Blood volume expansion among blacks: An hypothesis

Scholander, 1950, Heat regulation in some Artic and tropical mammals and birds, Biol Bull, 90, 237, 10.2307/1538741 Bainbridge, 1931, 252 Martin, 1930, Thermal adjustment of man and animals to external conditions, Lancet, 219, 561, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)09554-X Bass, 1955, Mechanisms of acclimatization to heat in man, Medicine, 34, 323, 10.1097/00005792-195509000-00002 MacFarlane, 1958, Heat, salt and hormones in panting and sweating animals, Nature, 182, 672, 10.1038/182672a0 Guyton, 1966, 418 Robinson, 1941, Adaptations of white men and negroes to prolonged work in humid heat, Am J Trop Med, 21, 261, 10.4269/ajtmh.1941.s1-21.261 Robinson, 1941, Adaptations to exercise of negro and white sharecroppers in comparison with northern whites, Human Biol, 13, 139 Wyndham, 1964, Heat reactions of some Bantu tribesmen in Southern Africa, J Appl Physiol, 19, 598, 10.1152/jappl.1964.19.4.598 Wyndham, 1964, Heat reactions of some Bantu tribesmen in Southern Africa, J Appl Physiol, 19, 881, 10.1152/jappl.1964.19.5.881 Davies, 1972, Ethnic differences in physical working capacity, J Appl Physio, 33, 726, 10.1152/jappl.1972.33.6.726 Shvartz, 1975, Orthostatic responses in Caucasians and Bantu, Aviation, Space, Environ Med, 46, 1343 Helmer, 1967, Hormonal and biochemical factors controlling blood pressure, 115 Luft, 1977, Differences in response to sodium administration in normotensive white and black subjects, J Lab Clin Med, 90, 555 Luft, 1979, Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks, and subjects of different ages, Circulation, 59, 643, 10.1161/01.CIR.59.4.643 Luft, 1979, Cardiovascular and humoral responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal black and white men, Circulation, 60, 697, 10.1161/01.CIR.60.3.697 Shekelle, 1978, Racial difference in mean pulse rate of children ages six to eleven years, Pediatrics, 61, 119, 10.1542/peds.61.1.119 1971, 128, 883 Persky, 1979, Racial patterns of heart rate in an employed adult population, Am J Epidemiol, 110, 274, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112812 Yu, 1969, 115 Yu, 1969, 122 Bond, 1943, Sympathetic and vagal interaction in emotional responses of the heart rate, Am J Physiol, 138, 468, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1943.138.3.468 Page, 1977, The heart in diabetes: Autonomic neuropathy and cardiomyopathy, Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabiolism, 6, 377, 10.1016/S0300-595X(77)80043-1 Sjostrand, 1953, Volume and distribution of blood and their significance in regulating the circulation, Physiol Rev, 33, 202, 10.1152/physrev.1953.33.2.202 Nixon, 1982, Effect of large variations in preload on left ventricular performance characteristics in normal subjects, Circulation, 65, 698, 10.1161/01.CIR.65.4.698 Bennett, 1980, Cardiovascular responses to graded reductions of central blood volume in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus, Clin Sci, 58, 193, 10.1042/cs0580193 Kjellberg, 1949, The amount of hemoglobin and the blood volume in relation to the pulse rate and cardiac volume during rest, Acta Physiol Scand, 19, 136, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00145.x Kjellberg, 1950, The relationship of the total hemoglobin or total blood volume to the pulse frequency and filling rate of the left ventricle in standing position, Acta Physiol Scan, 20, 293, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1950.tb00705.x Jacobsen, 1979, Stimulation of heart rate by insulin: uninfluenced by B-adrenergic receptor blockage in rabbits, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 39, 253, 10.3109/00365517909106102 Johnson, 1951, The effect of some anaesthetic agents on the circulation in man, Acta Chirugica Scandinavica, 1 Safar, 1979, Rapid dextran infusion in essential hypertension, Hypertension, 1, 615, 10.1161/01.HYP.1.6.615 Schachter, 1974, Heart rate levels of black and white newborns, Psychosom Med, 36, 513, 10.1097/00006842-197411000-00006 Lee, 1976, Familial aggregation of blood pressure of newborn infants and their mothers, Pediatrics, 58, 722, 10.1542/peds.58.5.722 Schachter, 1976, Heart rate and blood pressure in black newborns and in white newborns, Pediatrics, 58, 283, 10.1542/peds.58.2.283 Schachter, 1976, Newborn heart rate and blood pressure: Relation to race and to socioeconomic class, Psychosom Med, 38, 390, 10.1097/00006842-197611000-00004 Schachter, 1982, Blood pressure during the first two years of life, Am J Epidemiol, 116, 29, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113400 Brines, 1941, The blood volume in normal infants and children, J Pediatrics, 18, 447, 10.1016/S0022-3476(41)80232-7 Morse, 1947, Blood volumes of normal children, J Physiol, 151, 448 Russell, 1949, Blood volume studies in healthy children, Arch Dis Child, 24, 88, 10.1136/adc.24.118.88 Karlberg, 1955, Studies of the total amount of hemoglobin and the blood volume in children. I. Determination of total hemoglobin and blood volume in normal children, Acta Pediatrica, 44, 17, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1955.tb04109.x Gibson, 1937, Clinical studies of the blood volume. II. The relation of plasma and total blood volume to venous pressure blood velocity rate, physical measurements, age and sex in ninety normal humans, J Clin Investigation, 16, 317, 10.1172/JCI100860 Cohn, 1949, Blood volume studies in middle-aged and elderly males, Am J Med Sci, 217, 388, 10.1097/00000441-194904000-00005 Smith, 1958, Normal blood volumes in men and women over sixty years of age as determined by a modified Cr51 method, Anesthesiology, 19, 752, 10.1097/00000542-195811000-00006 Dustan, 1973, Volume-dependent essential and steriod hypertension, Am J Cardiol, 31, 606, 10.1016/0002-9149(73)90330-5 Devegrad, 1963, Circulatory studies in well trained athletes at rest and during heavy exercise, with special reference to stroke volume and the influence of body position, Acta Physiol Scand, 57, 26, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02572.x Dill, 1974, Blood volume of middle-distance runners: effect of 2, 300-m altitude and comparison with non-athletes, Medicine and Science in Sports, 6, 1 Hanson, 1965, Comparison of the circulatory response to upright exercise in 15 “normal” men and 9 distance runners, Brit Heart J, 27, 211, 10.1136/hrt.27.2.211 Henderson, 1927, The efficiency of the heart and the significance of rapid and slow pulse rates, Am J Physiol, 82, 512, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1927.82.3.512 Frick, 1968, Coronary implications of ehmodynamic changes caused by physical training, Am J Cardio, 22, 417, 10.1016/0002-9149(68)90125-2 Scott, 1972, Anemia in Pregnancy, 219 Metcalfe, 1978, 1721 Lawrence, 1953, The nature and treatment of polycythemia, Medicine, 32, 323, 10.1097/00005792-195309000-00002 Johnson, 1961, A sampling study of blood pressure levels in white and negro residents of Nassau, Bahamas, J Chron Dis, 13, 39, 10.1016/0021-9681(61)90043-1 Dube, 1975, Blood pressure studies in black children, Am J Dis Child, 129, 1177 Akinkugbe, 1977, Biracial study of arterial pressures in the first and second decades of life, Brit Med J, 1, 1132, 10.1136/bmj.1.6069.1132 Londe, 1977, Blood pressure in black and in white children, J Pediatrics, 90, 93, 10.1016/S0022-3476(77)80776-2 Londe, 1977, Blood pressure and hypertension in children: studies, problems and perspectives, 13 Zinner, 1978, Stability of blood pressure rank and urinary kallikrein concentration in childhood: An eight-year follow-up, Circulation, 58, 908, 10.1161/01.CIR.58.5.908 Fixler, 1979, Hypertension screening in schools: Results of the Dallas study, Pediatrics, 63, 32, 10.1542/peds.63.1.32 Havlik, 1979, Detection of genetic variance in blood pressure of seven year old twins, Am J Epidemiol, 109, 512, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112708 Munoz, 1980, Blood pressure in a school-age population. Distribution, correlations and prevalence of elevated values, 55, 623 Weiss, 1973, Blood pressure levels of children 6–11 years: Relationship to age, sex and socioeconomic status, 74 Voors, 1976, Studies of blood pressures in children, ages 5–15 years, in a total biracial community, The Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation, 54, 319, 10.1161/01.CIR.54.2.319 Gutgesell, 1981, Pediatric blood pressure: Ethnic comparisons in a primary care center, Hypertension, 3, 39, 10.1161/01.HYP.3.1.39 Voors, 1981, Plasma glucose level related to blood pressure in 272 children, ages 7–15 years, sampled from a total biracial population, Am J Epidemiol, 113, 347, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113103 Gunderson, 1977, Intravenous insulin causing loss of intravascular water and albumin and increases adrenergic nervous activity in diabetics, Diabetes, 26, 551, 10.2337/diab.26.6.551 Ghristlieb, 1975, Plasma renin activity and blood volume in uncontrolled diabetes. Ketoacidosis, a state of secondary aldosteronism, Diabetes, 24, 190, 10.2337/diabetes.24.2.190 MacKay, 1978, Cardiovascular effects of insulin: Plasma volume changes in diabetes, Diabetologia, 15, 453, 10.1007/BF02342869 Comstock, 1956, An epidemiological study of blood pressure levels in a biracial community in the southern United States, Am J Hygiene, 65, 271 McDonough, 1964, Blood pressure and hypertensive disease among Negroes and whites. A study in Evans County, Georgia, Ann Intern Med, 61, 208, 10.7326/0003-4819-61-2-208 Johnson, 1965, Distributions and familial studies of blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels in a total community-Tecumseh, Michigan, J Chronic Dis, 18, 147, 10.1016/0021-9681(65)90098-6 Langford, 1968, Factors affecting blood pressure in population groups, Trans Assoc Am Phys, 81, 135 Kotchen, 1974, Blood pressure distributions of urban adolescents, Am J Epidemiol, 99, 135, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121616 Johnson, 1975, Influence of race, sex and weight on blood pressure behavior in young adults, Am J Cardiol, 35, 523, 10.1016/0002-9149(75)90835-8 Reichman, 1975, Hypertension testing among high school students — I. Surveillance procedures and results, J Chron Dis, 28, 161, 10.1016/0021-9681(75)90004-1 Miller, 1976, Blood pressure in tenth grade students. Results from the Chicago Heart Association pediatric heart screening project, Circulation, 54, 993, 10.1161/01.CIR.54.6.993 Cornoni-Huntley, 1979, Blood pressure in adolescence. The United States Health Examination Survey, Hypertension, I, 566, 10.1161/01.HYP.1.6.566 Szklo, 1979, Epidemiologic patterns of blood pressure in children, Epidemiolog Reviews, 1, 143, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036207 Higgins, 1980, Studies of blood pressure in Tecumseh, Michigan. II. Antecedents in childhood of high blood pressure in young adults, Hypertension, 2, 117, 10.1161/01.HYP.2.4.117 Alexander, 1959, Obesity and the circulation, Mod Conc Cardiovasc Dis, 20, 662 Alexander, 1963, Obesity and the circulation, Mod Conc Cardiovasc Dis, 32, 799 Drenick, 1968, The relation of BSP retension during prolonged fasts to changes in plasma volume, Metabolism, 7, 522, 10.1016/0026-0495(68)90044-9 Chiang, 1969, Overweight and hypertension. A review, Circulation, 39, 403, 10.1161/01.CIR.39.3.403 Backman, 1973, Cardiovascular function in extreme obesity, Acta Med Scand, 193, 437, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1973.tb10606.x Alexander, 1973, 233 Rapaport, 1965, Metabolic studies in prolonged fasting. I. Inorganic metabolism and kidney function, Metabolism, 14, 31, 10.1016/0026-0495(65)90079-X Bloom, 1966, Changes in heart and plasma volume during fasting, Metabolism, 15, 409, 10.1016/0026-0495(66)90081-3 Consolazio, 1967, Metabolic aspects of acute starvation in normal humans: Performance and Cardiovascular evaluation, Amer J Clin Nutr, 20, 684, 10.1093/ajcn/20.7.684 Maagoe, 1968, Changes in blood volume during absolute fasting with and without sodium chloride administration, Metabolism, 17, 133, 10.1016/0026-0495(68)90139-X Kjellberg, 1970, Effect of starvation on body composition in obesity, Acta Med Scand, 188, 171, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb08021.x Forbes, 1940, The effect of climate upon the volumes of blood and of tissue fluid in man, Am J Physiol, 130, 739, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1940.130.4.739 Macfarlane, 1964, Water and sale metabolism of the Chimbu, 26, 266 Tarazi, 1976, Hemodynamic role of extracellular fluid in hypertension, Circulation Research, 38, 73, 10.1161/01.RES.38.6.73 Stewart, 1941, On the measurement of extracellular fluid volume with thiocyanate and body fluid analyses in 33 normal individuals, J Lab Clin Med, 26, 1383 Griffin, 1945, Plasma volume, “available (thiocyanate) volume” and total circulating plasma proteins in normal adults, Annals Surg, 121, 352, 10.1097/00000658-194503000-00009 Roscoe, 1946, The blood in pregnancy. Part II. The blood volume, cell volume and hemaglobin mass, J Obstet Gynecol British Empire, 53, 527, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1946.tb05781.x Mather, 1947, The precision of plasma volume determinations by the Evans Blue method, Brit J Exper Pathol, 28, 12 Gregersen, 1950, Relation of blood volume and cardiac output to body type, J Appl Physiol, 3, 329, 10.1152/jappl.1950.3.6.329 von Porat, 1951, Blood volume determination with the Evans blue dye method, Acta Med Scand, 140, 52 Ellis, 1954, A comparison of the T1824 blood volume at sea level and an altitude of 5, 740 feet in normal South African European males, S Afr J Med Sci, 19, 11 Hicks, 1956, The estimation and prediction of normal blood volume, 15, 557 Huff, 1956, Relation of circulating red cell volume to body density and obesity, J Clin Invest, 35, 1, 10.1172/JCI103242 Samet, 1957, The blood volume in heart disease, Medicine, 36, 211, 10.1097/00005792-195705000-00003 Smith, 1958, Normal blood volume in men and women over sixty years of age as determined by a modified Cr51 method, Anesthesiology, 19, 752, 10.1097/00000542-195811000-00006 Wennesland, 1959, Red cell, plasma and blood volume in healthy men measured by radiochromium (Cr51) cell tagging and hematocrit: Influence of age, somatotype and habits of physical activity on the variance after regression of volumes to height and weight combined, J Clin Invest, 38, 1065, 10.1172/JCI103883 Edwards, 1960, The relation of blood volume to body composition, Clin Sci, 19, 399 Brown, 1962, Red cell, plasma, and blood volume in healthy women measured by radiochromium cell-labeling and hematocrit, J Clin Invest, 41, 2182, 10.1172/JCI104677 Tamondong, 1962, Statistical analysis of data on blood and plasma volume determinations in Filipino subjects, J Philippine Med Assoc, 38, 980 Reeve, 1963, Blood volume in a group of normal Australian adults, Aust NZ J Surg, 33, 47, 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1963.tb03290.x Hansen, 1968, Blood volume and exchangeable sodium in essential hypertension, Acta Med Scand, 184, 517, 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1968.tb02493.x Tarazi, 1970, Plasma volume and chronic hypertension, Arch Intern Med, 124, 835, 10.1001/archinte.1970.00310050073008 Parving, 1973, Transcapillary escape rate of albumin and plasma volume in essential hypertension, Circulation Research, 32, 643, 10.1161/01.RES.32.5.643 Ibsen, 1973, Plasma volume and extracellular fluid volume in essential hypertension, Acta Med Scand, 194, 93 Lilley, 1976, Racial disparity of plasma volume in hypertensive man, Ann Internal Med, 84, 707, 10.7326/0003-4819-84-6-707 Bauer, 1982, Body-fluid composition in normal and hypertensive man, Clin Sci, 62, 43, 10.1042/cs0620043 Messerli FH. Personal communication, 1983. Teng, 1954, Volume of the fluid compartments in human and experimental hypertension, Metabolism, 3, 405 Cranston, 1963, Diurnal variation in plasma volume in normal and hypertensive subjects, Clin Sci, 25, 107 Finlayson, 1964, Diurnal variation in blood volume of man, J Surg Research, 4, 286, 10.1016/S0022-4804(64)80049-4 Paloheimo, 1963, Seasonal variations of blood and plasma volumes in healthy men, Scandinav J Clin & Lab Investigation, 15, 563, 10.3109/00365516309051335 Chrysant, 1979, Racial differences in pressure, volume and renin interrelationships in essential hypertension, Hypertension, 136 Messerli, 1979, Essential hypertension in black and white subjects. Hemodynamic findings and fluid volume state, Am J Med, 67, 27, 10.1016/0002-9343(79)90065-2 Mitas, 1979, Racial analysis of the volume-renin relationship in human hypertension, Arch Intern Med, 139, 157, 10.1001/archinte.1979.03630390023012 Helmer, 1964, Renin activity in blood from patients with hypertension, Can Med Assoc J, 90, 221 Helmer, 1965, The renin-angiotensin system and its relation to hypertension, Progr Cardiovas Dis, 8, 117, 10.1016/S0033-0620(65)80003-2 Greditor, 1967, Plasma renin activity in hypertension, Am J Med, 43, 371, 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90193-3 Helmer, 1968, Metabolic studies on hypertensive patients with suppressed plasma renin activity not due to hyperaldosteronism, Circulation, 38, 965, 10.1161/01.CIR.38.5.965 Channick, 1969, Suppressed plasma renin activity in hypertension, Arch Intern Med, 123, 131, 10.1001/archinte.1969.00300120019003 Woods, 1969, Effect of an adrenal inhibitor in hypertensive patients with suppressed renin, Arch Intern Med, 123, 366, 10.1001/archinte.1969.00300140012004 Jose, 1970, Suppressed plasma renin activity in essential hypertension, Ann Intern Med, 72, 9, 10.7326/0003-4819-72-1-9 Brunner, 1972, Essential hypertension: Renin and aldosterone, heart attack and stroke, New Eng J Med, 286, 441, 10.1056/NEJM197203022860901 Mroczek, 1973, Lack of association between plasma renin and history of heart attack in patients with essential hypertension, Lancet, 2, 464 Ganguly, 1979, Low renin hypertension. A current review of definitions and controversies, Am Heart J, 98, 642, 10.1016/0002-8703(79)90292-8 Levenson, 1980, Relationship between renin and extracellular fluid volume in normotensive and hypertensive subjects, Nephron, 25, 238, 10.1159/000181846 Dunn, 1974, Low-renin hypertension, Kidney Int, 5, 317, 10.1038/ki.1974.47 Schalekamp, 1974, Body-fluid volume in low-renin hypertension, Lancet, 2, 310, 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)91691-2 Luft, 1980, The effects of age, race and heredity on glomerular filtration rate following volume expansion and contraction in normal man, Am J Med Sci, 279, 15, 10.1097/00000441-198001000-00002 Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, 1982, Comparison of propranolol and hydrochrothiazide for the initial treatment of hypertension. I. Results of short-term titration with emphasis on racial differences in response, JAMA, 248, 1996, 10.1001/jama.1982.03330160044023 Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, 1982, Comparison of propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide for the initial treatment of hypertension. II. Results of long-term therapy, JAMA, 248, 2004, 10.1001/jama.1982.03330160052024 Holland, 1977, Comparison of Aldactizide and Dyazide for hypertension, Curr Ther Res, 22, 479 Holland, 1979, Antihypertensive comparison of furosemide with hydrochlorothiazide for black patients, Arch Intern Med, 139, 1015, 10.1001/archinte.1979.03630460047016