Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances

Martin, 2008, Annual summary of vital statistics: 2006, Pediatrics, 121, 788, 10.1542/peds.2007-3753

Woodward, 2005, Object working memory deficits predicted by early brain injury and development in the preterm infant, Brain, 128, 2578, 10.1093/brain/awh618

Bayless, 2007, Executive functions in school-age children born very prematurely, Early Hum Dev, 83, 247, 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.021

Platt, 2007, Trends in cerebral palsy among infants of very low birthweight (<1500 g) or born prematurely (<32 weeks) in 16 European centres: a database study, Lancet, 369, 43, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60030-0

Larroque, 2008, Neurodevelopmental disabilities and special care of 5-year-old children born before 33 weeks of gestation (the EPIPAGE study): a longitudinal cohort study, Lancet, 371, 813, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60380-3

Kobaly, 2008, Outcomes of extremely low birth weight (<1 kg) and extremely low gestational age (<28 weeks) infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: effects of practice changes in 2000 to 2003, Pediatrics, 121, 73, 10.1542/peds.2007-1444

Allin, 2008, Cognitive maturation in preterm and term born adolescents, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr, 79, 381, 10.1136/jnnp.2006.110858

Volpe, 2008

Marlow, 2005, Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth, N Engl J Med, 352, 9, 10.1056/NEJMoa041367

Wood, 2005, The EPICure study: associations and antecedents of neurological and developmental disability at 30 months of age following extremely preterm birth, Arch Dis Child, 90, F134, 10.1136/adc.2004.052407

Marlow, 2007, Motor and executive function at 6 years of age after extremely preterm birth, Pediatrics, 120, 793, 10.1542/peds.2007-0440

Wolke, 2008, Specific language difficulties and school achievement in children born at 25 weeks of gestation or less, J Pediatr, 152, 256, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.06.043

Khwaja, 2008, Pathogenesis of cerebral white matter injury of prematurity, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 93, F153, 10.1136/adc.2006.108837

Larroque, 2003, White matter damage and intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE study, J Pediatr, 143, 477, 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00417-7

Miller, 2003, Comparing the diagnosis of white matter injury in premature newborns with serial MR imaging and transfontanel ultrasonography findings, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 24, 1661

Inder, 2005, Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants, Pediatrics, 115, 286, 10.1542/peds.2004-0326

Miller, 2005, Early brain injury in premature newborns detected with magnetic resonance imaging is associated with adverse early neurodevelopmental outcome, J Pediatr, 147, 609, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.06.033

Woodward, 2006, Neonatal MRI to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants, N Engl J Med, 355, 685, 10.1056/NEJMoa053792

Haynes, 2003, Nitrosative and oxidative injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes is accompanied by microglial activation in periventricular leukomalacia in the human premature infant, J Neuropath Exp Neurol, 62, 441, 10.1093/jnen/62.5.441

Back, 2005, Selective vulnerability of preterm white matter to oxidative damage defined by F(2)-isoprostanes, Ann Neurol, 58, 108, 10.1002/ana.20530

Robinson, 2006, Neonatal loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid pathway expression after human perinatal brain injury, J Neurosurg, 104, 396

Billiards, 2008, Myelin abnormalities without oligodendrocyte loss in periventricular leukomalacia, Brain Pathol, 18, 153, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00107.x

Yang, 2007, Sustained neocortical neurogenesis after neonatal hypoxic/ischemic injury, Ann Neurol, 61, 199, 10.1002/ana.21068

Sizonenko, 2008, Glial responses to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury in the rat cerebral cortex, Int J Dev Neurosci, 26, 37, 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.08.014

Thompson, 2007, Perinatal risk factors altering regional brain structure in the preterm infant, Brain, 130, 667, 10.1093/brain/awl277

Peterson, 2000, Regional brain volume abnormalities and long-term cognitive outcome in preterm infants, JAMA, 284, 1939, 10.1001/jama.284.15.1939

Nosarti, 2002, Adolescents who were born very preterm have decreased brain volumes, Brain, 125, 1616, 10.1093/brain/awf157

Reiss, 2004, Sex differences in cerebral volumes of 8-year-olds born preterm, J Pediatr, 145, 242, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.031

Kesler, 2004, Volumetric analysis of regional cerebral development in preterm children, Pediatr Neurol, 31, 318, 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.06.008

Allin, 2004, Effects of very low birthweight on brain structure in adulthood, Dev Med Child Neurol, 46, 46, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00433.x

Fearon, 2004, Brain volumes in adult survivors of very low birth weight: a sibling-controlled study, Pediatrics, 114, 367, 10.1542/peds.114.2.367

Lodygensky, 2005, Structural and functional brain developmental after hydrocortisone treatment for neonatal chronic lung disease, Pediatrics, 116, 1, 10.1542/peds.2004-1275

Vangberg, 2006, Changes in white matter diffusion anisotropy in adolescents born prematurely, NeuroImage, 32, 1538, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.230

Segovia, 2008, Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage maturation in chronic perinatal white matter injury, Ann Neurol, 63, 520, 10.1002/ana.21359

Maalouf, 1999, Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in a cohort of extremely preterm infants, J Pediatr, 135, 351, 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70133-2

Inder, 2003, White matter injury in the premature infant: a comparison between serial cranial ultrasound and MRI at term, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 24, 805

Debillon, 2003, Limitations of ultrasonography for diagnosing white matter damage in preterm infants, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 88, F275, 10.1136/fn.88.4.F275

Inder, 2003, Defining the nature of the cerebral abnormalities in the premature infant—a qualitative magnetic resonance imaging study, J Pediatr, 143, 171, 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00357-3

Counsell, 2003, Diffusion weighted imaging of the brain in preterm infants with focal and diffuse white matter abnormality, Pediatrics, 112, 1, 10.1542/peds.112.1.1

Volpe, 2003, Cerebral white matter injury of the premature infant—more common than you think, Pediatrics, 112, 176, 10.1542/peds.112.1.176

Dyet, 2006, Natural history of brain lesions in extremely preterm infants studied with serial magnetic resonance imaging from birth and neurodevelopmental assessment, Pediatrics, 118, 536, 10.1542/peds.2005-1866

Bell, 2005, Brain damage and axonal injury in a Scottish cohort of neonatal deaths, Brain, 128, 1070, 10.1093/brain/awh436

Banker, 1962, Periventricular leukomalacia of infancy. A form of neonatal anoxic encephalopathy, Arch Neurol, 7, 386, 10.1001/archneur.1962.04210050022004

Deguchi, 1997, Characteristic neuropathology of leukomalacia in extremely low birth weight infants, Pediatr Neurol, 16, 296, 10.1016/S0887-8994(97)00041-6

Arai, 1995, Expression of β-amyloid precursor protein in axons of periventricular leukomalacia brains, Pediatr Neurol, 13, 161, 10.1016/0887-8994(95)00149-A

Meng, 1997, Early detection of axonal and neuronal lesions in prenatal-onset periventricular leukomalacia, Brain Dev, 19, 480, 10.1016/S0387-7604(97)00068-5

Deguchi, 1999, Periventricular leukomalacia: relation to gestational age and axonal injury, Pediatr Neurol, 20, 370, 10.1016/S0887-8994(99)00010-7

Haynes, 2008, Diffuse axonal injury in periventricular leukomalacia as determined by apoptotic marker fractin, Pediatr Res, 63, 656, 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31816c825c

Huppi, 1998, Microstructural development of human newborn cerebral white matter assessed in vivo by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, Pediatr Res, 44, 584, 10.1203/00006450-199810000-00019

Skranes, 2007, Clinical findings and white matter abnormalities seen on diffusion tensor imaging in adolescents with very low birth weight, Brain, 130, 654, 10.1093/brain/awm001

Miller, 2002, Serial quantitative diffusion tensor MRI of the premature brain: development in newborns with and without injury, J Magn Reson Imag, 16, 621, 10.1002/jmri.10205

Huppi, 2001, Microstructural brain development after perinatal cerebral white matter injury assessed by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging, Pediatrics, 107, 455, 10.1542/peds.107.3.455

Martinussen, 2005, Cerebral cortex thickness in 15-year-old adolescents with low birth weight measured by an automated MRI-based method, Brain, 128, 2588, 10.1093/brain/awh610

Anjari, 2007, Diffusion tensor imaging with tract-based spatial statistics reveals local white matter abnormalities in preterm infants, NeuroImage, 35, 1021, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.035

Counsell, 2007, Thalamo-cortical connectivity in children born preterm mapped using probabilistic magnetic resonance tractography, NeuroImage, 34, 896, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.036

Counsell, 2006, Axial and radial diffusivity in preterm infants who have diffuse white matter changes on MRI at term equivalent age, Pediatrics, 117, 376, 10.1542/peds.2005-0820

Bassi, 2008, Probabilistic diffusion tractography of the optic radiations and visual function in preterm infants at term equivalent age, Brain, 131, 573, 10.1093/brain/awm327

Drobyshevsky, 2007, Serial diffusion tensor imaging detects white matter changes that correlate with motor outcome in premature infants, Dev Neurosci, 29, 289, 10.1159/000105470

Counsell, 2008, Specific relations between neurodevelopmental abilities and white matter microstructure in children born preterm, Brain, 10.1093/brain/awn268

Provenzale, 2007, Diffusion tensor imaging assessment of brain white matter maturation during the first postnatal year, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 189, 476, 10.2214/AJR.07.2132

Wimberger, 1995, Identification of “premyelination” by diffusion-weighted MRI, J Comput Assist Tomogr, 19, 28, 10.1097/00004728-199501000-00005

Drobyshevsky, 2005, Developmental changes in diffusion anisotropy coincide with immature oligodendrocyte progression and maturation of compound action potential, J Neurosci, 25, 5988, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4983-04.2005

Kroenke, 2005, Diffusion MR imaging characteristics of the developing primate brain, NeuroImage, 25, 1205, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.045

Anderson, 2006, Detection of impaired growth of the corpus callosum in premature infants, Pediatrics, 118, 951, 10.1542/peds.2006-0553

Caldu, 2006, Corpus callosum size and neuropsychologic impairment in adolescents who were born preterm, J Child Neurol, 21, 406, 10.1177/08830738060210050801

Nosarti, 2004, Corpus callosum size and very preterm birth: relationship to neuropsychological outcome, Brain, 127, 2080, 10.1093/brain/awh230

Anderson, 2005, Growth rate of corpus callosum in very premature infants, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 26, 2685

Davatzikos, 2003, Correlation of corpus callosal morphometry with cognitive and motor function in periventricular leukomalacia, Neuropediatrics, 34, 247, 10.1055/s-2003-43259

Allin, 2007, Growth of the corpus callosum in adolescents born preterm, Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 161, 1183, 10.1001/archpedi.161.12.1183

Narberhaus, 2007, Gestational age at preterm birth in relation to corpus callosum and general cognitive outcome in adolescents, J Child Neurol, 22, 761, 10.1177/0883073807304006

Talos, 2006, Developmental regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. II. Human cerebral white matter and cortex, J Comp Neurol, 497, 61, 10.1002/cne.20978

McQuillen, 2003, Selective vulnerability of subplate neurons after early neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, J Neurosci, 23, 3308, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03308.2003

Pierson, 2007, Gray matter injury associated with periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant, Acta Neuropathol, 114, 619, 10.1007/s00401-007-0295-5

Ligam P, Haynes RL, Folkerth RD, et al. Thalamic damage in periventricular leukomalacia: novel pathologic observations relevant to cognitive deficits in survivors of prematurity. Pediatr Res 2008; in press.

Boardman, 2006, Abnormal deep grey matter development following preterm birth detected using deformation based morphometry, NeuroImage, 32, 70, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.029

Lin, 2001, Quantitative evaluation of thalami and basal ganglia in infants with periventricular leukomalacia, Dev Med Child Neurol, 43, 481, 10.1017/S0012162201000883

Nosarti, 2007, Grey and white matter distribution in very preterm adolescents mediates neurodevelopmental outcome, Brain, 131, 205, 10.1093/brain/awm282

Kesler, 2008, Brain volume reductions within multiple cognitive systems in male preterm children at age twelve, J Pediatr, 152, 513, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.08.009

Abernethy, 2004, Caudate and hippocampal volumes, intelligence, and motor impairment in 7-year-old children who were born preterm, Pediatr Res, 55, 884, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000117843.21534.49

Armstrong, 1987, Neuropathologic findings in short-term survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage, Am J Dis Child, 141, 617

Marin-Padilla, 1997, Developmental neuropathology and impact of perinatal brain damage. II. White matter lesions of the neocortex, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 56, 219, 10.1097/00005072-199703000-00001

Kinney, 2002, Perinatal neuropathology, 519

Inder, 1999, Periventricular white matter injury in the premature infant is associated with a reduction in cerebral cortical gray matter volume at term, Ann Neurol, 46, 755, 10.1002/1531-8249(199911)46:5<755::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-0

Peterson, 2003, Regional brain volumes and their later neurodevelopmental correlates in term and preterm infants, Pediatrics, 111, 939, 10.1542/peds.111.5.939

Thompson, 2008, Neonate hippocampal volumes: prematurity, perinatal predictors, and 2-year outcome, Ann Neurol, 63, 642, 10.1002/ana.21367

Isaacs, 2000, Hippocampal volume and everyday memory in children of very low birth weight, Pediatr Res, 47, 713, 10.1203/00006450-200006000-00006

Allin, 2001, Cognitive and motor function and the size of the cerebellum in adolescents born very pre-term, Brain, 124, 60, 10.1093/brain/124.1.60

Mercuri, 1997, Cerebellar infarction and atrophy in infants and children with a history of premature birth, Pediatr Radiol, 27, 139, 10.1007/s002470050085

Johnsen, 2002, Cerebellar infarction: an unrecognized complication of very low birthweight, J Child Neurol, 17, 320, 10.1177/088307380201700502

Johnsen, 2005, Frequency and nature of cerebellar injury in the extremely premature survivor with cerebral palsy, J Child Neurol, 20, 60, 10.1177/08830738050200011001

Bodensteiner, 2005, Cerebellar injury in the extremely premature infant: newly recognized but relatively common outcome, J Child Neurol, 20, 139, 10.1177/08830738050200021101

Argyropoulou, 2003, MRI measurements of the pons and cerebellum in children born preterm; associations with the severity of periventricular leukomalacia and perinatal risk factors, Neuroradiology, 45, 730, 10.1007/s00234-003-1067-0

Limperopoulos, 2005, Impaired trophic interactions between the cerebellum and the cerebrum among preterm infants, Pediatrics, 116, 844, 10.1542/peds.2004-2282

Messerschmidt, 2005, Disruption of cerebellar development: potential complication of extreme prematurity, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 26, 1659

Limperopoulos, 2005, Late gestation cerebellar growth is rapid and impeded by premature birth, Pediatrics, 115, 688, 10.1542/peds.2004-1169

Srinivasan, 2006, Smaller cerebellar volumes in very preterm infants at term-equivalent age are associated with the presence of supratentorial lesions, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 27, 573

Shah, 2006, Reduction in cerebellar volumes in preterm infants: relationship to white matter injury and neurodevelopment at two years of age, Pediatr Res, 60, 97, 10.1203/01.pdr.0000220324.27597.f0

Yoshida, 2008, Pontine hypoplasia in children with periventricular leukomalacia, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 29, 425, 10.3174/ajnr.A0873

Parker, 2008, Cerebellar growth and behavioural and neuropsychological outcome in preterm adolescents, Brain, 131, 1344, 10.1093/brain/awn062

Bohm, 2004, Impulse control, working memory and other executive functions in preterm children when starting school, Acta Paediatr, 93, 1363, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02938.x

Limperopoulos, 2007, Does cerebellar injury in premature infants contribute to the high prevalence of long-term cognitive, learning, and behavioral disability in survivors?, Pediatrics, 120, 584, 10.1542/peds.2007-1041

Limperopoulos, 2008, Positive screening for autism in ex-preterm infants: prevalence and risk factors, Pediatrics, 121, 758, 10.1542/peds.2007-2158

Mesulan, 2000

Schmahmann, 2004, Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci, 16, 367, 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.16.3.367

Ravizza, 2006, Cerebellar damage produces selective deficits in verbal working memory, Brain, 129, 306, 10.1093/brain/awh685

McNab, 2008, Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory, Nat Neurosci, 11, 103, 10.1038/nn2024

Ito, 2008, Control of mental activities by internal models in the cerebellum, Nat Rev Neurosci, 9, 304, 10.1038/nrn2332

Dobbing, 1970, Vulnerability of developing brain. I. Some lasting effects of x-irradiation, Exp Neurol, 28, 442, 10.1016/0014-4886(70)90181-0

Dobbing, 1974, The later growth of the brain and its vulnerability, Pediatrics, 53, 2, 10.1542/peds.53.1.2

Rivkin, 1995, Oligodendroglial development in human fetal cerebrum, Ann Neurol, 38, 92, 10.1002/ana.410380116

Back, 1997, Cellular and molecular pathogenesis of periventricular white matter injury, Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev, 3, 96, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1997)3:1<96::AID-MRDD12>3.0.CO;2-M

Kinney, 1998, Human oligodendroglial development: relationship to periventricular leukomalacia, Semin Pediatr Neurol, 5, 180, 10.1016/S1071-9091(98)80033-8

Back, 2002, Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage progression during human cerebral white matter development: dissociation between the timing of progenitor differentiation and myelinogenesis, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 61, 197, 10.1093/jnen/61.2.197

Back, 2001, Late oligodendrocyte progenitors coincide with the developmental window of vulnerability for human perinatal white matter injury, J Neurosci, 21, 1302, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-04-01302.2001

Folkerth, 2004, Interferon-gamma expression in periventricular leukomalacia in the human brain, Brain Pathol, 14, 265, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2004.tb00063.x

Folkerth, 2004, Developmental lag in superoxide dismutases relative to other antioxidant enzymes in premyelinated human telencephalic white matter, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 63, 990, 10.1093/jnen/63.9.990

Li, 2005, Peroxynitrite generated by inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase mediates microglial toxicity to oligodendrocytes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 102, 9936, 10.1073/pnas.0502552102

Buntinx, 2004, Cytokine-induced cell death in human oligodendroglial cell lines: I. Synergistic effects of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on apoptosis, J Neurosci Res, 76, 834, 10.1002/jnr.20118

Agresti, 1996, Reversible inhibitory effects of interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α on oligodendroglial lineage cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro, Eur J Neurosci, 8, 1106, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01278.x

Andrews, 1998, TNFα potentiates IFNγ-induced cell death in oligodendrocyte progenitors, J Neurosci Res, 54, 574, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19981201)54:5<574::AID-JNR2>3.0.CO;2-0

Pang, 2005, Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on developing optic nerve oligodendrocytes in culture, J Neurosci Res, 80, 226, 10.1002/jnr.20450

Back, 1998, Maturation-dependent vulnerability of oligodendrocytes to oxidative stress-induced death caused by glutathione depletion, J Neurosci, 18, 6241, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-16-06241.1998

DeSilva, 2007, The glutamate transporter is transiently expressed in developing human cerebral white matter, J Comp Neurol, 501, 879, 10.1002/cne.21289

Karadottir, 2007, Neurotransmitter receptors in the life and death of oligodendrocytes, Neuroscience, 145, 1426, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.070

Manning, 2008, NMDA receptor blockade with memantine attenuates white matter deficits in a rat model of periventricular leukomalacia, J Neurosci, 28, 6670, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1702-08.2008

Haynes, 2005, Axonal development in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant, J Comp Neurol, 484, 156, 10.1002/cne.20453

Rakic, 2000, Programmed cell death in the developing human telencephalon, Eur J Neurosci, 12, 2721, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00153.x

Rezaie, 2002, Differentiation, ramification and distribution of microglia within the central nervous system examined, Neuroembryology, 1, 29, 10.1159/000051020

Hamilton, 1994, Stimulation of in vitro myelin synthesis by microglia, Glia, 11, 326, 10.1002/glia.440110405

Rezaie, 2005, Microglia in the cerebral wall of the human telencephalon at second trimester, Cereb Cortex, 15, 938, 10.1093/cercor/bhh194

Rivest, 2003, Molecular insights on the cerebral innate immune system, Brain Behav Immun, 17, 13, 10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00055-7

Monier, 2006, Distribution and differentiation of microglia in the human encephalon during the first two trimesters of gestation, J Comp Neurol, 499, 565, 10.1002/cne.21123

Billiards, 2006, Development of microglia in the cerebral white matter of the human fetus and infant, J Comp Neurol, 497, 199, 10.1002/cne.20991

Xie, 2002, Peroxynitrite mediates neurotoxicity of amyloid β-peptide1–42- and lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia, J Neurosci, 22, 3484, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03484.2002

Lehnardt, 2003, Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 8514, 10.1073/pnas.1432609100

Larouche, 2005, Neuronal injuries induced by perinatal hypoxic-ischemic insults are potentiated by prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide: animal model for perinatally acquired encephalopathy, Dev Neurosci, 27, 134, 10.1159/000085985

Kostovic, 2002, Correlation between the sequential ingrowth of afferents and transient patterns of cortical lamination in preterm infants, Anat Rec, 267, 1, 10.1002/ar.10069

Kostovic, 2002, Laminar organization of the human fetal cerebrum revealed by histochemical markers and magnetic resonance imaging, Cereb Cortex, 12, 536, 10.1093/cercor/12.5.536

Kostovic, 2006, The development of cerebral connections during the first 20–45 weeks' gestation, Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, 11, 415, 10.1016/j.siny.2006.07.001

Kostovic, 2007, Transient patterns of cortical lamination during prenatal life: do they have implications for treatment?, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 31, 1157, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.018

Bystron, 2008, Development of the human cerebral cortex: Boulder Committee revisited, Nat Rev Neurosci, 9, 110, 10.1038/nrn2252

Ghosh, 1993, A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of connections from thalamus to neocortex, Development, 117, 1031, 10.1242/dev.117.3.1031

McConnell, 1989, Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway from the cerebral cortex, Science, 245, 978, 10.1126/science.2475909

Ghosh, 1990, Requirement for subplate neurons in the formation of thalamocortical connections, Nature, 347, 179, 10.1038/347179a0

Ghosh, 1992, Involvement of subplate neurons in the formation of ocular dominance columns, Science, 255, 1441, 10.1126/science.1542795

Volpe, 1996, Subplate neurons—missing link in brain injury of the premature infant?, Pediatrics, 97, 112

Kanold, 2003, Role of subplate neurons in functional maturation of visual cortical columns, Science, 301, 521, 10.1126/science.1084152

Kanold, 2004, Transient microcircuits formed by subplate neurons and their role in functional development of thalamocortical connections, NeuroReport, 15, 2149, 10.1097/00001756-200410050-00001

Bystron, 2005, Tangential networks of precocious neurons and early axonal outgrowth in the embryonic human forebrain, J Neurosci, 25, 2781, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4770-04.2005

Zecevic, 2005, Contributions of cortical subventricular zone to the development of the human cerebral cortex, J Comp Neurol, 491, 109, 10.1002/cne.20714

Brazel, 2003, Roles of the mammalian subventricular zone in brain development, Prog Neurobiol, 69, 49, 10.1016/S0301-0082(03)00002-9

Letinic, 2002, Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex, Nature, 417, 645, 10.1038/nature00779

Rakic, 2003, Developmental and evolutionary adaptations of cortical radial glia, Cereb Cortex, 13, 541, 10.1093/cercor/13.6.541

Tan, 2002, Developmental neurobiology: cortical liars, Nature, 417, 605, 10.1038/417605a

Bayer, 2004

Letinic, 2001, Telencephalic origin of human thalamic GABAergic neurons, Nat Neurosci, 4, 931, 10.1038/nn0901-931

Montero, 1986, The interneuronal nature of GABAergic neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rhesus monkey: a combined HRP and GABA-immunocytochemical study, Exp Brain Res, 64, 615, 10.1007/BF00340502

Montero, 1986, The proportion and size of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rhesus monkey, Exp Brain Res, 62, 215, 10.1007/BF00237420

Huppi, 1998, Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of brain development in premature and mature newborns, Ann Neurol, 43, 224, 10.1002/ana.410430213

Kapellou, 2006, Abnormal cortical development after premature birth shown by altered allometric scaling of brain growth, PLoS Med, 3, e265, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030265

Dobbing, 1973, Quantitative growth and development of human brain, Arch Dis Child, 48, 757, 10.1136/adc.48.10.757

ten-Donkelaar, 2003, Development and developmental disorders of the human cerebellum, J Neurol, 250, 1025, 10.1007/s00415-003-0199-9

ten-Donkelaar, 2006

Carletti, 2008, Neurogenesis in the cerebellum, Neuroscientist, 14, 91, 10.1177/1073858407304629

Follett, 2000, NBQX attenuates excitotoxic injury in developing white matter, J Neurosci, 20, 9235, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09235.2000

Back, 2002, Selective vulnerability of late oligodendrocyte progenitors to hypoxia-ischemia, J Neurosci, 22, 455, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-02-00455.2002

Bell, 2002, Effects of intrauterine inflammation on developing rat brain, J Neurosci Res, 70, 570, 10.1002/jnr.10423

Duncan, 2002, White matter injury after repeated endotoxin exposure in the preterm ovine fetus, Pediatr Res, 52, 941, 10.1203/00006450-200212000-00021

Deng, 2003, Calcium-permeable AMPA/kainate receptors mediate toxicity and preconditioning by oxygen-glucose deprivation in oligodendrocyte precursors, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 6801, 10.1073/pnas.1136624100

Yoshioka, 1996, Pathophysiology of oligodendroglial excitotoxicity, J Neurosci Res, 46, 427, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19961115)46:4<427::AID-JNR4>3.0.CO;2-I

Matute, 1997, Glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in optic nerve oligodendrocytes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 8830, 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8830

McDonald, 1998, Oligodendrocytes from forebrain are highly vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, Nat Med, 4, 291, 10.1038/nm0398-291

Matute, 2001, The link between excitotoxic oligodendroglial death and demyelinating diseases, Trends Neurosci, 24, 224, 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01746-X

Sanchez-Gomez, 1999, AMPA and kainate receptors each mediate excitotoxicity in oligodendroglial cultures, Neurobiol Dis, 6, 475, 10.1006/nbdi.1999.0264

Itoh, 2002, AMPA glutamate receptor-mediated calcium signaling is transiently enhanced during development of oligodendrocytes, J Neurochem, 81, 390, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00866.x

Rosenberg, 2003, Mature myelin basic protein expressing oligodendrocytes are insensitive to kainate toxicity, J Neurosci Res, 71, 237, 10.1002/jnr.10472

Sanchez-Gomez, 2003, Caspase-dependent and caspase-independent oligodendrocyte death mediated by AMPA and kainate receptors, J Neurosci, 23, 9519, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-29-09519.2003

Deng, 2004, Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, 7751, 10.1073/pnas.0307850101

Deng, 2006, Oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity determined by local glutamate accumulation and mitochondrial function, J Neurochem, 96, 213, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03861.x

Salter, 2005, NMDA receptors are expressed in developing oligodendrocyte processes and mediate injury, Nature, 438, 1167, 10.1038/nature04301

Karadottir, 2005, NMDA receptors are expressed in oligodendrocytes and activated in ischaemia, Nature, 438, 1162, 10.1038/nature04302

Micu, 2006, NMDA receptors mediate calcium accumulation in myelin during chemical ischaemia, Nature, 439, 988, 10.1038/nature04474

Matute, 2006, Oligodendrocyte NMDA receptors: a novel therapeutic target, Trends Mol Med, 12, 289, 10.1016/j.molmed.2006.05.004

Bjartmar, 1999, Axonal pathology in myelin disorders, J Neurocytol, 28, 383, 10.1023/A:1007010205037

Biffiger, 2000, Severe hypomyelination of the murine CNS in the absence of myelin-associated glycoprotein and fyn tyrosine kinase, J Neurosci, 20, 7430, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-19-07430.2000

Gotow, 1999, Abnormal expression of neurofilament proteins in dysmyelinating axons located in the central nervous system of jimpy mutant mice, Eur J Neurosci, 11, 3893, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00820.x

Lappe-Siefke, 2003, Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination, Nat Genet, 33, 366, 10.1038/ng1095

Rasband, 2005, CNP is required for maintenance of axon–glia interactions at nodes of Ranvier in the CNS, Glia, 50, 86, 10.1002/glia.20165

Dutta, 2007, Pathogenesis of axonal and neuronal damage in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 68, S22, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000275229.13012.32

Roy, 2007, Loss of erbB signaling in oligodendrocytes alters myelin and dopaminergic function, a potential mechanism for neuropsychiatric disorders, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 104, 8131, 10.1073/pnas.0702157104

Nakazawa, 2006, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates oligodendrocyte death and delayed retinal ganglion cell loss in a mouse model of glaucoma, J Neurosci, 26, 12633, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2801-06.2006

Wilkins, 2003, Oligodendrocytes promote neuronal survival and axonal length by distinct intracellular mechanisms: a novel role for oligodendrocyte-derived glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, J Neurosci, 23, 4967, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-04967.2003

Dai, 2003, The trophic role of oligodendrocytes in the basal forebrain, J Neurosci, 23, 5846, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05846.2003

Du, 2002, Oligodendrocytes as providers of growth factors, J Neurosci, 68, 647

Sizonenko, 2003, Selective cortical alteration after hypoxic-ischemic injury in the very immature rat brain, Pediatr Res, 54, 263, 10.1203/01.PDR.0000072517.01207.87

McCarran, 2007, White matter axon vulnerability to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated ischemic injury is developmentally regulated, J Neurosci, 27, 4220, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5542-06.2007

Tekkok, 2001, AMPA/kainate receptor activation mediates hypoxic oligodendrocyte death and axonal injury in cerebral white matter, J Neurosci, 21, 4237, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-12-04237.2001

Wakita, 2002, Axonal damage and demyelination in the white matter after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat, Brain Res, 924, 63, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03223-1

Romanko, 2004, Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone are resilient to hypoxia/ischemia whereas progenitors are vulnerable, J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol, 24, 814, 10.1097/01.WCB.0000123906.17746.00

Chase, 1969, Undernutrition and cerebellar development, Nature, 221, 554, 10.1038/221554a0

Howard, 1968, Reductions in size and total DNA of cerebrum and cerebellum in adult mice after corticosterone treatment in infancy, Exp Neurol, 22, 191, 10.1016/0014-4886(68)90051-4

Hutton, 2007, Injury of the developing cerebellum: a brief review of the effects of endotoxin and asphyxial challenges in the late gestation sheep fetus, Cerebellum

Joashi, 1999, Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage precedes neuronal death in the hippocampus and cerebellum following injury to the developing rat forebrain, Eur J Neurosci, 11, 91, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00409.x

Inder, 2002, Elevated free radical products in the cerebrospinal fluid of VLBW infants with cerebral white matter injury, Pediatr Res, 52, 213, 10.1203/00006450-200208000-00013

Savman, 2001, Non-protein-bound iron is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid from preterm infants with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation, Pediatr Res, 49, 208, 10.1203/00006450-200102000-00013

Yakubu, 1997, 5-hydroxtryptamine-induced vasoconstriction after cerebral hematoma in piglets, Pediatr Res, 41, 317, 10.1203/00006450-199703000-00002

Yakubu, 1994, Subarachnoid hematoma attenuates vasodilation and potentiates vasoconstriction induced by vasoactive agents in newborn pigs, Pediatr Res, 36, 589, 10.1203/00006450-199411000-00009

Juliet, 2008, Proinflammatory cytokine production by cultured neonatal rat microglia after exposure to blood products, Brain Res, 1210, 230, 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.099

Murphy, 2002, Posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in the premature infant—natural history and predictors of outcome, Arch Dis Child, 87, F37, 10.1136/fn.87.1.F37

Bassan, 2006, Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction: risk factors and neonatal outcome, Pediatr Neurol, 35, 85, 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.03.005

Marin-Padilla, 1996, Developmental neuropathology and impact of perinatal brain damage. I. Hemorrhagic lesions of neocortex, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 55, 758, 10.1097/00005072-199607000-00002