Brain size, IQ, and racial-group differences

Intelligence - Tập 31 - Trang 139-155 - 2003
J.Philippe Rushton1, Elizabeth W. Rushton1
1Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C2

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aiello, 1990 Beals, 1984, Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines, Current Anthropology, 25, 301, 10.1086/203138 Bean, 1906, Some racial peculiarities of the Negro brain, American Journal of Anatomy, 5, 353, 10.1002/aja.1000050402 Binkley, 1989 Boas, 1894, Human faculty as determined by race Boas, 1938, Race, 95 Broca, 1873, Sur les crânes de la caverne de l'Homme Mort (Loere), Revue d'Anthropologie, 2, 1 Brody, N. (in press). The evidence for Jensen's “default hypothesis” of Black–White differences is not persuasive. In H. Nyborg (Ed.), The scientific study of general intelligence: tribute to Arthur R. Jensen. London: Elsevier. Broman, 1987 Brues, 1990 Byers, 2002 Conroy, 1997 Craig, 1995, Intercondylar shelf angle: a new method to determine race from the distal femur, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40, 777, 10.1520/JFS15383J Darwin, 1871 Degler, 1991 Eveleth, 1990 Fleagle, 1999 Galton, 1869 Galton, 1888, Head growth in students at the University of Cambridge, Nature, 38, 14, 10.1038/038014a0 Gignac, G. E., Vernon, P.A., & Wickett, J.C. (in press). Brain and head size correlates of mental abilities. In H. Nyborg (Ed.), The scientific study of general intelligence: tribute to Arthur R. Jensen. London: Elsevier. Gordon, 1934, Amentia in the East African, Eugenics Review, 25, 223 Gould, 1981 Gould, 1996 Graves, 2002, The misuse of life-history theory: J. P. Rushton and the pseudoscience of racial hierarchy, 57 Haier, 1995, Brain size and cerebral glucose metabolic rate in nonspecific mental retardation and Down Syndrome, Intelligence, 20, 191, 10.1016/0160-2896(95)90032-2 Harvey, 1994, Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls, Psychological Medicine, 24, 689, 10.1017/S0033291700027847 Ho, 1980, Analysis of brain weight: I and II, Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 104, 635 Jensen, 1994, Psychometric g related to differences in head size, Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 597, 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90132-5 Jensen, 1998 Jensen, 1994, Race and sex differences in head size and IQ, Intelligence, 18, 309, 10.1016/0160-2896(94)90032-9 Jerison, 1973 Jerison, 2000, The evolution of intelligence, 216 Kamin, 1998, Race, head size, and intelligence, South African Journal of Psychology, 28, 119, 10.1177/008124639802800301 Kamin, 1974 Krogman, 1986 Lieberman, 2001, How ‘Caucasoids’ got such big crania and why they shrank: from Morton to Rushton, Current Anthropology, 42, 69, 10.1086/318434 Lynn, 2002 Mall, 1909, On several anatomical characters of the human brain, said to vary according to race and sex, with special reference to the weight of the frontal lobe, American Journal of Anatomy, 9, 1, 10.1002/aja.1000090102 Miele, 2001, The shadow of Caliban: an introduction to the tempestuous history of anthropology, Skeptic, 9, 22 Morton, 1849, Observations on the size of the brain in various races and families of man, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 4, 221 Pearl, 1934, The weight of the Negro brain, Science, 80, 431, 10.1126/science.80.2080.431 1998 Rushton, 1991, Mongoloid–Caucasoid differences in brain size from military samples, Intelligence, 15, 351, 10.1016/0160-2896(91)90043-D Rushton, 1992, Cranial capacity related to sex, rank, and race in a stratified random sample of 6,325 U.S. military personnel, Intelligence, 16, 401, 10.1016/0160-2896(92)90017-L Rushton, 1993, Corrections to a paper on race and sex differences in brain size and intelligence, Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 229, 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90031-W Rushton, 1994, Sex and race differences in cranial capacity from International Labour Office data, Intelligence, 19, 281, 10.1016/0160-2896(94)90002-7 Rushton, 1995 Rushton, 1997, Cranial size and IQ in Asian Americans from birth to age seven, Intelligence, 25, 7, 10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90004-0 Rushton, 2000 Rushton, 2001, Commentary on L. Lieberman: how ‘Caucasoids’ got such big crania and why they shrank: from Morton to Rushton, Current Anthropology, 42, 85 Rushton, 1996, Brain size and cognitive ability: correlations with age, sex, social class, and race, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 21, 10.3758/BF03210739 Rushton, 2000, Size matters: a review and new analyses of racial differences in cranial capacity and intelligence that refute Kamin and Omari, Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 591, 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00256-1 Rushton, 1995, Genetic and environmental contributions to cranial capacity in black and white adolescents, Intelligence, 20, 1, 10.1016/0160-2896(95)90002-0 Schoenemann, 2000, Brain size does not predict general cognitive ability within families, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 4932, 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4932 Simmons, 1942, Cranial capacities by both plastic and water techniques with cranial linear measurements of the Reserve Collection: white and Negro, Human Biology, 14, 473 Smith, 1989, Dental development as a measure of life-history in primates, Evolution, 43, 683, 10.2307/2409073 Steele, 1988 Stringer, 1999, Regional variation in human mandibular morphology, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Suppl. 28 Tobias, 1970, Brain size, grey matter and race—fact or fiction?, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 32, 3, 10.1002/ajpa.1330320103 Todd, 1923, Cranial capacity and linear dimensions, in white and Negro, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 6, 97, 10.1002/ajpa.1330060202 Topinard, 1890 Vernon, 2000, The neuropsychology and psychophysiology of human intelligence, 245 Vint, 1934, The brain of the Kenya native, Journal of Anatomy, 48, 216