Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology Recommendations for Safety in Regional Anesthesia

Hebl, 2006, Infectious complications: a new practice advisory, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 31, 289, 10.1016/j.rapm.2006.05.001 Moen, 2004, Severe neurological complications after central neuraxial blockades in Sweden 1990–1999, Anesthesiology, 101, 950, 10.1097/00000542-200410000-00021 Horlocker, 1997, A retrospective review of 4,767 consecutive spinal anesthetics: central nervous system complications, Perioperative Outcomes Group. Anesth Analg, 84, 578 Wang, 1999, Incidence of spinal epidural abscess after epidural analgesia: a national 1-year survey, Anesthesiology, 91, 1928, 10.1097/00000542-199912000-00046 Aromaam, 1997, Severe complications associated with epidural and spinal anaesthesias in Finland 1987–1993. A study based on patient insurance claims, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 41, 445, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1997.tb04722.x Trampuz, 2004, Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care, Mayo Clinic Proc, 79, 109, 10.4065/79.1.109 Cakrabarti, 2001, Outbreak of Pichia anomala infection in the pediatric service of a tertiary-care center in Northern India, J Clin Microbiol, 39, 1702, 10.1128/JCM.39.5.1702-1706.2001 Samore, 1996, Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea, Am J Med, 100, 32, 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)90008-X Levin, 1998, Candida parapsilosis fungemia associated with implantable and semiimplantable central venous catheters and the hands of healthcare workers, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 30, 243, 10.1016/S0732-8893(98)00006-6 Wang, 2001, Hospital-acquired outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection initiated by a surgeon carrier, J Hosp Infect, 47, 104, 10.1053/jhin.2000.0878 Cassettari, 2006, Surto em berçário por Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de beta-lactamase de espectro estendido atribuído à colonização de profissional de saúde portador de onicomicose, J Pediatr, 82, 313, 10.2223/JPED.1519 Su, 2000, Molecular investigation of two clusters of hospital-acquired bacteraemia caused by multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae using pulsed-field gelelectrophoresis and in frequent restriction site PCR. Infection Control Group, J Hosp Infect, 46, 110, 10.1053/jhin.2000.0815 Loftus RW, Muffly MK, Brown JR, et al. – Hand contamination of anesthesia providers is an important risk factor for intraoperative bacterial transmission. Anesth Analg, 201;112(1):98–105. Markus, 2011, Antisepsis in the time of antibiotics: following in the footsteps of John Snow and Joseph Lister, Anesth Analg, 112, 1, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181fa354e Raymond, 2011, Surgical site infections and the anesthesia professionals’ microbiome: we’ve all been slimed! Now what are we going to do about it?, Anesth Analg, 112, 4, 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181fe4942 Koff, 2009, Reduction in intraoperative bacterial contamination of peripheral intravenous tubing through use of a novel device, Anesthesiology, 110, 978, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181a06ec3 William, 2003, Impact of ring wearing on hand contamination and comparison of hand hygiene agents in a hospital, Clin Infect Dis, 36, 1383, 10.1086/374852 Jeans, 2010, Wristwatch use and hospitalacquired infection, J Hosp Infect, 74, 16, 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.06.032 Gupta, 2004, Outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamas-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neonatal intesive care unit linked to artificial nails, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 25, 210, 10.1086/502380 Jeans, 2010, Wristwatch use and hospitalacquired infection, J Hosp Infect, 74, 16, 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.06.032 Dharan, 2003, Comparison of waterless hand antisepsis agents at short application times: raising the flag of concern, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 24, 157, 10.1086/502182 Saloojee, 2001, The health professional's role in preventing nosocomial infections, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 77, 16, 10.1136/pmj.77.903.16 Olsen, 1993, Examination gloves are barriers to hand contamination in clinical practice, JAMA, 270, 350, 10.1001/jama.1993.03510030074037 Horlocker, 2008, Infectious complications of regional anesthesia, Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 22, 451, 10.1016/j.bpa.2008.06.003 Raad, 1994, Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 15, 227, 10.2307/30145574 2010, Anesthesiology, 112, 530, 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c4c7d8 Lambert, 2007, Gloved and masked: will gowns be next? Let the data (not logic) decide this ussue, Anesthesiology, 106, 877, 10.1097/01.anes.0000264758.26050.c7 Couzigou, 2003, Iatrogenic Streptococcus salivarius meningitis after spinal anaesthesia: need for strict application of standard precautions, J Hosp Infect, 53, 313, 10.1053/jhin.2002.1366 Schneeberger, 1996, Alpha-hemolytic streptococci: a major pathogen of iatrogenic meningitis following lumbar puncture. Case reports and a review of the literature, Infection, 24, 29, 10.1007/BF01780647 Trautmann, 2002, Three cases of bacterial meningitis after spinal and epidural anesthesia, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 21, 43, 10.1007/s10096-001-0643-7 North, 1979, Epidural abscess: a hazard of spinal epidural anaesthesia, Aust N Z J Surg, 49, 484, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1979.tb05847.x Hebl, 2006, The importance and implications of aseptic techniques during regional anesthesia, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 31, 311, 10.1097/00115550-200607000-00006 Wickett, 2006, Structure and function of the epidermal barrier, Am J Infect Control, 34, S98, 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.295 Kaiser, 2006, Formulation technology as a key component in improving hand hygiene practices, Am J Infect Control, 34, S82, 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.06.005 Kampf, 2004, Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evalution of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs, Clin Microbiol Rev, 17, 863, 10.1128/CMR.17.4.863-893.2004 Mimoz, 1996, Prospective, randomized trial of two antiseptic solutions for prevention of central venous or arterial catheter colonization and infection in intensive care unit patients, Crit Care Med, 24, 1818, 10.1097/00003246-199611000-00010 Mimoz, 1999, Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine as skin preparation before blood culture. A randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med, 131, 834, 10.7326/0003-4819-131-11-199912070-00006 Kinirons, 2001, Chlorhexidine versus povidone iodine in preventing colonization of continuous epidural catheters in children: a randomized, controlled trial, Anesthesiology, 94, 239, 10.1097/00000542-200102000-00012 Birnbach, 2003, Comparison of povidone iodine and DuraPrep, an iodophor-in-isopropyl alcohol solution, for skin disinfection prior to epidural catheter insertion in parturients, Anesthesiology, 98, 164, 10.1097/00000542-200301000-00026 Videira, 2002, Post spinal meningitis and asepsis, Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 46, 639, 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460602.x Rubin, 2007, Meningitis following spinal anesthesia: 6 cases in 5 years, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 28, 1187, 10.1086/520748 Ganem, 2002, Complicações neurológicas determinadas pela anestesia subaracnóidea, Rev Bras Anestesiol, 52, 471, 10.1590/S0034-70942002000400012 Dahlgren, 1995, Neurological complications after anaesthesia. A follow-up of 18,000 spinal and epidural anaesthetics performed over three years, Acta Anaesth Scand, 39, 872, 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04190.x Kane, 1981, Neurologic deficits following epidural or spinal anesthesia, Anesth Analg, 60, 150, 10.1213/00000539-198103000-00006 Darchy, 1996, Clinical and bacteriologic survey of epidural analgesia in patients in the intensive care unit, Anesthesiology, 85, 988, 10.1097/00000542-199611000-00005 Du Pen, 1990, Infection during chronic epidural catheterization: diagnosis and treatment, Anesthesiology, 73, 905, 10.1097/00000542-199011000-00018 McNeely, 1997, Culture of bacteria from lumbar and caudal epidural catheters used for postoperative analgesia in children, Reg Anesth, 22, 428, 10.1016/S1098-7339(97)80028-4 Kost-Byerly, 1998, Bacterial colonization and infection rate of continuous epidural catheters in children, Anesth Analg, 86, 712, 10.1213/00000539-199804000-00007 Feldman, 1994, Do agents used for epidural analgesia have antimicrobial properties?, Reg Anesth, 19, 43 James, 1976, Bacteriologic aspects of epidural analgesia, Anesth Anal, 55, 187, 10.1213/00000539-197603000-00013 De Cicco, 1995, Time-dependent efficacy of bacterial filters and infection risk in long-term epidural catheterization, Anesthesiology, 82, 765, 10.1097/00000542-199503000-00019 Yuan, 2008, Bacterial colonization of epidural catheters used for short-term postoperative analgesia: microbiological examination and risk factor analysis, Anesthesiology, 108, 130, 10.1097/01.anes.0000296066.79547.f3 Sillevis, 1998, Outcome and complications of epidural analgesia in patients with chronic cancer pain, Cancer, 83, 2015, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981101)83:9<2015::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-R de Jong, 1994, A comparison of epidural catheters with or without subcutaneous injections ports for treatment of cancer pain, Anesth Analg, 78, 94, 10.1213/00000539-199401000-00017 De Leon-Casasola, 1994, Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine therapy: experience with 4,227 surgical cancer patients, Anesthesiology, 81, 368, 10.1097/00000542-199408000-00015 Holt, 1995, Infections following epidural catheterization, J Hosp Infect, 30, 253, 10.1016/0195-6701(95)90259-7 Capdevila, 2005, Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in hospital wards after orthopedic surgery, Anesthesiology, 103, 1035, 10.1097/00000542-200511000-00018 Cuvillon, 2001, The continuous femoral nerve block catheter for postoperative analgesia: bacterial colonization, infectious rate and adverse effects, Anesth Analg, 93, 1045, 10.1097/00000539-200110000-00050 Bergman, 2003, Neurologic complications of 405 consecutive continuous axillary catheters, Anesth Analg, 96, 247, 10.1213/00000539-200301000-00050 Nseir, 2004, Fatal streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of axillary brachial plexus block, Br J Anaesth, 92, 427, 10.1093/bja/aeh065 Adam, 2003, Psoas abscess complicating femoral nerve block catheter, Anesthesiology, 99, 230, 10.1097/00000542-200307000-00037 Wedel, 2006, Regional anesthesia in the febrile or infected patient, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 31, 324, 10.1097/00115550-200607000-00007 Liu, 1995, Epidural anesthesia and analgesia. Their role in postoperative outcome, Anesthesiology, 82, 1474, 10.1097/00000542-199506000-00019 Modig, 1985, The role of lumbar epidural anaesthesia as antithrombotic prophylaxis in total hip replacement, Acta Cirurgica Scand, 151, 589 Tuman, 1991, Effects of epidural anesthesia and analgesia on coagulation and outcome after major vascular surgery, Anesth Analg, 73, 696, 10.1213/00000539-199112000-00005 Capdevila, 1999, Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and duration of rehabilitation after major knee surgery, Anesthesiology, 91, 8, 10.1097/00000542-199907000-00006 Horlocker, 2006, Regional anesthesia in the immunocompromised patient, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 31, 334, 10.1097/00115550-200607000-00008 2010, Drug Ther Bull, 48, 116, 10.1136/dtb.2010.10.0050 Baer, 2006, Post-dural puncture bacterial meningitis, Anesthesiology, 105, 381, 10.1097/00000542-200608000-00022 Laguna del, 2010, Bacterial meningitis secondary to spinal analgesia and anaesthesia, Neurologia, 25, 552, 10.1016/j.nrl.2010.07.002 Sakushima, 2011, Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for differentiating bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis: a meta-analysis, J Infect, 62, 255, 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.02.010 Huy, 2010, Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration to distinguish bacterial from aseptic meningitis: a systemic review and meta-analysis, Crit Care, 14, R240, 10.1186/cc9395 Prasad, 2011, Cerebrospinal fluid lactate: Is it a reliable and valid marker to distinguish between acute bacterial meningitis and aseptic meningitis?, Crit Care, 15, 104, 10.1186/cc9396 van de Beek, 2010, Adjunctive dexamethasone in bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data, Lancet Neurol, 9, 254, 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70023-5 Brouwer, 2010, Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8, 10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub3 Hearn, 2003, Epidural abscess complicating insertion of epidural catheters, Br J Anaesth, 90, 706, 10.1093/bja/aeg563 Gosavi, 2004, Epidural abscess complicating insertion of epidural catheters, Br J Anaesth, 92, 294, 10.1093/bja/aeh517 Pondé, 1996, Abscesso após Anestesia Peridural: Relato de Caso, Rev Bras Anestesiol, 46, 427 Abreu, 2004, Abscesso peridural após analgesia controlada pelo paciente por via peridural: relato de caso, Rev Bras Anestesiol, 54, 78, 10.1590/S0034-70942004000100011 Danner, 1987, Update of spinal epidural abscess: 35 cases and review of the literature, Rev Infect Dis, 9, 265, 10.1093/clinids/9.2.265 Reynolds, 2008, Neurological infections after neuraxial anesthesia, Anesthesiol Clin, 26, 23, 10.1016/j.anclin.2007.11.006 Davis, 2004, The clinical presentation and impact of diagnostic delays on emergency department patients with spinal epidural abscess, J Emerg Med, 26, 285, 10.1016/j.jemermed.2003.11.013 Sendi, 2008, Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice, QJM, 101, 1, 10.1093/qjmed/hcm100 Reihsaus, 2000, Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients, Neurosurg Rev, 23, 175, 10.1007/PL00011954 El Sayed, 2010, Low yield of ED magnetic resonance imaging for suspected epidural abscess, Am J Emerg Med Bluman, 2004, Spinal epidural abscess in adults, J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 12, 155, 10.5435/00124635-200405000-00003 Grewal, 2006, Epidural abscesses, Br J Anaesth, 96, 292, 10.1093/bja/ael006 Compère, 2009, Bacterial colonization after tunneling in 402 perineural catheters: a prospective study, Anesth Analg, 108, 1326, 10.1213/ane.0b013e31819673aa Kostopanagiotou, 2002, Epidural catheter colonization is not associated with infection, Surg Infect, 3, 359, 10.1089/109629602762539571 Gasparini, 2008, Analgesia pós-operatória plexular contínua. Estudo dos efeitos colaterais e do risco de infecção dos cateteres, Rev Bras Anestesiol, 58, 602, 10.1590/S0034-70942008000600005 Morin, 2005, Risk factors for bacterial catheter colonization in regional anaesthesia, BMC Anesthesiol, 5, 1, 10.1186/1471-2253-5-1 Aldrete, 1998, Infections from extended epidural catheterization in ambulatory patients, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 23, 491, 10.1097/00115550-199823050-00011 De Jong, 1994, A comparison of epidural catheters with or without subcutaneous injection ports for treatment of cancer pain, Anesth Analg, 78, 94, 10.1213/00000539-199401000-00017 Jeffreys, 2006, Epidural abscesses, Br J Anaesth, 97, 115, 10.1093/bja/ael123 Ward, 1997, Preventing hospital-acquired infection: clinical guidelines, Public Health Laboratory Service Hailey, 2008, Reuse of single use medical devices in Canada: clinical and economic outcomes, legal and ethical issues, and current hospital practice, Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 24, 430, 10.1017/S0266462308080562 Spielberg, 2009, Zertifizierung von Medizinprodukten: Gefährliche Lücken im System, Dtsch Arztebl, 106 Jacobs, 2008, Economic analysis of reprocessing single-use medical devices: a systematic literature review, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 29, 297, 10.1086/529587 Polisena, 2008, Reprocessing and reuse of single-use medical devices: a national survey of Canadian acutecare hospitals, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 29, 437, 10.1086/587648 Kramer, 2008, Ethical and hygiene aspects of the reprocessing of medical devices in Germany, GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip, 3 Kraft, 2008, Framework conditions and requirements to ensure the technical functional safety of reprocessed medical devices, GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip, 3 Armitage, 2009, Risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease transmission by ocular surgery and tissue transplantation, Eye, 23, 1926, 10.1038/eye.2008.381 Luijt, 2001, Risk of infection by reprocessed and resterilized virus-contaminated catheters; an in-vitro study, Eur Heart J, 22, 378, 10.1053/euhj.2000.2370 Roth, 2002, Specific hygiene issues relating to reprocessing and reuse of single-use devices for laparoscopic surgery, Surg Endosc, 16, 1091, 10.1007/s00464-001-9190-7 Cléry, 2003, Routine cleaning and autoclaving does not remove protein deposits from reusable laryngeal mask devices, Anesth Analg, 97, 1189, 10.1213/01.ANE.0000080154.76349.5B da Silva, 2005, Safety evaluation of single-use medical devices after submission to simulated reutilization cycles, J AOAC Int, 88, 823 Tessarolo, 2006, Sterility and microbiological assessment of reused single-use cardiac electrophysiology catheters, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 27, 1385, 10.1086/508829 Alfa, 1996, Comparison of ion plasma, vaporized hydrogen peroxide and 100% ethylene oxide sterilizers to the 12/88 ethylene oxide gas sterilizer, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 17, 92, 10.2307/30141008 Magetsari, 2006, Biomechanical and surface physico-chemical analyses of used osteosynthesis plates and screws – Potential for reuse in developing countries?, J Biomed Mater Res B, Appl Biomater, 79, 236, 10.1002/jbm.b.30534 Fedel, 2006, Functional properties and performance of new and reprocessed coronary angioplasty balloon catheters, J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, 78, 364, 10.1002/jbm.b.30496 Granados, 2001, Assessment of parameters associated to the risk of PVC catheter reuse, J Biomed Mater Res, 58, 505, 10.1002/jbm.1047 Phillips, 1998, Increase in US medication error deaths between 1983 and 1993, Lancet, 351, 643, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)24009-8 http://www.anvisa.gov.br. Acessado em abril de 2011 Llewellyn, 2009, Drug administration errors: a prospective study survey from three South African teaching hospitals, Anaesth Intensive Care, 37, 93, 10.1177/0310057X0903700105 Merry, 2002, Evaluation in an anaesthetic simulator of a prototype of a new drug administration system designed to reduce error, Anaesthesia, 57, 256, 10.1046/j.0003-2409.2001.02397.x Bergman, 2002, Awareness during general anaesthesia: a review of 81 cases from the Anaesthetic Incident Monitoring Study, Anaesthesia, 57, 549, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02565.x Sinclair, 1999, Incidents in obstetric anaesthesia and analgesia – an analysis of 5000 AIMS reports, Anaesth Intensive Care, 27, 275, 10.1177/0310057X9902700309 Currie, 1993, The ‘wrong drug’ problem in anaesthesia: an analysis of 2,000 incident reports, Anaesth Intensive Care, 21, 596, 10.1177/0310057X9302100517 Short, 1993, Critical incident reporting in an anaesthetic department quality assurance programme, Anaesthesia, 48, 3, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06781.x Bergman, 2002, Awareness during general anaesthesia: a review of 81 cases from the Anaesthetic Incident Monitoring Study, Anaesthesia, 57, 549, 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02565.x Fasting, 2000, Adverse drug errors in anesthesia, and the impact of coloured syringe labels, Can J Anesth, 47, 1060, 10.1007/BF03027956 Jensen, 2004, Evidence-based strategies for preventing drug administration errors during anaesthesia, Anaesthesia, 59, 493, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03670.x Fraind, 2002, Reengineering intravenous drug and fluid administration processes in the operating room – step one: task analysis of existing processes, Anesthesiology, 97, 139, 10.1097/00000542-200207000-00020 Merry, 2007, A new infusion syringe label system designed to reduce task complexity during drug preparation, Anaesthesia, 62, 486, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.04993.x Glavin, 2010, Drug errors: consequences, mechanisms, and avoidance, Br J Anaesth, 105, 76, 10.1093/bja/aeq131 http://e-legis.bvs.br/leisref/. Acessado em abril de 2011 Zacher, 1991, Drug contamination from opening glass ampules, Anesthesiology, 75, 893, 10.1097/00000542-199111000-00022 Hemingway, 2007, The effect of alcohol swabs and filter straws on reducing contamination of glass ampoules used for neuroaxial injections, Anaesthesia, 62, 286, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.04977.x Merriman, 2009, Bacterial contamination in solution aspirated from non-sterile packaged fentanyl ampoules: a laboratory study, Anaesth Intensive Care, 37, 608, 10.1177/0310057X0903700413 Sevarino, 2000, Sterility of epidural solutions-Recommendations for cost-effective use, Reg Anesth Pain Med, 25, 368, 10.1097/00115550-200007000-00008 McIntosh, 1999, How long do prepared epidural solutions remain sterile?, J Pain Symptom Manage, 18, 137, 10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00052-4 Kastango, 2004, USP chapter 797: establishing a practice standard for compounding sterile preparations in pharmacy, Am J Health Syst Pharm, 61, 1928, 10.1093/ajhp/61.18.1928 Svedberg, 2002, Compatibility of ropivacaine with morphine, sufentanil, fentanyl, or clonidine, J Clin Pharmacy Therap, 27, 39, 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00386.x USP Chapter 797 with proposed revisions 2006 – http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/USPNF/PF797redline.pdf. Head, 2008, Infusate contamination in regional anesthesia: what every anesthesiologist should know, Anesth Analg, 107, 1412, 10.1213/01.ane.0000286228.57455.91 Jäppinen, 2003, Stability of sufentanil and levobupivacaine solutions and a mixture in a 0.9% sodium chloride infusion stored in polypropylene syringes, Eur J Pharm Sci, 19, 31, 10.1016/S0928-0987(03)00041-1 Boitquin, 2004, Long-term stability of sufentanil citrate with levobupivacaine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride infusion PVC bags at 4 degrees C, J Pain Symptom Manage, 28, 4, 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.04.003 Priston, 2004, Stability of an epidural analgesic admixture containing epinephrine, fentanyl and bupivacaine, Anaesthesia, 59, 979, 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03803.x