Blocking Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Attenuates Vasospasm and Neuron Cell Apoptosis in Rats Subjected to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Tóm tắt
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important subcategory of stroke due to its unacceptably high mortality rate as well as the severe complications it causes, such as cerebral vasospasm, neurological deficits, and cardiopulmonary abnormality. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a growth factor related to normal development and is involved in liver development and regeneration. This study explored the relationship between SAH and HDGF. Sixty rats were divided into five groups (n = 12/group): (A) control group; (B) rHDGF ab only group [normal animals treated with 50 µM recombinant HDGF antibodies (rHDGF ab)]; (C) SAH group; (D) SAH + pre-rHDGF ab group (SAH animals pre-treated with 50 µM rHDGF ab into the subarachnoid space within 24 h before SAH); and (E) SAH + post-rHDGF ab group (SAH animals post-treated with 50 µM rHDGF ab into the subarachnoid space within 24 h after SAH). At 48 h after SAH, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected to measure the levels of pro-inflammatory factors by ELISA, and rat cortex tissues were used to measure protein levels by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining for Iba-1, GFAP, TUNEL, and NeuN was detected proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and apoptosis of neuron cells. Neurological outcome was assessed by ambulation and placing/stepping reflex responses. Morphology assay showed that pre-treatment and post-treatment with rHDGF ab attenuated vasospasm after SAH. SAH up-regulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in both the CSF and serum samples, and both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab inhibited the up-regulation of these pro-inflammatory factors, except for the serum IL-6 levels. Western blot analysis demonstrated that SAH up-regulated pro-BDNF and NFκB protein levels, and both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab significantly reduced the up-regulation. The result from immunofluorescence staining showed that SAH induced proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and apoptosis of neuron cells. Both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab significantly attenuated proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and inhibited apoptosis of neuron cells. Furthermore, treatment with rHDGF ab significantly improved neurological outcome. Blocking HDGF attenuates neuron cell apoptosis and vasospasm through inhibiting inflammation in brain tissue at early phase after SAH.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bederson JB, Connolly ES Jr, Batjer HH, Dacey RG, Dion JE, Diringer MN, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council American Heart Association. Stroke. 2009;40:994–1025.
Alaraj A, Charbel FT, Amin-Hanjani S. Peri-operative measures for treatment and prevention of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res. 2009;31:651–9.
Kassell NF, Sasaki T, Colohan AR, Nazar G. Cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 1985;16:562–72.
Kongkathip N, Kongkathip B, Siripong P, Sangma C, Luangkamin S, Niyomdecha M, et al. Potent antitumor activity of synthetic 1,2-naphthoquinones and 1,4-naphthoquinones. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003;11:3179–91.
Chowdhary RK, Shariff I, Dolphin D. Drug release characteristics of lipid based benzoporphyrin derivative. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2003;6:13–9.
Al-Khindi T, Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA. Cognitive and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2010;41:e519–36.
Friedrich V, Flores R, Sehba FA. Cell death starts early after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett. 2012;512:6–11.
Claassen J, Bernardini GL, Kreiter K, Bates J, Du YE, Copeland D, et al. Effect of cisternal and ventricular blood on risk of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the Fisher scale revisited. Stroke. 2001;32:2012–20.
Nakamura H, Izumoto Y, Kambe H, Kuroda T, Mori T, Kawamura K, et al. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA for a novel human hepatoma-derived growth factor. Its homology with high mobility group-1 protein. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:25143–9.
Bremer S, Klein K, Sedlmaier A, Abouzied M, Gieselmann V, Franken S. Hepatoma-derived growth factor and nucleolin exist in the same ribonucleoprotein complex. BMC Biochem. 2013;14:2.
Kishima Y, Yoshida K, Enomoto H, Yamamoto M, Kuroda T, Okuda Y, et al. Antisense oligonucleotides of hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) suppress the proliferation of hepatoma cells. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:1639–44.
Enomoto H, Yoshida K, Kishima Y, Kinoshita T, Yamamoto M, Everett AD, et al. Hepatoma-derived growth factor is highly expressed in developing liver and promotes fetal hepatocyte proliferation. Hepatology. 2002;36:1519–27.
Enomoto H, Yoshida K, Kishima Y, Okuda Y, Nakamura H. Participation of hepatoma-derived growth factor in the regulation of fetal hepatocyte proliferation. J Gastroenterol. 2002;37(Suppl 14):158–61.
Enomoto H, Nakamura H, Liu W, Yoshida K, Okuda Y, Imanishi H, et al. Hepatoma-derived growth factor is induced in liver regeneration. Hepatol Res. 2009;39:988–97.
Everett AD, Narron JV, Stoops T, Nakamura H, Tucker A. Hepatoma-derived growth factor is a pulmonary endothelial cell-expressed angiogenic factor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;286:L1194–201.
Cilley RE, Zgleszewski SE, Chinoy MR. Fetal lung development: airway pressure enhances the expression of developmental genes. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:113–8 (discussion 9).
Oliver JA, Al-Awqati Q. An endothelial growth factor involved in rat renal development. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:1208–19.
Everett AD. Identification, cloning, and developmental expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor in the developing rat heart. Dev Dyn. 2001;222:450–8.
Narron JV, Stoops TD, Barringhaus K, Matsumura M, Everett AD. Hepatoma-derived growth factor is expressed after vascular injury in the rat and stimulates smooth muscle cell migration. Pediatr Res. 2006;59:778–83.
Everett AD, Stoops T, McNamara CA. Nuclear targeting is required for hepatoma-derived growth factor-stimulated mitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:37564–8.
Everett AD, Lobe DR, Matsumura ME, Nakamura H, McNamara CA. Hepatoma-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cell growth and is expressed in vascular development. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:567–75.
Hu TH, Huang CC, Liu LF, Lin PR, Liu SY, Chang HW, et al. Expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98:1444–56.
Yamamoto S, Tomita Y, Hoshida Y, Takiguchi S, Fujiwara Y, Yasuda T, et al. Expression of hepatoma-derived growth factor is correlated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:117–22.
Huang YH, Chung CL, Tsai HP, Wu SC, Chang CZ, Chai CY, et al. Hyperglycemia aggravates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a rat model. Neurosurgery. 2017;80:809–15.
Jeon H, Ai J, Sabri M, Tariq A, Shang X, Chen G, et al. Neurological and neurobehavioral assessment of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC Neurosci. 2009;10:103.
Provencio JJ, Vora N. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and inflammation: bench to bedside and back. Semin Neurol. 2005;25:435–44.
Huang LT, Li H, Sun Q, Liu M, Li WD, Li S, et al. IL-33 expression in the cerebral cortex following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2015;35:493–501.
van Dijk BJ, Vergouwen MD, Kelfkens MM, Rinkel GJ, Hol EM. Glial cell response after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage - functional consequences and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1862:492–505.
Chen ZY, Ieraci A, Teng H, Dall H, Meng CX, Herrera DG, et al. Sortilin controls intracellular sorting of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to the regulated secretory pathway. J Neurosci. 2005;25:6156–66.
Mattson MP, Camandola S. NF-kappaB in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:247–54.
Pizzi M, Sarnico I, Lanzillotta A, Battistin L, Spano P. Post-ischemic brain damage: NF-kappaB dimer heterogeneity as a molecular determinant of neuron vulnerability. FEBS J. 2009;276:27–35.
Wang JY. DNA damage and apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2001;8:1047–8.
Wang EM, Hu TH, Huang CC, Chang YC, Yang SM, Huang ST, et al. Hepatoma-derived growth factor participates in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. FASEB J. 2020;34:16163–78.
Zetterling M, Hallberg L, Hillered L, Karlsson T, Enblad P, Ronne EE. Brain energy metabolism in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and global cerebral edema. Neurosurgery. 2010;66:1102–10.
Altay O, Suzuki H, Hasegawa Y, Caner B, Krafft PR, Fujii M, et al. Isoflurane attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in ipsilateral hemisphere after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Stroke. 2012;43:2513–6.
Liu Z, Ma D, Feng G, Ma Y, Hu H. Recombinant AAV-mediated expression of human BDNF protects neurons against cell apoptosis in Abeta-induced neuronal damage model. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007;27:233–6.
Sozen T, Tsuchiyama R, Hasegawa Y, Suzuki H, Jadhav V, Nishizawa S, et al. Role of interleukin-1beta in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Stroke. 2009;40:2519–25.
Machuy N, Thiede B, Rajalingam K, Dimmler C, Thieck O, Meyer TF, et al. A global approach combining proteome analysis and phenotypic screening with RNA interference yields novel apoptosis regulators. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2005;4:44–55.
Yu Y, Shen H, Yu H, Zhong F, Zhang Y, Zhang C, et al. Systematic proteomic analysis of human hepotacellular carcinoma cells reveals molecular pathways and networks involved in metastasis. Mol Biosyst. 2011;7:1908–16.
Hsu SS, Chen CH, Liu GS, Tai MH, Wang JS, Wu JC, et al. Tumorigenesis and prognostic role of hepatoma-derived growth factor in human gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2012;107:101–9.
Ooi BN, Mukhopadhyay A, Masilamani J, Do DV, Lim CP, Cao XM, et al. Hepatoma-derived growth factor and its role in keloid pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med. 2010;14:1328–37.
Tsang TY, Tang WY, Tsang WP, Co NN, Kong SK, Kwok TT. Downregulation of hepatoma-derived growth factor activates the Bad-mediated apoptotic pathway in human cancer cells. Apoptosis. 2008;13:1135–47.
Tsang TY, Tang WY, Tsang WP, Co NN, Kong SK, Kwok TT. Mechanistic study on growth suppression and apoptosis induction by targeting hepatoma-derived growth factor in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2009;24:253–62.
Ma L, Wang DD, Zhang TY, Yu H, Wang Y, Huang SH, et al. Region-specific involvement of BDNF secretion and synthesis in conditioned taste aversion memory formation. J Neurosci. 2011;31:2079–90.