Breakdown pressure and fracture surface morphology of hydraulic fracturing in shale with H 2 O, CO 2 and N 2

Xiang Li1, Zijun Feng1,2, Gang Han3, Derek Elsworth4, Chris Marone4, D. M. Saffer4, Dae‐Sung Cheon5
1John and Willie Leone Family Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, EMS Energy Institute and G3 Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
2Department of Mining Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
3Aramco Services Company, Houston, USA
4Department of Geosciences, EMS Energy Institute and G3 Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
5Geologic Environment Division, Underground Space Department, KIGAM, Daejeon, Korea

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