Birth Outcomes Among Older Mothers in Rural Versus Urban Areas: A Residence-Based Approach

Cnattingius, 1992, Delayed childbearing and risk of adverse perinatal outcome. A population-based study, JAMA, 268, 886, 10.1001/jama.268.7.886

Huang, 2008, Maternal age and risk of stillbirth: a systematic review, CMAJ, 178, 165, 10.1503/cmaj.070150

Schempf, 2007, Maternal age and parity-associated risks of preterm birth: differences by race/ethnicity, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 21, 34, 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00785.x

Berkowitz, 1990, Delayed childbearing and the outcome of pregnancy, N Engl J Med., 322, 659, 10.1056/NEJM199003083221004

Kiely, 1986, An assessment of the effects of maternal age and parity in different components of perinatal mortality, Am J Epidemiol, 123, 444, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114259

Tough, 2002, Delayed childbearing and its impact on population rate changes in lower birth weight, multiple birth, and preterm delivery, Pediatrics, 109, 399, 10.1542/peds.109.3.399

Joseph, 2005, The perinatal effects of delayed childbearing, Obstet Gynecol, 105, 1410, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000163256.83313.36

Luke, 2007, Contemporary risks of maternal morbidity and adverse outcomes with increasing maternal age and plurality, Fertil Steril, 88, 283, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.008

Jolly, 2000, The risks associated with pregnancy in women aged 35 years or older, Hum Reprod, 15, 2433, 10.1093/humrep/15.11.2433

Hansen, 1986, Older maternal age and pregnancy outcome: a review of the literature, Obstet Gynecol Surv, 41, 726, 10.1097/00006254-198611000-00024

Cleary-Goldman, 2005, Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome, Obstet Gynecol, 105, 983, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000158118.75532.51

Aday, 1974, A framework for the study of access to medical care, Health Services Research, 9, 209

Wennberg, 1999, Understanding geographic variations in health care delivery, N Engl J Med, 340, 52, 10.1056/NEJM199901073400111

Hart, 1971, The inverse care law, Lancet, 1, 405, 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92410-X

Hanlon, 2005, The greying of resource communities in northern British Columbia: implications for health care delivery in already-underserviced communities, The Canadian Geographer, 49, 1, 10.1111/j.0008-3658.2005.00077.x

Klein, 2002, Mothers, babies, and communities: centralizing maternity care exposes mothers and babies to complications and endangers community sustainability, Canadian Family Physician, 48, 1177

Statistics Canada, Census of Population 1851 to 2006 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo62k-eng.htm

British Columbia Perinatal Health Program. Annual Report 2007 http://www.bcphp.ca//sites/bcrcp/files/AnnualReport/AR2007TablesandGraphs.pdf

British Columbia Perinatal Health Program BC deliveries by maternal residence tables, 2000-2001 http://www.bcphp.ca/sites/bcrcp/files/MotherResideWithHomeBirths2000_2001.pdf

Kornelsen, 2007, Geographic induction of rural parturient women: is it time for a protocol?, J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 29, 583, 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32508-7

British Columbia Reproductive Care Program Report on the findings of a consensus conference on obstetrical services in rural or remote communities 2000 http://www.perinatalservicesbc.ca//sites/bcrcp/files/Publications/ConsesnsusSymposiumStatement.pdf

Rourke, 2008, Increasing number of rural physicians, CMAJ., 178, 322, 10.1503/cmaj.070293

Black, 1984, The safety of obstetric services in small communities in northern Ontario, CMAJ, 130, 571

Larson, 1992, Rural residence and poor birth outcome in Washington state, J Rural Health, 8, 162, 10.1111/j.1748-0361.1992.tb00348.x

Grzybowski, 1991, Rural obstetrics: a 5-year prospective study of the outcomes of all pregnancies in a remote northern community, CMAJ, 144, 987

Klein, 2002, Does delivery volume of family physicians predict maternal and newborn outcome?, CMAJ, 166, 1257

Astolfi, 1999, Risks of preterm delivery and association with maternal age, birth order, and fetal gender, Hum Reprod, 14, 2891, 10.1093/humrep/14.11.2891

Statistics Canada. Postal code conversion file (PDDF), reference guide 2004 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Statistics Canada; 2005 http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/92F0153GIE/92F0153GIE2005001.pdf

Advisory Panel on the Provision of Medical Services in Underserviced Regions, 1992, Report of the Advisory Panel on the Provision of Medical Services in Underserviced Regions

Mendelson, 1998, Rural and small town population is growing in the 1990s, Rural and Small Town Canada Anal Bull, 1, 1

Pong, 2005, Geographic Distribution of Physicians in Canada: Beyond How Many and Where

Synnes, 1994, Perinatal outcomes of a large cohort of extremely low gestational age infants (twenty-three to twenty-eight completed weeks of gestation), J Pediatr, 125, 952, 10.1016/S0022-3476(05)82015-3

Kramer, 2001, A new and improved population-based Canadian reference for birth weight for gestational age, Pediatrics, 108, E35, 10.1542/peds.108.2.e35

Lee Shoo, 2006, Levels of neonatal care, Paediatr Child Care, 11, 303

Government Canada. Indian and Northern Affairs, Canada. Aboriginal People and Communities http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ap/tln-eng.asp

Luo, 2004, Infant mortality among First Nations versus non-First Nations in British Columbia: temporal trends in rural versus urban areas, 1981-2000, Int J Epidemiol, 33, 1252, 10.1093/ije/dyh290

Standards of accessibility and guidelines for provision of sustainable acute care services by health authorities British Columbia 2002 http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2002/acute_accessibility.pdf

Hosmer, 2000, Applied Logistic Regression, 10.1002/0471722146

Nesbitt, 1997, Access to maternity care in rural Washington: its effect on neonatal outcomes and resource use, AJPH, 97, 85, 10.2105/AJPH.87.1.85

Chaska, 1988, Influence of site of obstetric care and delivery on pregnancy management and outcome, J Am Board Fam Pract, 1, 152

Rosenthal, 1990, Primary care obstetrics in rural western New York. A multi-center case review, NY State J Med, 90, 537

Rosenblatt, 1988, Outcomes of regionalized perinatal care in Washington State, West J Med, 149, 98

Abdel-Latif, 2006, Does rural or urban residence make a difference to neonatal outcome in premature birth? A regional study from Australia, Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 91, F251, 10.1136/adc.2005.090670

Luo, 2008, Degree of rural isolation and birth outcomes, Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 22, 341, 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00938.x

Nesbitt, 1990, Access to Obstetric Care in Rural areas: effect on birth outcomes, AJPH, 80, 814, 10.2105/AJPH.80.7.814

Kornelsen, 2006, The reality of resistance: the experiences of rural parturient women, J Midwifery Womens Health, 51, 260, 10.1016/j.jmwh.2006.02.010

Kornelsen, 2005, Safety and community: the maternity care needs of rural parturient women, J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 27, 554, 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)30712-5

Storms, 2004, Birthweight by gestational age and sex at a rural referral center, J Perinatol, 24, 236, 10.1038/sj.jp.7211065

Janssen, 2007, Standards for the measurement of birth weight, length and head circumference at term in neonates of European, Chinese and South Asian ancestry, Open Medicine, 1, e74

British Columbia Vital Statistics The Characteristics of the Migration Flow for B.C.'s Census Metropolitan Area. Migration Special Feature Article. BC Statistics 2007 http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/pubs/mig/mig071fa.pdf

Kierans, 2003, Charting birth outcome in British Columbia: Determinants of Optimal Health and Ultimate Risk-An Expansion and Update

Joseph, 2002, Obstetric intervention, stillbirth, and preterm birth, Semin Perinatol, 26, 250, 10.1053/sper.2002.34769

Joseph, 2007, Theory of obstetrics: an epidemiologic framework for justifying medically indicated early delivery, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 7, 4, 10.1186/1471-2393-7-4