Biopharmaceutical profile of tramadol in the dog

de Sousa A.B., Santos A.C., Schramm S.G., Porta V., Górniak S.L., Florio J.C., de Souza Spinosa H., 2008. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and o-desmethyltramadol in goats after intravenous and oral administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31, 45–41. Elghazali M., Barezaik I.M., Abdel Hadi A.A., Eltayeb F.M., Al Masri J., Wasfi I.A., 2008. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of tramadol in camels. Veterinary Journal, 178, 272–277. Giorgi M., Soldani G., Manera C., Ferrarini P.L., Sgorbini M., Saccomanni G., 2007. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolites M1, M2 and M5 in horses following intravenous, immediate release (fasted/fed) and sustained release single dose administration. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 27, 481–488. Giorgi M., Saccomanni G., Lebkowska-Wieruszewska B., Kowalski C., 2009. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of tramadol and its major metabolites after single oral sustained tablet administration in the dog: a pilot study. Veterinary Journal, 180, 253–255. Grond S. and Sablotzki A., 2004. Clinical pharmacology of tramadol. Clinical Pharmacokinetic, 43, 879–923. Hojo T., Ohno R., Shimoda M., Kokue E., 2002. Enzyme and plasma protein induction by multiple oral administrations of phenobarbital at a therapeutic dosage regimen in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 25, 121–127. Kukanich B. and Papich M.G., 2004. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27, 239–246. Pypendop B.H. and Ilkiw J.E., 2008. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol, and its metabolite O-desmethyl-tramadol, in cats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31, 52–59. Shilo Y., Britzi M., Eytan B., Lifschitz T., Soback S., Steinman A., 2008. Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31, 60–65.