Bison limit ecosystem recovery in northern Yellowstone

Alexander, 1981, Management of lodgepole pine in even-aged stands in the central Rocky Mountains Allin, 2000, The triumph of politics over wilderness science, 180 Allred, 2011, The role of herbivores in Great Plains conservation: comparative ecology of bison and cattle, Ecosphere, 2, 1, 10.1890/ES10-00152.1 Asner, 2003, Net changes in regional woody vegetation cover and carbon storage in Texas Drylands, 1937–1999, Glob. Chang. Biol., 9, 316, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00594.x Bailey, 2013 Baker, 1995, Predicting biomass of beaver food from willow stem diameters, J. Range Manag., 48, 322, 10.2307/4002484 Barber-Meyer, 2008, Elk calf survival and mortality following wolf restoration to Yellowstone National Park, Wildl. Monogr., 169, 1, 10.2193/2008-004 Baril, 2011, Songbird response to increased willow (Salix spp.) growth in Yellowstone’s northern range, Ecol. Appl., 21, 2283, 10.1890/10-0169.1 Barmore, 2003 Batchelor, 2015, Restoration of riparian areas following the removal of cattle in the Northwestern Great Basin, Environ. Manag., 55, 930, 10.1007/s00267-014-0436-2 Belski, 1999, Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States, J. Soil Water Conserv., 54, 419 2004, Riparian vegetation and channel morphology, 8 Beschta, 2005, Reduced cottonwood recruitment following extirpation of wolves in Yellowstone’s northern range, Ecology, 86, 391, 10.1890/04-0964 Beschta, 2015, Divergent patterns of riparian cottonwood recovery after the return of wolves in Yellowstone, USA, Ecohydrology, 8, 58, 10.1002/eco.1487 Beschta, 2016, Riparian vegetation recovery in Yellowstone: the first two decades after wolf reintroduction, Biol. Conserv., 198, 93, 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.031 Beschta, 2018, Can large carnivores change streams via a trophic cascade?, Ecohydrology Beschta, 2019, Large carnivore extirpation linked to loss of overstory aspen in Yellowstone, Food Webs Beschta, 2019, Yellowstone’s prehistoric bison: a comment on Keigley 2019, Rangelands, 41, 149, 10.1016/j.rala.2019.03.002 Beschta, 2016, Long-term aspen dynamics, trophic cascades, and climate in northern Yellowstone, Can. J. For. Res., 46, 548, 10.1139/cjfr-2015-0301 Beyer, 2007, Willow on Yellowstone’s northern range: evidence for a trophic cascade?, Ecol. Appl., 17, 1563, 10.1890/06-1254.1 Blackburn, 2018 Braatne, 1996, Life history, ecology, and conservation of riparian cottonwoods in North America, 57 Chadde, 1991, Tall-willow communities on Yellowstone’s northern range: a test of the “natural regulation” paradigm, 231 1985, Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States Despain, 1990 Donahue, 1999 Filip, 2007, Understanding and defining mortality in western conifer forests, West. J. Appl. For., 22, 105, 10.1093/wjaf/22.2.105 Fleischner, 1994, Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America, Conserv. Biol., 8, 629, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030629.x Fortin, 2005, Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park, Ecology, 86, 1320, 10.1890/04-0953 2009 Gates, 2011 2010 Geremia, 2019, Migrating bison engineer the green wave, PNAS, 116, 25707, 10.1073/pnas.1913783116 Goldfarb, 2018 Gower, 2005, Spatial responses of elk to wolf predation risk: using the landscape to balance multiple demands, 373 Gregory, 1991, An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones: focus on links between land and water, BioScience, 41, 540, 10.2307/1311607 Grimm, 1939, Northern Yellowstone winter range studies, J. Wildl. Manag., 8, 329 Hart, 1986 Heady, 1974 Heller, 1925, The big game animals of Yellowstone National Park, Roosevelt Wildl. Bull., 2, 405 Hernandez, 2005, Foraging in the “landscape of fear”, and its implications for habitat use and diet quality of elk Cervus elaphus and bison Bison bison, Wildl. Biol., 11, 215, 10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11[215:FITLOF]2.0.CO;2 Hornaday, 1889, The extermination of the American Bison, 369 Houston, 1982 Jonas, 1955 Kauffman, 2001, Range ecology, global livestock influences, Volume 5, 33 Kauffman, 1997, An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States, Fisheries, 22, 12, 10.1577/1548-8446(1997)022<0012:AEPORA>2.0.CO;2 Kauffman, 2004, Livestock exclusion and belowground ecosystem responses in riparian meadows of eastern Oregon, Ecol. Appl., 14, 1671, 10.1890/03-5083 Kay, 1990 Keigley, 1997, An increase in herbivory of cottonwood in Yellowstone National Park, Northwest Sci., 71, 127 Keigley, 2019, The prehistoric bison of Yellowstone National Park, Rangelands, 41, 107, 10.1016/j.rala.2018.11.004 Knapp, 1999, The keystone role of bison in North American tallgrass prairie, Bioscience, 49, 39, 10.2307/1313492 Komonen, 2020, Landscape structure influences browsing on a keystone tree species in conservation areas, For. Ecol. Manag., 457, 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117724 Kowalczyk, 2011, Influence of management practices on large herbivore diet—case of European bison in Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland), For. Ecol. Manag., 261, 821, 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.026 Laundré, 2001, Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the “landscape of fear” in Yellowstone National Park, USA, Can. J. Zool., 79, 1401, 10.1139/z01-094 Lott, 2002 Mack, 1982, Evolution in steppe with few large, hooved mammals, Am. Nat., 119, 757, 10.1086/283953 Meagher, 1973, The bison of Yellowstone National Park Naiman, 2005 NPS (National Park Service). December 15, 1961 NRC (National Research Council), 1992 NRC (National Research Council), 2002 NRC (National Research Council), 2002 Olenicki, 2004 Painter, 2012, Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park, For. Ecol. Manag., 264, 150, 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.010 Painter, 2014, After long-term decline are aspen recovering in northern Yellowstone?, For. Ecol. Manag., 329, 108, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.055 Parker, 1950, 49 Pierce, K.L. 1974a. Surficial geologic map of the Abiathar Peak and parts of adjacent quadrangles, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming and Montana. US Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigation Series I-646 (map); 1: 62,500 scale. Pierce, K.L. 1974b. Surficial geologic map of the Tower Junction quadrangle and part of the Mt. Wallace quadrangle, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming and Montana. US Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigation Series I-647 (map) 1: 62,500 scale. Platts, 1991, Livestock grazing, 389 Richards, 1982 Richardson, 2007, A synthesis of the ecology of headwater streams and their riparian zones in temperate forests, For. Sci., 53, 131 Ripple, 2004, Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk structure ecosystems?, BioScience, 54, 755, 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0755:WATEOF]2.0.CO;2 Ripple, 2000, Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA, Biol. Conserv., 95, 361, 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00014-8 Ripple, 2010, Wolves, elk, bison, and secondary trophic cascades in Yellowstone National Park, Open Ecol. J., 3, 31, 10.2174/1874213001003030031 Rose, 2016, The influence of floods and herbivory on cottonwood establishment and growth in Yellowstone National Park, Ecohydrology, 2016, 1 Rosgen, 1993 Ruth, 2004, Ghost of the Rockies: the Yellowstone cougar project, Yellowstone Sci., 12, 13 Schullery, 1992, The documentary record of wolves and related wildlife species in Yellowstone National Park Area prior to 1882 Sedell, 1991, Bringing back the “bio” in bioengineering, Am. Fish. Soc. Symp., 10, 160 Simon, 2002, Quantifying the mechanical and hydrologic effects of riparian vegetation on bank stability, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 27, 527, 10.1002/esp.325 Singer, 1996, Differences between willow communities browsed by elk and communities protected for 32 years in Yellowstone National Park, 279 Skinner, 1952 Smith, 2003, Yellowstone after wolves, BioScience, 53, 330, 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0330:YAW]2.0.CO;2 Soper, 1941, History, range, and home life of the northern bison, Ecol. Monogr., 11, 347, 10.2307/1943298 Soulé, 2003, Ecological effectiveness: conservation goals for interactive species, Conserv. Biol., 17, 1238, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01599.x Tallian, 2017, Predator foraging response to a resurgent dangerous prey, Funct. Ecol., 31, 1418, 10.1111/1365-2435.12866 Wagner, 2006 White, 2010, Migration of northern Yellowstone elk: implications of spatial structuring, J. Mammal., 91, 827, 10.1644/08-MAMM-A-252.1 2015 Wolf, 2007, Hydrologic regime and herbivory stabilize an alternative state in Yellowstone National Park, Ecol. Appl., 17, 1572, 10.1890/06-2042.1 Wright, 1935 Yang, 1974 YNP (Yellowstone National Park), 1997