Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review

Composites Science and Technology - Tập 61 Số 9 - Trang 1189-1224 - 2001
Seeram Ramakrishna1, Joachim Mayer2, Erich Wintermantel3, Kam W. Leong4
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore#TAB#
2Chair of Biocompatible Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Wagistrasse 23, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
3Central Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
4Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ross 726, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adams, 1978, Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon as a potential implant material, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 12, 35, 10.1002/jbm.820120104

Aebischer, 1988, Tissue reaction to fabrics coated with turbostratic carbon: subcutaneous versus vascular implants, Biomaterials, 9, 80, 10.1016/0142-9612(88)90075-0

Akay, 1996, Numerical and experimental stress analysis of a polymeric composite hip joint prostheses, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 31, 167, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199606)31:2<167::AID-JBM3>3.0.CO;2-L

Ali, 1990, Carbon fiber composite bone plates, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 72-B, 586, 10.1302/0301-620X.72B4.2380209

Ambrosio, 1998, Composite materials, 214

Ambrosio, 1998, Viscoelastic behavior of composite ligament prostheses, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 42, 6, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199810)42:1<6::AID-JBM2>3.0.CO;2-U

Ambrosio, 1996, Composite hydrogels for intervertebral disc prostheses, J. Materials Science, 7, 251

Amstutz, 1992, Mechanism and clinical significance of wear debris-induced osteolysis, Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research, 276, 7, 10.1097/00003086-199203000-00003

Andersson, 1993, Intervertebral disk, 293

Andreopoulos, 1998, Properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomers reinforced with silica powder, J. Biomaterials Applications, 13, 66, 10.1177/088532829801300104

Arnoczky, 1988, Biologic fixation of ligament prostheses and augmentations. An evaluation of bone in growth in the dog, Am J Sports Med., 16, 106, 10.1177/036354658801600204

Baidya KP, Ramakrishna, S, Rahman M, Ritchie A. Quantitative radiographic analysis of fiber reinforced polymer composites. J Biomaterials Applications 2001;15(3):279–89.

Baidya KP, Ramakrishna S, Rahman M, Ritchie A. Advanced textile composite ring for ilizarov external fixator system. J Engineering in Medicine, IME UK 2001;215(H1):11–23.

Baidya KP, Ramakrishna S, Ritchie A, Rahman M. Design and evaluation of composite external fracture fixation device. Proc. ICCM-12, Paris, France, p. 496.

Bao, 1996, The artificial disc: theory, design and materials, Biomaterials, 17, 1157, 10.1016/0142-9612(96)84936-2

Berry, 1988, Evaluation of Dacron-covered and plain bovine xenografts as replacements for the anterior cruciate ligament, Clin. Orthop, 236, 270, 10.1097/00003086-198811000-00037

Bjork, 1986, Implant-fixed, dental bridges from carbon/graphite fiber reinforced poly(methyl methacrylate), Biomaterials, 7, 73, 10.1016/0142-9612(86)90093-1

Black, 1988

Black, 1992

Black, 1998

Blazewicz, 1997, Experimental study of mechanical properties of composite carbon screws, Biomaterials, 18, 437, 10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00067-1

Blumenthal, 1994, A new technique for quantitation of metal particulates and metal reaction products in tissues near implants, J. Applied Biomaterials, 5, 191, 10.1002/jab.770050303

Bonfield, 1988, Composites for bone replacement, J. Biomedical Engineering, 10, 522, 10.1016/0141-5425(88)90110-0

Bonfield, 1981, Hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene — a mechanically compatible implant material for bone replacement, Biomaterials, 2, 185, 10.1016/0142-9612(81)90050-8

Bostman, 1990, Foreign-body reactions to fracture fixation implants of biodegradable synthetic polymers, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 72-B, 592, 10.1302/0301-620X.72B4.2199452

Bradley, 1981, Cautionary note on the strength of materials for internal fixation devices, Biomaterials, 2, 124, 10.1016/0142-9612(81)90011-9

Bradley JS, Hastings GW. Carbon fiber reinforced plastics for orthopedic implants Mechanical properties of biomaterials. Hastings GW, Williams DF, editors. 379–386

Bradley, 1980, Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy as a high strength, low modulus material for internal fixation plates, Biomaterials, 1, 38, 10.1016/0142-9612(80)90057-5

Bragdon, 1995

Brantigan, 1991, A carbon fiber implant to aid interbody lumbar fusion Mechanical testing, Spine, 16, S277, 10.1097/00007632-199106001-00020

Bridwell, 1991

Brown, 1990, Characterization of short-fiber reinforced thermoplastics for fracture fixation devices, Biomaterials, 11, 541, 10.1016/0142-9612(90)90075-2

Bruckmann, 1980, Carbon, a promising material in endoprosthetics. Part 1, Biomaterials, 1, 67, 10.1016/0142-9612(80)90002-2

Bruckmann, 1980, Carbon, a promising material in endoprosthetics. Part 2, Biomaterials, 1, 73, 10.1016/0142-9612(80)90003-4

Buchert, 1986, Excessive Metal Relase due to Loosening and Fretting of Sintered Particles on Porous-Coated Hip Prostheses, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 68-A, 606, 10.2106/00004623-198668040-00020

Cailleteau, 1992, A comparison of intracanal stresses in a post-restored tooth utilizing the finite element method, J. Endodontics, 18, 540, 10.1016/S0099-2399(06)81210-0

Chalian, 1974, Materials in maxillofacial prosthtics, J. Biomedical Materials Research Symposium, 5, 349, 10.1002/jbm.820080415

Chang, 1990, Stiffness and strength tailoring of a hip prostheses made of advanced composite materials, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 24, 873, 10.1002/jbm.820240707

Chao, 1997, Biomechanics of fracture fixation, 317

Choueka, 1995, Effect of annealing temperature on the degradation of reinforcing fibers for absorbable implants, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 29, 1309, 10.1002/jbm.820291102

Christel PS, Leray JL, Sedel L, Morel E. (1980). Mechanical evaluation and tissue compatibility of materials for composite bone plates. In: Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials. Hastings GW, Williams DF, editors. p. 367–377.

Christel, 1991, Carbon reinforced composites in orthopedic surgery, 499

Christel, 1987, Development of carbon-carbon hip prostheses, J. Biomedical Materials Research: Applied Biomaterials, 21, 191

Ciappetta, 1997, A carbon fiber reinforced polymer cage for vertebral body replacement, Neurosurgery, 41, 1203, 10.1097/00006123-199711000-00040

Claes, 1992, Mechanical characterization of biodegradable implants, Clinical Materials, 10, 41, 10.1016/0267-6605(92)90083-6

Claes, 1997, Mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polysulfone plates for internal fixation, 81

Claes, 1999, A new radiolucent system for vertebral body replacement: its stability in comparison to other systems, J. Biomedical Materials Research, Applied Biomaterials, 48, 82, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:1<82::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-E

Cogswell, 1992

Coombes, 1996, Plastic materials for external prostheses and orthoses, 215

Culleton, 1993, Fatigue failure in the cement mantle of an artificial hip joint, Clinical Materials, 12, 95, 10.1016/0267-6605(93)90056-D

Darendeliler, 1992, Analysis of a central maxillary incisor by using a three-dimensional finite element method, J. Oral Rehabilitation, 19, 371, 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1992.tb01579.x

Dauner, 1998, Resorbable continuous-fiber reinforced polymers for osteosynthesis, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 9, 173, 10.1023/A:1008823804460

Davy, 1998, Reinforcement of polymers of 2,2 bis-4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxy propoxy) phenyl propane by ultra-high modulus polyethylene fibers, Biomaterials, 13, 17, 10.1016/0142-9612(92)90088-6

de Haan J, Peijs T, Mayer J, Wintermantel E. Modeling of the deformation behavior of flexible knitted composites. In: Proc. ECCM-7, London: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 1996, p. 421–7.

Deb, 1996, Hydroxyapatite-polyethylene composites: effect of grafting and surface treatment of hydroxyapatite, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 7, 191, 10.1007/BF00119729

Dehl, 1982, On the characterization of porosity in PTFE-carbon composite implant materials by mercury porosimetry, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 16, 715, 10.1002/jbm.820160517

Deluca, 1988, Refracture of bones of the forearm after the removal of compression plates, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 70-A, 1372, 10.2106/00004623-198870090-00015

Deng, 1997, Properties of self-reinforced ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene composites, Biomaterials, 18, 645, 10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00194-9

Durselen, 1996, Comparative animal study of three ligament prostheses for the replacement of the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament, Biomaterials, 17, 977, 10.1016/0142-9612(96)84671-0

Esslinger, 1973, Studies on the skeletal attachment of experimental hip prostheses in the pygmy goat and the dog, J. Biomedical Materials Research Symposium, 4, 187, 10.1002/jbm.820070312

Feith R. Side effects of acrylic cement, implanted to bone. Acta Orthop Scand 1975; (Suppl.):161.

Flahiff, 1996, Analysis of a biodegradable composite for bone healing, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 32, 419, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199611)32:3<419::AID-JBM15>3.0.CO;2-B

Forster, 1980, Filamentous carbon fiber induction of new tendon: tissue reactions and environmental conditions, 367

Freilich, 2000

Galletti, 1988, Experience with fully bioresorbable aortic grafts in the dog, Surgery, 103, 231

Ganesh, 1998, Prothesis: another concept. The European periodical for technical textile users, Quarterly Magazine, 29, 56

Ganesh, 1998, Fiber reinforced composite based functionally gradient materials, J. Advanced Composite Letters, 7, 111

Gerhart, 1988, In vitro characterization and biomechanical optimization of a biodegradable particulate composite bone cement, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 22, 1071, 10.1002/jbm.820221110

Gershon, 1990, Utilization of composite laminate theory in the design of synthetic soft tissues for biomedical prostheses, Biomaterials, 11, 548, 10.1016/0142-9612(90)90076-3

Gershon, 1992, Compliance and ultimate strength of composite arterial prostheses, Biomaterials, 13, 38, 10.1016/0142-9612(92)90093-4

Gese H, et al. Relativbewegungen und stress-shielding bei zementfreien Hüftendoprothesen — eine Analyse mit der Methode der Finiten Elemente. In: Die zementlose Hüftprothese. Gräfelfing, Demeter Verlag: p. 75–80.

Giardino R, Glannini S, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Martini L, Orienti L, Experimental in vivo model to evaluate resorbable implants into bone. In: Kim HL, Chung LP editors. Biodegradable Implants in Fracture Fixation. 1993. p. 143–51.

Gilbert, 1995, Self-reinforced composite poly(methyl methacrylate), Biomaterials, 16, 1043, 10.1016/0142-9612(95)98900-Y

Gillett, 1986, The use of short carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic plates for fracture fixation, Biomaterials, 6, 113, 10.1016/0142-9612(85)90074-2

Goh, 1994, Gait analysis study of an energy-storing prosthetic foot-a preliminary study, Gait and Posture, 2, 95, 10.1016/0966-6362(94)90098-1

Goldner, 1973, The clinical experience with silicone-Dacron metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint prostheses, J. Biomedical Materials Research Symposium, 4, 137, 10.1002/jbm.820070310

Ha, 1997, NaOH treatment of vacuum-plasma-sprayed titanium on carbon fiber-reinforced poly(etheretherketone), J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 8, 881, 10.1023/A:1018557922690

Ha S-W. Bioactive calcium phosphate coatings on poly(etheretherketone) and its composites, PhD. thesis, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland, 1997.

Ha, 1994, Plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coating on carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite materials, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 5, 481, 10.1007/BF00058987

Hake, 1991, Evaluation of the healing of precoated vascular dacron prostheses, Langenbecks Arch Chir, 376, 323, 10.1007/BF00186423

Halstead, 1979, A study of the reaction of human tissue to proplast, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 13, 121, 10.1002/jbm.820130113

Harris, 1980

Hastings GW. Is there an ideal biomaterial for use as an implant for fracture fixation? In Hastings GW editor. Biodegradable Implants in Fracture Fixation, 1993. p. 19–34.

Hastings GW. Biomedical applications of CFRPs. In: Fitzer E, editor. Carbon Fibre and their Composites, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 261–271.

Heiner, 1996, Effects of mechanical testing device variables on polymer composite femoral stem strains, Biomaterials, 17, 2211, 10.1016/0142-9612(96)00070-1

Hench, 1991, Bioceramics: from concept to clinic, J. American Ceramic Society, 74, 1487, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07132.x

Hench, 1995, Inorganic biomaterials Materials Chemistry: An Emerging Discipline, 523

Hench, 1982

Henderson, 1987, Tissue biocompatibility of kevlar aramid fibers and polymethylmethacrylate, composites in rabbits, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 21, 59, 10.1002/jbm.820210110

Hidaka, 1984, Refracture of bones of the forearm after plate removal, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 64-A, 1241, 10.2106/00004623-198466080-00012

Higashi, 1986, Polymer-hydroxyapatite composites for biodegradable bone fillers, Biomaterials, 7, 183, 10.1016/0142-9612(86)90099-2

Hirt, 1993, Comparative in vivo study on the healing qualities of four different presealed vascular prostheses, J Vasc Surg, 17, 538, 10.1067/mva.1993.39245

Hirt, 1991, Collagen-presealed or uncoated aortic bifurcation Dacron prostheses, Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 39, 365, 10.1055/s-2007-1020001

Ho, 1994, Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the effects of posts on stress distribution in dentin, The J. of Prosthhetic Dentistry, 72, 367, 10.1016/0022-3913(94)90555-X

Hoag, 1982, A comparative evaluation of three post and core techniques, The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 47, 177, 10.1016/0022-3913(82)90183-4

Huang, 1999, Development of knitted fabric reinforced composite material for prosthetic application, Advanced Composites Letters, 8, 289, 10.1177/096369359900800603

Huiskes R. Some fundamental aspects of human-joint replacement. Acta Orthop Scand 1980; (Suppl.), 185.

Huiskes, 1992, The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 274, 124, 10.1097/00003086-199201000-00014

Hunt, 1987, Development of carbon fiber/polysulfone orthopaedic implants, Materials and Design, 8, 113, 10.1016/0261-3069(87)90117-8

Huttner, 1984, Carbon fiber reinforced polysulfone thermoplastic composites, 167

Iannace, 1995, Mechanical behavior of composite artificial tendons and ligaments, Biomaterials, 16, 675, 10.1016/0142-9612(95)99693-G

Ignatius, 1997, A new composite made of polyurethane and glass ceramic in a loaded implant model, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 8, 753, 10.1023/A:1018508511787

Imai T, Watari F, Yamagata S, Kobayashi M, Nagayama K, Nakamura S. Effects of water immersion on mechanical properties of new esthetic orthodontic wire. Americal Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1999:533–538.

Inoue, 1994, Composite materials in bio-medical engineering, Materiaux and Techniques, 4-5, 23, 10.1051/mattech/199482040023

Issidor, 1992, Intermittent loading of teeth with tapered individually cast or prefabricated parallel-sided posts, Int. J. Prosthodontics, 5, 257

Issidor, 1996, Intermitttent loading of teeth restored using prefabricated carbon fiber posts, Int. J. Prosthodontics, 9, 131

James, 1992, A fractographic investigation of PMMA bone cement focusing on the relationship between porosity reduction and increased fatigue life, J. Biomedicl Materials Research, 26, 651, 10.1002/jbm.820260507

Jancar, 1993, Fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites for dentistry, Part I hydrolytic stability of the interface, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 4, 555, 10.1007/BF00125593

Jancar, 1993, Thermoplastic fiber-reinforced composites for dentistry Part II Effect of moisture on flexural properties of unidirectional composites, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 4, 562, 10.1007/BF00125594

Jenkins, 1977, Experimental and clinical application of carbon fiber as an implant in orthopedics, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 59-B, 501

Jockisch, 1992, Biological response to chopped-carbon-fiber-reinforced peek, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 26, 133, 10.1002/jbm.820260202

Kahl, 1993, Einfluss von Zementierungsfehlern auf die Knochenzement-Beanspruchung, Biomedizinische Technik, 38, 298, 10.1515/bmte.1993.38.12.298

Kajiwara, 1995, A new cardiac wall substitute made of Dacron fabric prosthesis sealed with autologous tissue fragments, Artif Organs, 19, 64, 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1995.tb02246.x

Kennedy, 1998, Behavior of photopolymerized silicate-glass-fiber-reinforced dimethacrylate composites subjected to hydrothermal ageing, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 9, 243, 10.1023/A:1008896425841

Kettunen, 1999, Fixation of femoral shaft osteotomy with an intramedullary composite rod, J. Biomaterials Science Polymer Edition, 10, 33, 10.1163/156856299X00261

King, 1996, Designing textile structures to repair and replace knee ligaments, Canadian Textile Journal, 113, 53

Klein, 1987, A plastic composite of alginate with calcium phosphate granules as implant material, Biomaterials, 8, 308

Klein, 1993, Filament-wound composite soft tissue prostheses: controlling compliance and strength by water absorption and degradation, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 4, 285, 10.1007/BF00122282

Knowles, 1993, In vitro and in vivo investigation of a range of phosphate glass-reinforced polyhydroxybutyrate-based degradable composites, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 4, 102, 10.1007/BF00120377

Knowles, 1992, Development of a degradable composite for orthopedic use, Biomaterials, 13, 491, 10.1016/0142-9612(92)90099-A

Ko FK. Fiber reinforced composites in medical applications. In: Lectures on textile structural composites. Taipei, Taiwan: China Textile Institute 1999. p. 3B3-3B6.

Kocvara, 1967, Gel-fabric prostheses of the ureter, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 1, 325, 10.1002/jbm.820010304

Krause, 1988, Fatigue properties of acrylic bone cements: Review of the literature, J. Biomedical Materials Research: Applied Biomaterials, 22, 37

Krause, 1989, Mechanical properties of BIS-GMA resin short glass fiber composites, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 23, 1195, 10.1002/jbm.820231008

Krebs J, Friedrich K, Heuwinkel R, Rieger P, Kosack P. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite osteosynthesis implants with variable mechanical properties for better treatment of bone fractures. Proc. ICCM-11, 1997. p. 509–517.

Kuiper, 1997, Mathematical optimization of elastic properties, J Biomechanical Engineering, 119, 166, 10.1115/1.2796076

Kwarteng, 1990, Carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (APC-2/AS4) composites for orthopedics implants, SAMPE Quarterly, 22, 10

Lacroix, 1995, Early inflammatory response to gelatin- and collagen-sealed Dacron prostheses, Ann.Vasc.Surg, 9, 152, 10.1007/BF02139657

Lakes, 1995, Composite biomaterials, 598

Langer, 1993, Tissue engineering, Science, 260, 920, 10.1126/science.8493529

Langer R, Vacanti J. Artificial organs. Scientific American 1995; September 100–3.

Latour, 1992, Development of FRP composite structural biomaterials: Ultimate strength of the fiber/matrix interfacial bond in in vivo simulated environments, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 26, 593, 10.1002/jbm.820260504

Latour, 1993, Development of FRP composite structural biomaterials, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 27, 1281, 10.1002/jbm.820271008

Laurencin, 1993, Use of polyphosphazenes for skeletal tissue regeneration, J Biomed Mater Res., 27, 963, 10.1002/jbm.820270716

Lee, 1994, Effects of variation of prosthesis size on cement stress at the tip of a femoral implant, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 28, 1055, 10.1002/jbm.820280910

Leong KW, Ramakrishna S. Scaffolds engineering. Annual Reviews of Biomedical Engineering (in press).

Lin, 1997, Glass peek composite promotes proliferation and osteocalcin production of human osteoblastic cells, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 36, 37, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199708)36:2<137::AID-JBM1>3.0.CO;2-L

Liu, 1998, Composite biomaterials with chemical bonding between hydroxyapatite filler particles and PEG/PBT copolymer matrix, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 40, 490, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980605)40:3<490::AID-JBM20>3.0.CO;2-M

Loher U, Tognini R, Mayer J, Koch B, Wintermantel E. Development of a cortical bone screw made with endless carbon fiber reinforced Polyetheretherketone (CF-PEEK) by extrusion. A new method. In: 7th international conference on polymers in medicine and surgery, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, The Institute of Materials, 1993. pp 88–97.

Louis, 1990, Fibrous carbon implants for the maintenance of bone volume after tooth avulsion, Biomaterials, 11, 525, 10.1016/0142-9612(90)90071-W

Lovdahl, 1977, Pin-retained amalgam cores Vs cast-gold dowel-cores, J. Prosthetic Dentistry, 38, 507, 10.1016/0022-3913(77)90025-7

Majola, 1991, Absorption, biocompatibility, and fixation properties of polylactic acid in bone tissue, Clinical Orthopedics, 268, 260

Marcolongo, 1998, Bioactive glass fiber/polymeric composites bond to bone tissue, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 39, 161, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199801)39:1<161::AID-JBM18>3.0.CO;2-I

Marois, 1993, Histopathological and immunological investigations of synthetic fibres and structures used in three prosthetic anterior cruciate ligaments, Biomaterials, 14, 255, 10.1016/0142-9612(93)90115-I

Matsumoto, 1995, Sealing of a fabric vascular prosthesis with autologous adipose tissue: a preliminary report of its clinical application, Artificial Organs, 19, 51, 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1995.tb02244.x

Mayer J. Gestricke aus Kohlenstoffasern fur biokompatible Verbundwerkstoffe, dargestellt an einer homoelastischen Osteosyntheseplatte. PhD thesis, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 1994.

Mayer, 1997, Thermoforming process for knitted fabric reinforced thermoplastics. New manufacturing techniques for load bearing anisotropic implants, 403

Mayer, 1993, The double die technique (DDT): biomaterials processing for adaptable high fatigue resistance thermoplastic carbon fiber osteosynthesis plates, J. Biomedical Engineering, Application, Basis, Communication, 5, 778

McGrath, 1992, Biomaterials in plastic surgery, 93

McKenna, 1980, Mechanical properties of some fiber reinforced polymer composites after implantation as fracture fixation plates, Biomaterials, 1, 189, 10.1016/0142-9612(80)90015-0

McKenna, 1979, Degradation resistance of some candidate composite biomaterials, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 13, 783, 10.1002/jbm.820130509

Mendes, 1986, Ligament and tendon substitution with composite carbon fiber strands, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 20, 699, 10.1002/jbm.820200604

Menger, 1992, In vivo assessment of neovascularization and incorporation of prosthetic vascular biografts, Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 40, 19, 10.1055/s-2007-1020105

Messner, 1993, Prosthetic replacement of the rabbit medical menicus, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 27, 1165, 10.1002/jbm.820270907

Miettinen, 1997, Release of residual methyl methacrylate into water from glass fiber-poly (methyl methacrylate) composite used in dentures, Biomaterials, 18, 181, 10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00123-8

Mjöberg, 1991, Fixation and loosening of hip prostheses, Acta Orthopedica Scandinavia, 62, 500, 10.3109/17453679108996658

More, 1988, Biocompatibility of carbon-carbon materials: in vivo study of their erosion using 14carbon labeled samples, Biomaterials, 9, 328, 10.1016/0142-9612(88)90028-2

Morrison, 1995, In vitro biocompatibility testing of polymers for orthopedic implants using cultured fibroblasts and osteoblasts, Biomaterials, 16, 987, 10.1016/0142-9612(95)94906-2

Moyen, 1978, Effects on intact femora of dogs of the application and removal of metal plates, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 60A, 940, 10.2106/00004623-197860070-00012

Nazre A, Lin S. Theoretical strength comparison of bioabsorbable (PLLA) plates and conventional stainless steel and titanium plates used in internal fracture fixation. In: Harvey Jr. JP, Games F. editors. Clinical and Laboratory Performance of Bone Plates. 1994. p. 53–64.

Neugebauer, 1981, The body reaction to carbon fiber particles implanted into the medullary space of rabbits, Biomaterials, 2, 182, 10.1016/0142-9612(81)90049-1

Noishiki, 1993, Sealing of highly porous fabric vascular prostheses by adipose connective tissue fragments instead of preclotting with fresh blood, J Invest Surg, 6, 231, 10.3109/08941939309141614

Noishiki, 1994, Rapid neointima formation with elastic laminae similar to the natural arterial wall on an adipose tissue fragmented vascular prosthesis, Asaio J., 40, M267, 10.1097/00002480-199407000-00006

Noishiki, 1992, Rapid endothelialization of vascular prostheses by seeding autologous venous tissue fragments, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 104, 770, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)34749-X

Okazaki, 1988, Mechanical and biological properties of apatite composite resins, Biomaterials, 9, 345, 10.1016/0142-9612(88)90031-2

Orthopedic Composites (1991). Stuart M Lee, editor. International Encyclopedia of Composites. VCH Publishers, New York, 1991. Vol. 4, p. 74–87.

Paganetto, 1991, Poly-l-lactid acid, Biomaterials, 5, 179

Park, 1984

Park, 1992

Parsons, 1983, Absorbable polymer-filamentous carbon composites, 873

Pascaud, 1997, Influence of gamma-irradiation sterilization and temperature on the fracture toughness of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, Biomaterials, 18, 727, 10.1016/S0142-9612(96)00207-4

Patel, 1992, Experimental evaluation of ten clinically used arterial prostheses, Ann Vasc Surg, 6, 244, 10.1007/BF02000270

Pedro Kato, 1989, Mechanical properties of collagen fibers: a comparison of reconstituted and rat tail tendon fibers, Biomaterials, 10, 38, 10.1016/0142-9612(89)90007-0

Peluso, 1991, Rat peritoneal immune response to carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite implants, Biomaterials, 12, 231, 10.1016/0142-9612(91)90205-O

Peter T, Tognini R, Mayer J, Wintermantel E. Homoelastic, anisotropic osteosynthesis system by net-shape processing of endless carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK). In: Goh JCH, Nather A editors. Proc. of 9th Conference on Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 1997. p. 317–9.

Peterson, 1985, A segmented polyurethane composite prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament in vivo study, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 19, 589, 10.1002/jbm.820190510

Philips D. Characterization and development of 3D-knitted composites. PhD thesis, Katholieke University Leuven, Belgium, 1999.

Pietrucha, 1991, New collagen implant as dural substitute, Biomaterials, 12, 320, 10.1016/0142-9612(91)90041-8

Pilliar, 1976, Carbon fiber-reinforced bone cement in orthopedic surgery, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 10, 893, 10.1002/jbm.820100608

Pongor, 1992, Woven carbon surface replacement in the knee: independent clinical review, Biomaterials, 13, 1070, 10.1016/0142-9612(92)90139-F

Poss, 1987, Femoral expansion in the presence of total hip arthroplasty, J. Arthroplasty, 2, 259, 10.1016/S0883-5403(87)80057-8

Pourdeyhimi, 1989, Elastic and ultimate properties of acrylic bone cement reinforced with ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 23, 63, 10.1002/jbm.820230106

Pradas, 1991, Reproduction in a polymer composite of some mechanical features of tendons and ligaments, 519

Profio, 1993

Purton, 1996, Comparison of carbon fiber and stainless steel root canal posts, Quintessence International, 27, 93

Ramakrishna, 1997, Developoment of flexible knitted fabric reinforced composites for soft tissue replacements, The Japanese Journal of Artificial Organs, 26, S

Ramakrishna, 2000, Biomedical applications of polymer composite materials, A431

Ramakrishna, S. (2000B). Textile scaffolds in tissue engineering. Smart fibers, fabrics, and clothing: fundamentals and applications. Editor, X. Tao, Woodhead Publishing Limited, UK.

Ramakrishna S, Fujihara K, Yoshida E, Hamada H. Design and development of braided carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for dental posts and bone plates. In: 29th FRP symposium, Japan Society for Materials Science, Japan, 2000. p. 11–4.

Ramakrishna S, Ganesh VK, Teoh SH, Loh PL, Chew CL. Fiber reinforced composite product with graded stiffness. Singapore Patent Application No. 9800874-1, 1998.

Ramakrishna, 1997, Development of a knitted fabric reinforced elastomeric Composite intervertebral disc prosthesis, Proc. ICCM-11, Conard Jupiters-Golad oast, Australia, 1, 458

Ramakrishna S, Ramaswamy S, Teoh SH, Hastings GW, Tan CT. Application of textiles and textile composites concepts for biomaterials development. In: International conference on New Textiles for Composites, Aachen, Germany, 1996. p. 27/1–27/27.

Robin GC. Below-knee drop-foot braces: stresses during use and evaluation of design. In: Ghista DN editor Biomechanics of Medical Devices, Marcel Dekker Inc. 1981. p. 535–567.

Rodriguez-Lorenzo, 1996, Composite biomaterials based on ceramic polymers. I. Reinforced systems based on Al2O3/PMMA/PLLA, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 30, 515, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199604)30:4<515::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-G

Roman, 1991, Partially biodegradable polyacrylic-polyester composites for internal bone fracture fixation, Biomaterials, 12, 236, 10.1016/0142-9612(91)90206-P

Rubin P. Hip joint replacement and morphometric aspects of the bone-implant system. Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne, Lausanne, 1992. p. 189.

Rubin, 1983, Biomaterials in maxillo-facial surgery, 941

Rushton, 1984, The intra-articular response to particulate carbon fiber reinforced high density polyethylene and its constituents, Biomaterials, 5, 352, 10.1016/0142-9612(84)90034-6

Saha, 1984, Mechanical properties of bone cement: a review, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 18, 435, 10.1002/jbm.820180411

Sbarbati, Pyrolytic carbon coating enhances Teflon and Dacron fabric compatibility with endothelial cell growth, International J Artificial Organs, 14, 10.1177/039139889101400807

Schmitt-Thomas KhG, Yang ZG, Hiermer T. Performace characterization of polymeric composite implant rod subjected to torsion. In: Proceedings of ICCM-11, Gold Coast, Australia, 1997. p. V277–V286

Schneider, 1989, A comparative study of the initial stability of cementless hip prostheses, Clin Orthop, 248, 200, 10.1097/00003086-198911000-00032

Scholz C, Huimacher D, Bahr W, Cales L. The development and testing of three biodegradable screw plate-systems for maxillofacial surgery. In: Kim HL, Chung LP. editors. Biodegradable Implants in Fracture Fixation; 1993. p. 67–73.

Sclippa, 1973, Carbon fiber reinforced polyethylene for possible orthopedic uses, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 7, 59, 10.1002/jbm.820070105

Seedham, 1993, Ligament reconstruction with reference to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Mechanics of Human Joints, 163

Silverton, 1996, The prosthesis-bone interface adjacent to tibial components inserted without cement, The J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 78-A, 340, 10.2106/00004623-199603000-00004

Simoes, 1999, Design of a controlled-stiffness composite proximal femoral prosthesis, Composites Science and Technology, 60, 559, 10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00155-4

Speidel, 1998, Biocompatible nickel-free stainless steel to avoid nickel allergy, 191

St.John, 1983, Applications of Advanced Composites in Orthopedic Implants, 861

Suwanprateeb, 1997, Influence of Ringer's solution on creep resistance of hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene composites, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 8, 469, 10.1023/A:1018522025474

Tallent, 1990, Thermoplastic fibers for composite reinforcement, 466

Tamura, 1995, Bioactive bone cement: The effect of amounts of glass powder and histologic changes with time, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 29, 551, 10.1002/jbm.820290502

Tayton, 1983, How stiff should semi-rigid fixation of the human tibia be?, J Bone and Joint Surgery, 65-B, 312, 10.1302/0301-620X.65B3.6841402

Tayton, 1982, The use of semi-rigid carbon fiber reinforced plastic plates for fixation of human fractures, J Bone and Joint Surgery, 64B, 105, 10.1302/0301-620X.64B1.7040407

Tayton, 1982, Long-term effects of carbon fiber on soft tissues, J Bone and Joint Surgery, 64-B, 112, 10.1302/0301-620X.64B1.7068711

Tayton, 1983, The use of carbon fiber in human implants: the state of the art, J. Med. Engng. Tech., 7, 271, 10.3109/03091908309018173

Teoh, 1999, Development of thin elastomeric composite membranes for biomedical applications, J. Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 10, 343, 10.1023/A:1026421606939

Timmie Topoleski, 1992, The fracture toughness of titanium-fiber-reinforced bone cement, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 26, 1599, 10.1002/jbm.820261206

Toh, 1993, Fatigue testing of energy storing prosthetic feet, Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 17, 180, 10.3109/03093649309164379

Tonino, 1976, Protection from stress in bone and its effect, J Bone and Joint Surgery, 58-B, 107, 10.1302/0301-620X.58B1.1270486

Torbjorner, 1996, Carbon fiber reinforced root canal posts, mechanical properties and cytotoxic properties, Eur J Oral Sci., 104, 605, 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00149.x

Tormala, 1987, The effects of fiber reinforcement and gold plating on the flexural and tensile strength of PGA/PLA copolymer materials in vitro, Biomaterials, 8, 42, 10.1016/0142-9612(87)90027-5

Tormala, 1991, Ultra-high-strength absorbable self-reinforced polyglycolide (SR-PGA) composite rods for internal fixation of bone fractures: In vitro and in vivo study, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 25, 1, 10.1002/jbm.820250102

Trabert, 1984, The endodontically treated tooth, restorative concepts and techniques, Dental Clinics of North America, 28, 923, 10.1016/S0011-8532(22)02214-5

Uhthoff, 1983, The effects of metal plates on post-traumatic remodeling and bone mass, J Bone and Joint Surgery, 65B, 66, 10.1302/0301-620X.65B1.6822605

Urbaniak, 1973, Replacement of intervertebral discs in chimpanzees by silicone-Dacron implants, J Biomedical Materials Research Symposium, 4, 165, 10.1002/jbm.820070311

Valdevit, 1996, Methods for mechanical testing of spinal constructs, Spine, 10, 231

Verheyen, 1992, Evaluation of hydroxyapatite/poly(l-lactide) composites, J Biomedical Materials Research, 26, 1277, 10.1002/jbm.820261003

Verheyen, 1993, Hydroxyapatite/poly(l-lactide) composites: an animal study on push-out strengths and interface histology, J Biomedical Materials Research, 27, 433, 10.1002/jbm.820270404

Wagner, 1989, Use of high-performance polyethylene fibers as a reinforcing phase in poly(methylmethacrylate) bone cement, Biomaterials, 10, 139, 10.1016/0142-9612(89)90049-5

Walker, 1987, Strains and micromotions of press-fit femoral stem prostheses, J. Biomechanics, 20, 693, 10.1016/0021-9290(87)90035-2

Walker, 1997, Biomechanical principles of total knee replacement design, 461

Ward, 1989, Woven carbon fiber mesh patch versus Dacron mesh in the repair of experimental defects in the lumbar fascia of rabbits, Biomaterials, 20, 425, 10.1016/0142-9612(89)90135-X

Weinans H. Mechanically induced bone adaptations around hip implants. PhD thesis. University of Nijmegen, Netherlands, 1991.

Wening, 1995, Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of Kelvar®: an in vitro evaluation, Biomaterials, 16, 337, 10.1016/0142-9612(95)93262-C

Wenz, 1990, In vitro biocompatibility of polyetheretherketone and polysulfone composites, J. Biomedical Material Research, 24, 207, 10.1002/jbm.820240207

Werkmeister, 1998, Evaluation of a collagen-based biosynthetic material for the repair of abdominal wall defects, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 39, 429, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(19980305)39:3<429::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-5

Whiteside, 1989, The effect of stem fit on bone hypertrophy and pain relief in cementless total hip arthroplasty, Clinical Orthopedics, 247, 138, 10.1097/00003086-198910000-00023

Willert, 1974, Reaction of bone to methacrylate after hip arthroplasty, J. Bone and Joint Surgery, 56A, 1368, 10.2106/00004623-197456070-00005

Williams, 1988, Consensus and definitions in biomaterials, 11

Williams, 1987, Potential of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK in medical applications, J. Materials Science Letters, 6, 188, 10.1007/BF01728981

Williams, 1990

Williams, 1979

Wintermantel, 1995, Anisotropic biomaterials strategies and developments for bone implants, 3

Wintermantel, 1998, Tissue engineering supported with structured biocompatible materials: goals and achievements, 1

Wintermantel, 1998

Wintermantel, 1994, CAD, CAE and CAM for a new anisotropic carbon fiber reinforced hip endoprosthesis stem, technology, test procedures and qualifying preclinical results, J. Biomedical Engineering, Application, Basis, Coomunication, 6, 18

Wintermantel, 1996, Tissue engineering scaffolds using superstructures, Biomaterials, 17, 83, 10.1016/0142-9612(96)85753-X

Woo, 1974, Potential application of graphite fiber and methyl methacrylate resin composites as internal fixation plates, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 8, 321, 10.1002/jbm.820080513

Woo, 1976, A comparison of cortical bone atrophy secondary to fixation with plates with large differences in bending stiffness, J Bone and Joint Surgery, 58A, 190, 10.2106/00004623-197658020-00005

Wright, 1981, The effect of carbon fiber reinforcement on contact area, contact pressure, and time-dependent deformation in polyethylene tibial components, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 15, 719, 10.1002/jbm.820150508

Wroblewski, 1988, Wear and loosening of the socket in the Charnley low-friction arthroplasty, Orthop Clin North Am, 19, 627, 10.1016/S0030-5898(20)32268-9

Yang, 1997, Effect of MMA-g-UHMWPE grafted fiber on mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 38, 361, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199724)38:4<361::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-M

Yildiz, 1998, Composite hip prostheses design. II. Simulation, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 39, 102, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199801)39:1<102::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-H

Yildiz, 1993, Composite hip prostheses design. I. Analysis, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 39, 92, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199801)39:1<92::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-Q

Yu, 1993, Bicomponent vascular grafts consisting of synthetic absorbable fibers. I. in vitro study, J. Biomedical Materials Research, 27, 1329, 10.1002/jbm.820271013

Yu, 1994, Bicomponent vascular grafts consisting of synthetic absorbable fibers, J Invest Surg, 7, 195, 10.3109/08941939409018286

Zimmerman, 1987, The design and analysis of a laminated partially degradable composite bone plate for fracture fixation, J. Biomedical Materials Research: Applied Biomaterials, 21, 345

Zufall, 1998, Frictional characteristics of composite orthodontic arch wires against stainless steel and ceramic brackets in the passive and active configurations, J Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 9, 611, 10.1023/A:1008977106648

Ratnev, BD, Hoffman, AS, Schoen, FJ, Lemons, JE. An introduction to materials in medicine, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1996;308–18

Cao, Y, Vacanti, JP, Ma, PX, Ibarra, C, Paige, KT, Upton, J, Langer, R, Vacanti, CA. Tissue engineering of tendon. In: Proceedings of Materials Research Society Symposium, 1995;(394):83–9

Fujihara, K, Huang, ZM, Ramakrishna, S, Satkunanathan, S, Hamada, H. Development of braided carbon/PEEK Composite bone plates. Advanced Composites Letters 2001;10(1):13–20.

Loh, PL, Ravi, K, Ganesh, UK, Ramakrishna, S, Chew, CL. Moisture absorption of carbon fiber reinforced posts. J. Dental Research 2000;79(5):1317.