Bone mineral: update on chemical composition and structure

de Jong WF (1926) La substance minerale dans les os. Recl Trav Chim Pays—Bas Belg 45:445–448

Roseberry HH, Hastings AB, Morse JK (1931) X-ray analysis of bone and teeth. J Biol Chem 90:395–407

Rey C, Miquel J, Facchini L, Legrand A et al (1995) Hydroxyl groups in bone mineral. Bone 16:583–586

Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Freeman JJ et al (2004) Lack of OH in nanocrystalline apatite as a function of degree of atomic order: implications for bone and biomaterials. Biomaterials 25:229–238

Loong CK, Rey C, Kuhn LT et al (2000) Evidence of hydroxyl-ion deficiency in bone apatites: an inelastic neutron-scattering study. Bone 26:599–602

Wu Y, Ackerman JL, Kim H-M et al (2002) Nuclear magnetic resonance spin-spin relaxation of the crystals of bone, dental enamel and synthetic hydroxyapatite. J Bone Miner Res 17:472–480

Wu Y, Glimcher MJ, Rey C et al (1994) A unique protonated phosphate group in bone mineral and not present in synthetic calcium phosphates. Identification by phosphorus-31 solid state NMR spectroscopy. J Mol Biol 244:423–435

Stuhler R (1938) In: Fortschr Gebiete Rontgenstrahlen 57:231

Robinson RA (1952) An electron microscopic study of the crystalline inorganic components of bone and its relationship to the organic matrix. J Bone Joint Surg 34:389–476

Robinson RA, Watson ML (1953) Collagen-crystal relationships in bone as seen in the electron microscope. Anat Rec 114:383–409

Robinson RA, Watson ML (1955) Crystal-collagen relationships in bone as observed in the electron microscope. III. Crystal and collagen morphology as a function of age. Ann NY Acad Sci 60:596–628

Engstrom A, Finean JB (1953) Low-angle X-ray diffraction of bone. Nature 171:564

Finean JB, Engstrom A (1953) The low-angle scatter of X-rays from bone tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta 11:178–189

Finean JB, Engstrom A (1954) Low-angle reflection in X-ray diffraction patterns of bone tissue. Experientia 10:63–64

Carlstrom D, Finean J (1954) X-ray diffraction studies on the ultrastructure of bone. Biochim Biophys Acta 13:183–191

Bocciarelli DS (1973) Apatite microcrystals in bone and dentin. J Microsc 16:21–34

Bocciarelli DS (1970) Morphology of crystallites in bone. Calcif Tissue Res 5:261–69

Kim HM, Rey C, Glimcher MJ (1995) Isolation of calcium-phosphate crystals of bone by non-aqueous methods at low temperature. J Bone Miner Res 10:1589–1601

Tong W, Glimcher MJ, Katz JL et al (2003) Size and shape of mineralities in young bovine bone measured by atomic force microscopy. Calcif Tissue Int 72:592–598

Eppell SJ, Tong W, Katz JL et al (2001) Shape and size of isolated bone mineralites measured using atomic force microscopy. J Orthop Res 19:1027–1034

Rey C, Miquel JL, Facchini L et al (1995) Hydroxyl groups in bone mineral. Bone 16(5):583–86

Glimcher MJ, Hodge AJ, Schmitt FO (1957) Macromolecular aggregation states in relation to mineralization: the collagen hydroxyapatite system as studied in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 43:860–867

Glimcher MJ (1959) Molecular biology of mineralized tissues with particular reference to bone. Rev Mod Phys 31:359–393

Glimcher MJ (1960) Specificity of the molecular structure of organic matrices in mineralization. In: Sognnaes RF (ed) Calcification in biological systems. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, pp 421–487

Chen J, Burger C, Krishnan CV et al (2005) In vitro mineralization of collagen in demineralized fish bone. Macromol Chem Phys 206:43–51

Katz EP (1969) The kinetics of mineralization in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 194:121–129

Wang J, Zhou HY, Salih E et al (2004). Bone sialoprotein elicits mineralization and ossification in a bone defect model. In: Sodek J, Landis W (eds.) Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissue, Oct. 17–24, 2004, Banff, Alberta, Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 139–142

Wang J, Zhou HY, Salih E et al (2006) Site-specific in vivo calcification and osteogenesis stimulated by bone sialoprotein. Calcif Tissue Int 79:179–189

Ce Tye, Rattray KR, Warner KJ et al (2003) Delineation of the hydroxyapatite-nucleating domains of bone sialoprotein. J Biol Chem 278:7949–7955

Wu Y, Ackerman JL, Strawich ES et al (2003) Phosphate ions in bone: identification of a calcium-organic phosphate complex by 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy at early stages of mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 72:610–26

Glimcher MJ (2006) Bone: nature of the calcium phosphate crystals and cellular, structural, and physical chemical mechanisms in their formation. In: Sahai N, Schoonen MAA (eds) (2006), Medical Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol 64. The Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, Virginia, pp 223–282

Eanes ED, Harper RA, Gillessen IH et al (1966) An amorphous component in bone mineral. In: Galliard PJ, van der Hoff A, Steendyk R (eds.) (1966), Proceedings of 4th European Symposium on Calcified Tissues. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 24–26

Termine JD, Posner AS (1967) Infrared analysis of rat bone: age dependency of amorphous and crystalline mineral fractions. Science 153:1523–1525

Blumenthal N, Posner A (1973) Hydroxyapatite: mechanism of formation and properties. Calcif Tissue Int 13:235–243

Posner A, Betts F (1975) Synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate and its relation to bone mineral. Acc Chem Res 8:273–281

Boskey AL, Posner AS (1976) Extraction of a calcium-phosphate complex from bone. Calcif Tissue Res 19:273–283

Glimcher M, Hanson J, Hori et al (2004) Structural Analysis of the earliest Ca-P solid phase in Bone measured in situ. Referred manuscript published in Proceedings of the 8th ICCBMT, Banff, Alberta, Canada, Oct. 17–22, 2004, p. 254

Heughebaert JC, Montel G (1982) Conversion of amorphous tricalcium phosphate into apatitic tricalcium phosphate. Calif Tissue Int 34:S103–S108

Mathew M, Brown WE, Schroeder LW (1988) Crystal structure of octacalcium bis-(hydrogenphosphate) tetrakis(phosphate)-pentahydrate, Ca8(HPO4) 2(PO4) 4 5 H2O. J. Cryst Spec Res 18:235–250

Lyengar GV, Tandon L (1999) Minor and trace elements in human bones and teeth. International Atomic Energy Agency, NAHRES-39 report, Vienna

Neuman WF, Neuman MW (1958) The chemical dynamics of bone mineral. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

Elliott JC (1994) Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates. Elsevier, Amserdam

Pellegrino ED, Blitz RM (1972) Mineralization in the chick embryo. I. Monohydrogen phosphate and carbonate relationships during maturation of the bone crystal complex. Calif Tissue Res 10:128–135

Biltz RM, Pellegrino ED (1977) The nature of bone carbonate. Clin Orthop 129:279–292

Legeros RZ (1994) Biological and synthetic apatites. In: Brown PW, Constanz B (eds) Hydroxyapatite and related materials. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 3–28

Legeros R, Balmain N, Bonel G (1987) Age-related changes in mineral of rat and bovine cortical bone. Calcif Tissue Int 41:137–144

Wilson RM, Elliott JC, Dowker SEP et al (2005) Rietveld refinements and spectroscopic studies of the structure of Ca-deficient apatite. Biomaterials 26:1317–1327

Wilson RM, Dowker SEP, Elliott JC (2005) Rietveld refinements and spectroscopic structural studies of a Na-free carbonate apatite made by hydrolysis of monetite. Biomaterials 27:4682–4692

Labarthe JC, Bonel G, Montel G (1973) Structure and properties of B-type phosphocalcium carbonate apatites. Annales de Chimie (Fr) 8:289–301

Roufosse AH, Aue WP, Roberts JE et al (1984) Investigation of the mineral phases of bone by solid state phosphorus-31 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochem 23:6115–6120

Rey C, Collins B, Goehl T et al (1989) The carbonate environment in bone mineral. A resolution enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study. Calcif Tissue Int 45:157–164

Rey C, Shimkizu M, Collins B et al (1990) Resolution enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the environment of phosphate ion in the early deposits of a solid phase of calcium phosphate in bone and enamel and their evolution with age. I. Investigation in the v4 PO4 domain. Calcif Tissue Int 46:384–394

Lu HB, Campbell CT, Graham DJ et al (2000) Surface characterization of hydroxyapatite and related calcium phosphates by XPS and TOF-SIMS. Anal Chem 72:2886–2894

Eichert D, Drouet C, Sfihi H et al (2007) Nanocrystalline apatite-based biomaterials: synthesis, processing and characterization. In: Kendall JB (ed) Biomaterials research advances. Nova, Commack, NY, pp 93–143

Jager C, Welzel T, Meyer-Zaika W et al (2006) A solid state NMR investigation of the structure of nanocrystalline hydroxyaptite. Magn Reson Chem 44:573–580

Eichert D, Sfihi H, Combes C et al (2004) Specific characteristics of wet nanocrystalline apatites: consequences on biomaterials and bone tissue. Key Eng Mater 254–256:927–930

Towe KM, Lowenstam HA (1967) Ultrastructure and development of iron mineralization in the radular teeth of Cryprochiton stelleri (Mollusca). J Ultrastruc Res 17:1–13

Lowenstam HA, Weiner S (1985) Transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to crystalline dahllite in the radular teeth of chitons. Science 227:51–53

Aizenberg J, Lambert G, Weiner S et al (2002) Factors involved in the formation of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate: a study of an ascidian skeleton. J Am Chem Soc 124:32–39

Aizenberg J, Weiner S, Addadi L (2003) Coexistence of amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate in skeletal tissues. Connect Tissue Res 44(Supp 1):20–25

Weiner S, Levi-Kalisman Y, Raz S et al (2003) Biologically formed amorphous calcium carbonate. Connect Tissue Res 44(Supp 1):214–218

Weiner S, Sagi I, Addadi L (2005) Choosing the crystallization path less traveled. Science 29:1027–1028

Weiner S (2006) Transient precursor strategy in mineral formation of bone. Bone 39:431–433

Grynpas MD, Omelon S (2007) Transient precursor strategy or very small apatite crystals? Bone 41:162–164

Crane NJ, Popescu V, Morris MD (2006) Raman spectroscopic evidence for octacalcium phosphate and other transient mineral species deposited during intramembranous mineralization. Bone 39:434–442

Muenzenberg KG, Gebhardt M (1973) Brushite, octacalcium phosphate, and carbonate-containing apatite in bone. Clin Orthop Rel Res 90:271–273

Cazalbous S (2000) PhD thesis, INPT, France

Eichert D (2001) PhD thesis, INPT, France

Mahamid J, Sharir A, Addadi L, Weiner S (2008) Amorphous calcium phosphate is a major component of the forming fin bones of zebrafish: indications for an amorphous precursor phase. Proc Nat Acad Sci 105:12748–12753

Bonar LC, Rouffousse AH, Sabine WK (1983) X-ray diffraction studies of the crystallinity of bone mineral in newly synthesized and density fractionated bone. Calcif Tissue Int 35:202–209