Lặn nín thở như một phản ứng sinh tồn của não
Tóm tắt
Các vận động viên lặn nín thở chuyên nghiệp là những vận động viên độc nhất đối mặt với áp lực do sức nước và tình trạng hạ oxy/hypercapnia cực độ trong các lần lặn tối đa. Kỷ lục thế giới hiện tại dành cho nam giới là 214 mét cho độ sâu (Herbert Nitsch, môn lặn nín thở không giới hạn), 11:35 phút cho thời gian (Stephane Mifsud, môn lặn nín thở tĩnh), và 281 mét cho khoảng cách (Goran Čolak, môn lặn nín thở động với vây). Những thích ứng sinh lý chính cho phép các vận động viên lặn nín thở đạt được độ sâu và thời gian như vậy được gọi là phản ứng "lặn" bao gồm co mạch ngoại biên và tăng huyết áp, nhịp tim chậm, giảm lưu lượng tim, tăng lưu lượng máu não và cơ tim, co tỳ, và duy trì cung cấp O2 cho não và tim. Tổ hợp các thích ứng sinh lý này không chỉ riêng có ở con người mà còn tồn tại ở tất cả các loài động vật có vú lặn. Mặc dù có những thích ứng sinh lý sâu sắc này, các vận động viên lặn có thể thường xuyên gặp tình trạng mất ý thức do thiếu oxy. Quá trình lặn nín thở bắt đầu với một giai đoạn dễ chịu trong đó các cơ hô hấp không hoạt động, trong khi trong giai đoạn thứ hai được gọi là "giai đoạn đấu tranh", các chuyển động thở không tự nguyện bắt đầu xảy ra. Những co thắt này làm tăng lưu lượng máu não bằng cách thúc đẩy khối lượng bơm máu của tâm thất trái, lưu lượng tim, và huyết áp động mạch. Phân tích các cơ chế bù trừ tham gia vào các lần lặn nín thở tối đa có thể cải thiện khả năng sống sót của não trong các điều kiện liên quan đến tình trạng thiếu máu não sâu và thiếu oxy.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
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