Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control

Clinical Neurophysiology - Tập 113 Số 6 - Trang 767-791 - 2002
Jonathan R. Wolpaw1,2, Niels Birbaumer3,4, Dennis J. McFarland1, Gert Pfurtscheller5, Theresa M. Vaughan1
1Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 509, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA
2State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
3Department of Psychophysiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
4Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
5Department of Medical Informatics, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Allison, 2000, ERPs in response to different display parameters and implications for brain–computer interface systems, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 26, 2232

Altenmüller, 1999, Psychophysiology and the EEG, 637

Anderer, 1999, Artifact processing in computerized analysis of sleep EEG – a review, Neuropsychobiology, 40, 150, 10.1159/000026613

Anderson, 1998, Multivariate autoregressive models for classification of spontaneous electroencephalographic signals during mental tasks, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 45, 277, 10.1109/10.661153

Armstrong, 1996, Adaptive logic networks

Arpaia, 1989, A characterization of a single-trial adaptive filter and its implementation in the frequency domain, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 73, 362, 10.1016/0013-4694(89)90114-4

Babiloni, 2000, Linear classification of low-resolution EEG patterns produced by imagined hand movements, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 186, 10.1109/86.847810

Barreto, 2000, A practical EMG-based human–computer interface for users with motor disabilities, J Rehabil Res Dev, 37, 53

Bayliss, 2000, A virtual reality testbed for brain–computer interface research, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 188, 10.1109/86.847811

Berger, 1929, Uber das electrenkephalogramm des menchen, Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr, 87, 527, 10.1007/BF01797193

Birbaumer, 1990, Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior, Physiol Rev, 70, 1, 10.1152/physrev.1990.70.1.1

Birbaumer, 1997, Slow cortical potentials: their origin, meaning, and clinical use, 25

Birbaumer, 1999, A spelling device for the paralyzed, Nature, 398, 297, 10.1038/18581

Birbaumer, 1999, Rain Man's revelations, Nature, 399, 211, 10.1038/20329

Birbaumer, 2000, The thought translation device (TTD) for completely paralyzed patients, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 190, 10.1109/86.847812

Birch, 1993, Single-trial processing of event-related potentials using outlier information, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 40, 59, 10.1109/10.204772

Birch, 2000, Brain–computer interface research at the Neil Squire Foundation, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 193, 10.1109/86.847813

Black, 1970, Avoidance training of hippocampal theta waves in flaxedilized dogs and its relation to skeletal movement, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 70, 15, 10.1037/h0028393

Black, 1971, The direct control of neural processes by reward and punishment, Am Sci, 59, 236

Black, 1973, The operant conditioning of the electrical activity in the brain as a method for controlling neural and mental processes, 35

Carter, 1997, Rehabilitation management in neuromuscular disease, J Neurol Rehabil, 11, 69

Chapin, 1999, Real-time control of a robot arm using simultaneously recorded neurons in the motor cortex, Nat Neurosci, 2, 664, 10.1038/10223

Chatrian, 1976, The mu rhythm, 46

Chen, 1999, The new design of an infrared-controlled human–computer interface for the disabled, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 7, 474, 10.1109/86.808951

Coles, 1995, Event-related potentials: an introduction

Craggs, 1975, Cortical control of motor prostheses: using the cord-transected baboon as the primate model for human paraplegia, Adv Neurol, 10, 91

Croft, 2000, Removal of ocular artifact from the EEG: a review, Neurophysiol Clin, 30, 5, 10.1016/S0987-7053(00)00055-1

Dalton, 1969, Discriminative conditioning of hippocampal electrical activity in curarized dogs, Comm Behav Bio, 3, 283

Damper, 1987, Hand-held text-to-speech device for the non-vocal disabled, J Biomed Eng, 9, 332, 10.1016/0141-5425(87)90082-3

De Foa, 1991, Issues in cochlear prosthetics from an international survey of opinions, Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 7, 403, 10.1017/S0266462300005766

Dewan, 1967, Occipital alpha rhythm, eye position and lens accommodation, Nature, 214, 975, 10.1038/214975a0

Dibartolo, 1997, Effects of anxiety on attentional allocation and task performance: an information processing analysis, Behav Res Ther, 35, 1101, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00076-4

Donoghue, 1994, Motor areas of the cerebral cortex, J Clin Neurophysiol, 11, 382

Donchin, 1970, The contingent negative variation and the late positive wave of the average evoked potential, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 29, 201, 10.1016/0013-4694(70)90124-0

Donchin, 1981, Presidential address, 1980. Surprise!…Surprise?, Psychophysiology, 18, 493, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01815.x

Donchin, 2000, The mental prosthesis: assessing the speed of a P300-based brain–computer interface, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 174, 10.1109/86.847808

Elbert, 1980, Biofeedback of slow cortical potentials, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 48, 293, 10.1016/0013-4694(80)90265-5

Evarts, 1966, Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey, J Neurophysiol, 29, 1011, 10.1152/jn.1966.29.6.1011

Fabiani, 1987, Definition, identification and reliability of the P300 component of the event-related brain potential, 1

Farwell, 1988, Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prothesis utilizing event-related brain potentials, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 70, 510, 10.1016/0013-4694(88)90149-6

Ferguson, 1999, Walking with a hybrid orthosis system, Spinal Cord, 37, 800, 10.1038/sj.sc.3100922

Fetz, 1975, Correlations between activity of motor cortex cells and arm muscles during operantly conditioned response patterns, Exp Brain Res, 23, 217, 10.1007/BF00239736

Ficke, 1991

Finley, 1984, Biofeedback of very early potentials from the brain stem, 143

Fisch, 1999

Gastaut, 1952, Etude electrocorticographique de la reactivite des rythmes rolandiques, Rev Neurol, 87, 176

Georgopoulos, 1986, Neuronal population coding of movement direction, Science, 233, 1416, 10.1126/science.3749885

Ghez, 2000, Voluntary movement, 653

Glover, 1986, P300-like potentials in the normal monkey using classical conditioning and the auditory ‘oddball’ paradigm, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 65, 231, 10.1016/0168-5597(86)90058-4

Goncharova, 2000, EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI) communication: scalp topography of EMG contamination, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 26, 1229

Gratton, 1983, A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 55, 468, 10.1016/0013-4694(83)90135-9

Guger, 1999, Design of an EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI) from standard components running in real-time under Windows, Biomed Tech, 44, 12, 10.1515/bmte.1999.44.1-2.12

Hardman, 1997, Frontal interhemispheric asymmetry: self regulation and individual differences in humans, Neurosci Lett, 221, 117, 10.1016/S0304-3940(96)13303-6

Heetderks, 1995, Chronic multiple unit recording of neural activity with micromachined silicon electrodes, 649

Hjorth, 1991, Principles for transformation of scalp EEG from potential field into source distribution, J Clin Neurophysiol, 8, 391, 10.1097/00004691-199110000-00004

Hoffer, 1996, Neural signals for command control and feedback in functional neuromuscular stimulation: a review, J Rehabil Res Dev, 33, 145

Houk, 1981, Neural control of muscle length and tension, 257

Hufschmidt, 1990, Statistical evaluation of slow brain potentials on the basis of single trials, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 76, 413, 10.1016/0013-4694(90)90095-2

Humphrey, 1986, Representation of movements and muscles within the primate pre-central motor cortex: historical and current perspectives, Fed Proc, 45, 2687

Ikeda, 1992, Invasive recording of movement-related cortical potentials in humans, J Clin Neurophysiol, 9, 409, 10.1097/00004691-199210000-00005

Isaacs, 2000, Work towards a real-time control of a cortical neural prothesis, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 196, 10.1109/86.847814

Jain, 2000, Statistical pattern recognition: a review, IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell, 22, 4, 10.1109/34.824819

Jung, 2000, Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation, Psychophysiology, 37, 163, 10.1111/1469-8986.3720163

Kaiser, 2001, Self-initiation of EEG-based communication in paralyzed patients, Clin Neurophysiol, 112, 551, 10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00470-9

Kennedy, 1989, The cone electrode: a long-term electrode that records from neurites grown onto its recording surface, J Neurosci Methods, 29, 181, 10.1016/0165-0270(89)90142-8

Kennedy, 1998, Restoration of neural output from a paralyzed patient by a direct brain connection, NeuroReport, 9, 1707, 10.1097/00001756-199806010-00007

Kennedy, 2000, Direct control of a computer from the human central nervous system, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 198, 10.1109/86.847815

Keirn, 1990, A new mode of communication between man and his surroundings, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 37, 1209, 10.1109/10.64464

Kilgore, 1997, An implantable upper-extremity neuroprothesis, J Bone Joint Surg, 79A, 533, 10.2106/00004623-199704000-00008

Kostov, 2000, Parallel man-machine training in development of EEG-based cursor control, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 203, 10.1109/86.847816

Kotchoubey, 1996, Self-regulation of interhemispheric asymmetry in humans, Neurosci Lett, 214, 91, 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12938-4

Kotchoubey, 1997, A new method for self-regulation of slow cortical potentials in a timed paradigm, Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 22, 77, 10.1023/A:1026272127923

Kotchoubey, 2002, Is there a mind? Electrophysiology of unconscious patients, News Physiol Sci, 17, 38

Kozelka, 1990, Beta and mu rhythms, J Clin Neurophysiol, 7, 191, 10.1097/00004691-199004000-00004

Kübler, 2000

Kübler, 1999, The thought translation device: a neurophysiological approach to communication in total motor paralysis, Exp Brain Res, 124, 223, 10.1007/s002210050617

Kübler, 2001, Brain–computer communication: unlock the locked-in, Psychol Bull, 127, 358, 10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.358

Kubota, 2000, New ocular movement detector system as a communication tool in ventilator-assisted Werdnig–Hoffmann disease, Dev Med Child Neurol, 42, 61, 10.1017/S0012162200000116

Kuhlman, 1978, EEG feedback training of epileptic patients: clinical and electroencephalographic analysis, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 45, 699, 10.1016/0013-4694(78)90138-4

LaCourse, 1990, An eye movement communication-control system for the disabled, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 37, 1215, 10.1109/10.64465

Lang, 1996, Electric and magnetic fields of the brain accompanying internal simulation of movement, Cogn Brain Res, 3, 125, 10.1016/0926-6410(95)00037-2

Lang, 2000, Learning effects on event-related brain potentials, NeuroReport, 11, 3327, 10.1097/00001756-200010200-00013

Lange, 1995, Segmented matched filtering of single event related evoked potentials, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 42, 317, 10.1109/10.364520

Lauer, 1999, EEG-based control of a hand grasp neuroprothesis, NeuroReport, 10, 1767, 10.1097/00001756-199906030-00026

Lauer, 2000, Applications of cortical signals to neuroprosthetic control: a critical review, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 205, 10.1109/86.847817

Levine, 1999, Identification of electrocorticogram patterns as a basis for a direct brain interface, J Clin Neurophysiol, 16, 439, 10.1097/00004691-199909000-00005

Levine, 2000, A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 180, 10.1109/86.847809

Liu, 1999, Stability of the interface between neural tissue and chronically implanted intracortical microelectrodes, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 7, 315, 10.1109/86.788468

Lopes da Silva, 1987, Parametric methods in EEG analysis, 243

Lopes da Silva, 1991, Neural mechanisms underlying brain waves: from neural membranes to networks, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 79, 81, 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90044-5

Lopes da Silva, 1999, Event-related potentials: methodology and quantification, 947

Makeig, 2000, A natural basis for efficient brain-actuated control, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 208, 10.1109/86.847818

Marple, 1987

Mason, 2000, A brain-controlled switch for asynchonous control applications, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 47, 1297, 10.1109/10.871402

McFarland, 1997, Design and operation of an EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI) with digital signal processing technology, Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput, 29, 337, 10.3758/BF03200585

McFarland, 1997, Spatial filter selection for EEG-based communication, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 103, 386, 10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00022-2

McFarland, 1998, EEG-based communication: short-term role of feedback, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 6, 7, 10.1109/86.662615

McFarland, 1999, EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI): user-paced versus fixed-paced trials, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 25, 1413

McFarland, 2000, Mu and beta rhythm topographies during motor imagery and actual movement, Brain Topogr, 3, 177, 10.1023/A:1023437823106

McFarland, 2000, EEG-based brain–computer interface communication effect of target number and trial length on information transfer rate, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 26, 1228

Michalski, 1999, Feedback processing as parallel task in P300 conditioning, Acta Neurobiol Exp, 59, 123, 10.55782/ane-1999-1303

Middendorf, 2000, Brain–computer interfaces based on steady-state visual evoked response, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 211, 10.1109/86.847819

Miltner, 1988, Biofeedback of somatosensory event-related potentials: can individual pain sensations be modified by biofeedback-induced self-control of event-related potentials, Pain, 35, 205, 10.1016/0304-3959(88)90228-X

Miner, 1996, EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI) training in a man with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Soc Neurosci Abstr, 22, 891

Miner, 1998, Answering questions with an EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI), Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 79, 1029, 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90165-4

Mineva, 1996, Method for single-trial readiness potential identification, based on singular spectrum analysis, J Neurosci Methods, 68, 91, 10.1016/0165-0270(96)00012-X

Müller, 1997, Short-term effects of behavioral treatment on movement initiation and postural control in Parkinson's disease: a controlled clinical study, Mov Disord, 12, 306, 10.1002/mds.870120308

Müller-Gerking, 1999, Designing optimal spatial filters for single-trial EEG classification in a movement task, Clin Neurophysiol, 110, 787, 10.1016/S1388-2457(98)00038-8

1996

Mushahwar, 2000, Spinal cord microstimulation generates functional limb movements in chronically implanted cats, Exp Neurol, 163, 422, 10.1006/exnr.2000.7381

National Advisory Board on Medical Rehabilitation Research. Report and Research Plan for the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health. 1992.

Neidermeyer, 1999, The normal EEG of the waking adult, 149

Neuper, 1999, Enhancement of left–right sensorimotor EEG differences during feedback-regulated motor imagery, J Clin Neurophysiol, 16, 373, 10.1097/00004691-199907000-00010

Nicolelis, 1998, Simultanious encoding of tactile information by three primate cortical areas, Nat Neurosci, 7, 621, 10.1038/2855

Nobre, 2000, The dynamics of shifting visuospacial attention revealed by event-related potentials, Neuropsychologia, 38, 964, 10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00015-4

Nowles, 1970, The control of electroencephalographic alpha rhythms through auditory feedback and the associated mental activity, Psychophysiology, 6, 75

Nunez, 1994, A theoretical and experimental study of high resolution EEG based on surface Laplacians and cortical imaging, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 90, 40, 10.1016/0013-4694(94)90112-0

Nunez, 1997, EEG coherency. I: Statistics, reference electrode, volume conduction, Laplacians, cortical imaging, and interpretation at miltiple scales, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 103, 499, 10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00066-7

Nuwer, 1999, Spinal cord recording, 823

Obermaier, 2001, Hidden Markov models used for online classification of single trial EEG, Pattern Recognition Letters, 22, 1299, 10.1016/S0167-8655(01)00075-7

Parday, 1996, A review of parametric techniques for EEG analysis, Med Eng Phys, 18, 2, 10.1016/1350-4533(95)00024-0

Penny, 2000, EEG-based communication: a pattern recognition approach, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 214, 10.1109/86.847820

Perelmouter, 1999, Language support program for thought-translation devices, Automedica, 18, 67

Perelmouter, 2000, A binary spelling interface with random errors, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 227, 10.1109/86.847824

Pfurtscheller, 1979, Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 46, 138, 10.1016/0013-4694(79)90063-4

Pfurtscheller, 1989, Functional topography during sensorimotor activation studied with event-related desynchronization mapping, J Clin Neurophysiol, 6, 75, 10.1097/00004691-198901000-00003

Pfurtscheller, 1989, Patterns of cortical activation during planning of voluntary movement, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 72, 250, 10.1016/0013-4694(89)90250-2

Pfurtscheller, 1993, Brain-computer interface – a new communication device for handicapped persons, J Microcomput Appl, 16, 293, 10.1006/jmca.1993.1030

Pfurtscheller, 1996, EEG-based brain–computer interface (BCI): search for optimal electrode positions and frequency components, Med Prog Technol, 21, 111

Pfurtscheller, 1997, Motor imagery activates primary sensorimotor area in man, Neurosci Lett, 239, 65, 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00889-6

Pfurtscheller, 1997, EEG-based discrimination between imagination of right and left hand movement, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 103, 642, 10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00080-1

Pfurtscheller, 1998, Separability of EEG signals recorded during right and left motor imagery using adaptive autoregressive parameters, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 6, 316, 10.1109/86.712230

Pfurtscheller, 1999, EEG event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS), 958

Pfurtscheller, 1999, Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles, Clin Neurophysiol, 110, 1842, 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8

1999

Pfurtscheller, 2000, Current trends in Graz Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) research, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 216, 10.1109/86.847821

Pfurtscheller, 2000, Brain oscillations control hand orthosis in a tetraplegic, Neurosci Lett, 292, 211, 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01471-3

Pfurtscheller, 2001, Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication, Proc IEEE, 89, 1123, 10.1109/5.939829

Pierce, 1980

Pineda, 2000, The effects of self-movement, observation, imagination on Mu rhythms and readiness potentials (RPs): toward a brain–computer interface (BCI), IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 219, 10.1109/86.847822

Polak MJ. Adaptive logic networks in a brain–computer interface system. Graduate thesis. Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Computer Science, University of Alberta. September 2000.

Polich, 1999, P300 in clinical applications, 1073

Pregenzer, 1996, Automated feature selection with a distinction sensitive learning vector quantizier, Neurocomp, 11, 19, 10.1016/0925-2312(94)00071-9

Pregenzer, 1999, Frequency component selection for and EEG-based brain computer interface, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 7, 413, 10.1109/86.808944

Ramoser, 1997, EEG-based communication: evaluation of alternative signal prediction methods, Biomed Tech, 42, 226, 10.1515/bmte.1997.42.9.226

Ravden, 1999, On P300 measurement stability, habituation, intra-trial block variation, and ultadian rhythms, Biol Psychol, 51, 59, 10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00015-0

Relman, 1981, The Ingelfinger rule, N Engl J Med, 305, 824, 10.1056/NEJM198110013051408

Rice, 1993, Biofeedback treatments of generalized anxiety disorder: preliminary results, Biofeedback Self Regul, 18, 93, 10.1007/BF01848110

Robbins, 2001, Quality of life in ALS is maintained as physical function declines, Neurology, 56, 442, 10.1212/WNL.56.4.442

Roberts, 2000, Real-time brain–computer interfacing: a preliminary study using Bayesian learning, Med Biol Eng Comput, 38, 56, 10.1007/BF02344689

Rockstroh, 1989

Rockstroh, 1984, Operant control of EEG and event-related and slow brain potentials, Biofeedback Self Regul, 9, 139, 10.1007/BF00998830

Roder, 1996, Event-related potentials during auditory and somatosensory discrimination in sighted and blind human subjects, Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 4, 77, 10.1016/0926-6410(96)00024-9

Rosenfeld, 1990, Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback of event-related potentials (brain waves): historical perspective, review, future directions, Biofeedback Self Regul, 15, 99, 10.1007/BF00999142

Salmoni, 1984, Knowledge of results and motor learning: a review and critical appraisal, Psychol Bull, 5, 355, 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.355

Samar, 1999, Wavelet analysis of neuroelectric waveforms: a conceptual tutorial, Brain Lang, 66, 7, 10.1006/brln.1998.2024

Schalk, 2000, EEG-based communication and control: presence of error potentials, Clin Neurophysiol, 111, 2138, 10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00457-0

Schalk, 2001, BCI2000: development of a general purpose brain–computer interface (BCI) system, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 27, 168

Scherer, 1997, Assessing consumer profiles of ‘ideal’ assistive technologies in ten categories: an integration of quantitative and qualitative methods, Disabil Rehabil, 19, 528, 10.3109/09638289709166046

Schlögl, 1997, Adaptive autoregressive modeling used for single-trial EEG classification, Biomed Tech, 42, 162, 10.1515/bmte.1997.42.6.162

Schmidt, 1980, Single neuron recording from motor cortex as a possible source of signals for control of external devices, Ann Biomed Eng, 8, 339, 10.1007/BF02363437

Schmidt, 1988, Long-term implants of Parylene-C coated microelectrodes, Med Biol Eng Comput, 26, 96, 10.1007/BF02441836

Schwartz, 1993, Motor cortical activity during drawing movement: population representation during sinusoid tracing, J Neurophysiol, 70, 28, 10.1152/jn.1993.70.1.28

Serruya, 2002, Brain-machine interface: Instant neural control of a movement signal, Nature, 416, 141, 10.1038/416141a

Shannon, 1964

Siniatchkin, 2000, Neurofeedback – the significance of reinforcement and the search for an appropriate strategy and the success of self-regulation, Appl Psychophys Biofeedback, 25, 167, 10.1023/A:1009502808906

Sommer, 1992, Operant conditioning of P300, Biol Psychol, 33, 37, 10.1016/0301-0511(92)90004-E

Sterman, 2000, Basic concepts and clinical findings in the treatment of seizure disorders with EEG operant conditioning, Clin Neurophysiol, 31, 45

Stroh Wuolle, 1999, Satisfaction with and usage of a hand neuroprothesis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80, 206, 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90123-5

Sutter EE. The visual evoked response as a communication channel. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Biosensors, 1984. p. 95–100.

Sutter, 1992, The brain response interface: communication through visually-induced electrical brain responses, J Microcomput Appl, 15, 31, 10.1016/0745-7138(92)90045-7

Sutter, 1992, The field topography of ERG components in man, Vision Res, 32, 433, 10.1016/0042-6989(92)90235-B

Sutton, 1965, Evoked correlates of stimulus uncertainty, Science, 150, 1187, 10.1126/science.150.3700.1187

Taylor, 2001, Direct 3D control of an upper limb neural prosthesis using motor cortex cells trained in a brain-controlled virtual movement task, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 27, 335

Tecce, 1998, Eye movement control of computer functions, Int J Psychophysiol, 29, 319, 10.1016/S0167-8760(98)00020-8

Teder-Sälejärvi, 1999, Intra-modal and cross-modal spatial attention to auditory and visual stimuli. An event-related brain potential study, Cogn Brain Res, 8, 327, 10.1016/S0926-6410(99)00037-3

ten Kate, 1989, Optical and eye-controlled communication aids, J Med Eng Technol, 13, 63, 10.3109/03091908909030197

Thomas, 1977

Travis, 1975, Alpha enhancement research: a review, Biol Psychiatry, 10, 69

Vaughan, 2001, EEG-based brain–computer interface: development of a speller, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 27, 167

Vaughan, 1998, EEG-based communication: analysis of concurrent EMG activity, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 107, 428, 10.1016/S0013-4694(98)00107-2

Vaughan, 1999, EEG-based communication with topographically differentiated mu and beta rhythms, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 25, 1412

Vidal, 1973, Towards direct brain–computer communication, Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng, 2, 157, 10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105

Vidal, 1977, Real-time detection of brain events in EEG, IEEE Proc, 65, 633, 10.1109/PROC.1977.10542

Walter, 1964, Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain, Nature, 203, 380, 10.1038/203380a0

Wessberg, 2000, Real-time prediction of hand trajectory by ensemble of cortical neurons in primates, Nature, 408, 361, 10.1038/35042582

Williams, 1999, Long-term neural recording characteristics of wire microelectrode arrays implanted in cerebral cortex, Brain Res Brain Res Protocol, 4, 303, 10.1016/S1385-299X(99)00034-3

Wolpaw, 1991, An EEG-based brain–computer interface for cursor control, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 78, 252, 10.1016/0013-4694(91)90040-B

Wolpaw, 1994, Multichannel EEG-based brain–computer communication, Electroenceph clin Neurophysiol, 90, 444, 10.1016/0013-4694(94)90135-X

Wolpaw, 1997, Timing of EEG-based cursor control, J Clin Neurophysiol, 16, 529, 10.1097/00004691-199711000-00010

Wolpaw, 1998, EEG-based communication: improved accuracy by response verification, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 6, 326, 10.1109/86.712231

Wolpaw, 2000, Brain–computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 161, 10.1109/TRE.2000.847807

Wolpaw, 2000, Brain–computer interface research at the Wadsworth Center, IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 8, 222, 10.1109/86.847823

Wolpaw, 2000, BCI2000: a general purpose brain–computer interface system, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 26, 1229

Wyler, 1978, Factors influencing accuracy of operant conditioning of tract neurons in monkey, Brain Res, 152, 418, 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90275-5

Wyler, 1979, Operant control of precentral neurons in monkeys: evidence against open loop control, Brain Res, 171, 29, 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90729-7

Wyricka, 1968, Instrumental conditioning of sensorimotor cortex EEG spindles in the waking cat, Psychol Behav, 3, 703

Zhou, 1993