Bone strength is related to muscle volume in ambulant individuals with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy

Lee, 1990, Pathologic fractures in severely handicapped children and young adults, J Pediatr Orthop, 10, 497, 10.1097/01241398-199010040-00014

McIvor, 1966, Fractures in patients with cerebral palsy, J Bone Joint Surg Am, 48, 858, 10.2106/00004623-196648050-00003

Presedo, 2007, Fractures in patients with cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop, 27, 147, 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3180317403

Leet, 2006, Fractures in children with cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop, 26, 624, 10.1097/01.bpo.0000235228.45539.c7

Stevenson, 2006, Fracture rate in children with cerebral palsy, Pediatr Rehabil, 9, 396, 10.1080/13638490600668061

Goulding, 2007, Risk factors for fractures in normally active children and adolescents, Med Sport Sci, 51, 102, 10.1159/000103007

Clark, 2006, Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study, J Bone Miner Res, 21, 1489, 10.1359/jbmr.060601

Prentice, 1994, Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants, Am J Clin Nutr, 60, 837, 10.1093/ajcn/60.6.837

Stallings, 1993, Nutritional status and growth of children with diplegic or hemiplegic cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 35, 997, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1993.tb11582.x

Binkley, 2005, Bone measurements by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) in children with cerebral palsy, J Pediatr, 147, 791, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.07.014

Hogler, 2003, A comparison of bone geometry and cortical density at the mid-femur between prepuberty and young adulthood using magnetic resonance imaging, Bone, 33, 771, 10.1016/S8756-3282(03)00266-7

Modlesky, 2009, Evaluation of the femoral midshaft in children with cerebral palsy using magnetic resonance imaging, Osteoporos Int, 20, 609, 10.1007/s00198-008-0718-8

Rauch, 2005, Bone growth in length and width: the Yin and Yang of bone stability, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 5, 194

Macdonald, 2006, Bone strength and its determinants in pre- and early pubertal boys and girls, Bone, 39, 598, 10.1016/j.bone.2006.02.057

van der Meulen, 1996, Determinants of femoral geometry and structure during adolescent growth, J Orthop Res, 14, 22, 10.1002/jor.1100140106

Rubin, 1982, Limb mechanics as a function of speed and gait: a study of functional strains in the radius and tibia of horse and dog, J Exp Biol, 101, 187, 10.1242/jeb.101.1.187

Aamodt, 1997, In vivo measurements show tensile axial strain in the proximal lateral aspect of the human femur, J Orthop Res, 15, 927, 10.1002/jor.1100150620

Wiley, 1998, Lower-extremity strength profiles in spastic cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 40, 100, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15369.x

Fry, 2007, Changes in the volume and length of the medial gastrocnemius after surgical recession in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop, 27, 769, 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181558943

Oberhofer, 2010, Subject-specific modelling of lower limb muscles in children with cerebral palsy, Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 25, 88, 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2009.09.007

Elder, 2003, Contributing factors to muscle weakness in children with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 542, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00954.x

Barber, 2011, Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume and fascicle length in children aged 2 to 5years with cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 53, 543, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03913.x

Barrett, 2010, Gross muscle morphology and structure in spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review, Dev Med Child Neurol, 52, 794, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03686.x

Malaiya, 2007, The morphology of the medial gastrocnemius in typically developing children and children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 17, 657, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.02.009

Shortland, 2009, Muscle deficits in cerebral palsy and early loss of mobility: can we learn something from our elders?, Dev Med Child Neurol, 51, 59, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03434.x

Noble, 2013, Lower limb muscle volumes in bilateral spastic cerebral palsy, Brain Dev, 36, 294, 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.05.008

The WHO Growth reference data for 5–19 years. In.

Timoshenko, 1972

Ruff, 2003, Growth in bone strength, body size, and muscle size in a juvenile longitudinal sample, Bone, 33, 317, 10.1016/S8756-3282(03)00161-3

Rosset, 2004, OsiriX: an open-source software for navigating in multidimensional DICOM images, J Digit Imaging, 17, 205, 10.1007/s10278-004-1014-6

Kutner, 2004

Gaskin, 2008, Physical activity, health-related quality of life, and psychosocial functioning of adults with cerebral palsy, J Phys Act Health, 5, 146, 10.1123/jpah.5.1.146

van Eck, 2008, Physical activity level and related factors in adolescents with cerebral palsy, Pediatr Exerc Sci, 20, 95, 10.1123/pes.20.1.95

Frost, 1987, Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: a proposal, Anat Rec, 219, 1, 10.1002/ar.1092190104

Frost, 2000, Muscle, bone, and the Utah paradigm: a 1999 overview, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32, 911, 10.1097/00005768-200005000-00006

Stackhouse, 2005, Voluntary muscle activation, contractile properties, and fatigability in children with and without cerebral palsy, Muscle Nerve, 31, 594, 10.1002/mus.20302

Rose, 2005, Neuromuscular activation and motor-unit firing characteristics in cerebral palsy, Dev Med Child Neurol, 47, 329, 10.1017/S0012162205000629

Lieber, 2000, Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture, Muscle Nerve, 23, 1647, 10.1002/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1647::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-M

Wren, 2010, Effect of high-frequency, low-magnitude vibration on bone and muscle in children with cerebral palsy, J Pediatr Orthop, 30, 732, 10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181efbabc