 10.1021/es801070p Stasinska, 2013, Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia, Chemosphere, 91, 187, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.044 Strandberg, 2001, Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great Lakes air, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1078, 10.1021/es001819f Sudaryanto, 2008, Geographical distribution and accumulation features of PBDEs in human breast milk from Indonesia, Environ. Pollut., 151, 130, 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.02.016 Sudaryanto, 2008, Levels and congener specific profiles of PBDEs in human breast milk from China: implication on exposure sources and pathways, Chemosphere, 73, 1661, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.088 Suzuki, 2006, PBDEs and PBDD/Fs in house and office dust from Japan, Organohalogen Comp., 68, 1843 Takigami, 2009, Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan, Chemosphere, 76, 270, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.006 Tan, 2007, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Singapore, Chemosphere, 66, 985, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.052 Thomas, 2006, Organohalogen chemicals in human blood from the United Kingdom, Environ. Pollut., 141, 30, 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.027 Thomsen, 2002, A new method for determination of halogenated flame retardants in human milk using solid-phase extraction, J. Anal. Toxicol., 26, 129, 10.1093/jat/26.3.129 Thomsen, 2007, Automated solid-phase extraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in serum – application on archived Norwegian samples from 1977 to 2003, J. Chromatogr. B, 846, 252, 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.09.011 Thomsen, 2008, Consumption of fish from a contaminated lake strongly affects the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in serum, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 228, 10.1002/mnfr.200700123 Thomsen, 2010, Determinants of brominated flame retardants in breast milk from a large scale Norwegian study, Environ. Int., 36, 68, 10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.002 Thuresson, 2012, Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 1: levels and profiles, Sci. Total Environ., 414, 713, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.016 Tian, 2011, Brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of e-waste and rural sites in Southern China: seasonal variation, temperature dependence, and gas-particle partitioning, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8819, 10.1021/es202284p ‘t Mannetje, 2012, Partitioning of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) between human serum and breast milk: a literature review, Chemosphere, 89, 911, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.049 Toms, 2007, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in human milk from Australia, Chemosphere, 68, 797, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.059 Toms, 2008, Higher accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in infants than in adults, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 7510, 10.1021/es800719v Toms, 2009, Serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels are higher in children (2–5 years of age) than in infants and adults, Environ. Health Perspect., 117, 1461, 10.1289/ehp.0900596 Toms, 2009, Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in matched samples of human milk, dust and indoor air, Environ. Int., 35, 864, 10.1016/j.envint.2009.03.001 Toms, 2011, Human exposure to brominated flame retardants, 203 Toms, 2012, Brominated flame retardants in the Australian population: 1993–2009, Chemosphere, 89, 398, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.053 Toms, 2015, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from primary schools in South East Queensland, Australia, Environ. Res., 142, 135, 10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.007 Törnkvist, 2011, PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, HBCD and chlorinated pesticides in a Swedish market basket from 2005–levels and dietary intake estimations, Chemosphere, 83, 193, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.042 Tsydenova, 2007, Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia, Environ. Pollut., 146, 225, 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.04.036 Turyk, 2010, Longitudinal biomonitoring for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residents of the Great Lakes basin, Chemosphere, 81, 517, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.037 US-EPA, 2010 US-EPA, 2011 US-EPA, 2015 Uhl, 2007 van Leeuwen, 2008, Brominated flame retardants in fish and shellfish – levels and contribution of fish consumption to dietary exposure of Dutch citizens to HBCD, Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 52, 194, 10.1002/mnfr.200700207 Viberg, 2003, Neurobehavioral derangements in adult mice receiving decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 209) during a defined period of neonatal brain development, Toxicol. Sci., 76, 112, 10.1093/toxsci/kfg210 Vieth, 2005 Vives, 2007, Occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Lake Maggiore (Italy and Switzerland), J. Environ. Monit., 9, 589, 10.1039/B700919D Vizcaino, 2011, Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain), Environ. Int., 37, 152, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.08.011 Voorspoels, 2007, Dietary PBDE intake: a market-basket study in Belgium, Environ. Int., 33, 93, 10.1016/j.envint.2006.08.003 Vorkamp, 2011, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor environment and associations with prenatal exposure, Environ. Int., 37, 1, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.06.001 Vorkamp, 2014, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluoroalkyl substances in serum of pregnant women: levels, correlations, and potential health implications, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 67, 9, 10.1007/s00244-013-9988-z Wang, 2010, Brominated flame retardants in house dust from e-waste recycling and urban areas in South China: implications on human exposure, Environ. Int., 36, 535, 10.1016/j.envint.2010.04.005 Wang, 2012, Summer atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban and rural areas of northern China, Environ. Pollut., 171, 234, 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.041 Wang, 2013, Concentrations and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blood plasma from Hong Kong: implications for sources and exposure route, J. Hazard. Mater., 261, 253, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.033 Wang, 2014, Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China, Sci. Total Environ., 482–483, 276, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008 Wang, 2015, Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in settled house dust from urban dwellings with resident preschool-aged children in Nanjing, China, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 68, 9, 10.1007/s00244-014-0065-z Wang, 2015, A comparative assessment of human exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A and eight bisphenols including bisphenol A via indoor dust ingestion in twelve countries, Environ. Int., 83, 183, 10.1016/j.envint.2015.06.015 Weber, 2004, Bestimmung von polybromierten Flammschutzmitteln in Muttermilch deutscher Frauen. Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie, Ernährungs-Umschau, 51, 4 Wei, 2009, Particle size fractionation and human exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust from Chicago, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 44, 1353, 10.1080/10934520903213251 Weiss, 2006, Hydroxy-PCBs, PBDEs, and HBCDDs in serum from an elderly population of Swedish fishermen's wives and associations with bone density, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6282, 10.1021/es0610941 Whitehead, 2011, Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 21, 549, 10.1038/jes.2011.11 Whitehead, 2013, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residential dust: sources of variability, Environ. Int., 57–58, 11, 10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.003 Wilford, 2004, Passive sampling survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in indoor and outdoor air in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5312, 10.1021/es049260x Wilford, 2005, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, 7027, 10.1021/es050759g Wu, 2007, Human exposure to PBDEs: associations of PBDE body burdens with food consumption and house dust concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 1584, 10.1021/es0620282 Wu, 2015, Polybrominated diphenyl ether serum concentrations in a Californian population of children, their parents, and older adults: an exposure assessment study, Environ. Health, 14, 23, 10.1186/s12940-015-0002-2 Yu, 2008, Diastereoisomer- and enantiomer-specific profiles of hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere of an urban city in south China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3996, 10.1021/es7027857 Yu, 2012, Concentrations and seasonal variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in in- and out-house dust and human daily intake via dust ingestion corrected with bioaccessibility of PBDEs, Environ. Int., 42, 124, 10.1016/j.envint.2011.05.012 Zhang, 2013, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in foods from China: levels, dietary intake, and risk assessment, J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 6544, 10.1021/jf4006565 Zhang, 2014, Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in breast milk and infant formula from Shanghai, China: temporal trends, daily intake, and risk assessment, Sci. Total Environ., 497–498, 508, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.034 Zhou, 2014, Measurements of selected brominated flame retardants in nursing women: implications for human exposure, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 8873, 10.1021/es5016839 Zhu, 2009, Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: implication of exposure pathways, Chemosphere, 74, 1429, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.030 Zhu, 2009, Brominated flame retardants in serum from the general population in northern China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6963, 10.1021/es901296t Zhu, 2013, Concentration, sources and human exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Heilongjiang province, China, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 91, 640, 10.1007/s00128-013-1095-3 Zota, 2008, Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 8158, 10.1021/es801792z